不同物料对海滨沙性盐碱地改良效果研究

本文针对江苏省南通市海滨盐碱地特点，设对照、秸秆、膨化鸡粪、腐熟牛粪、功能有机肥、调理剂I和调理剂II共7个处理，通过原位田间小区试验进行不同改良物料对南通海滨沙性盐碱土壤的改良效果研究。结果表明：改良组的pH基本都显著高于对照组；虽各组含盐量结果之间存在一定差异，但改良组两个不同土层(0～10 cm、10～20 cm)的含盐量都分别显著低于对照组，当秸秆、膨化鸡粪、腐熟牛粪、功能有机肥、调理剂I和调理剂II的施入量分别为3.0、1.12、4.5、0.45、0.045和0.060 kg/m²时，0～10 cm深度的土壤中含盐量相较于对照组分别降低91.1%、93.0%、94.3%、88.8%、81.8%、78.5%，而10～20 cm深度土壤中含盐量分别降低75.3%、73.8%、69.3%、79.02%、68.2%、61.5%。研究结果说明施加上述改良物料均对降低土壤含盐量、消减盐碱障碍起到了较为显著的作用，其中在秸秆施入量为3.0 kg/m²时对南通海滨沙性盐碱地改良效果最好。     

生物炭改良盐碱地效果及其对植物生长的影响研究进展

土壤盐碱化被视为限制全球土壤生产力、粮食安全和生态系统的重要因素,全球有大面积的盐碱地,因而又是最重要的边际土地资源。近年来,生物炭在改良土壤结构、提高土壤肥力以及固碳减排等诸多领域中表现出极大的应用潜力。研究表明,生物炭的施用能够改善盐碱地土壤理化性质、提高碳含量和促进植物生长,可作为盐碱地改良的有效措施使用。然而,生物炭对盐碱地土壤改良和对植物生长的影响机理较为复杂,有待深入的研究。本文梳理了当前国内外生物炭改良盐碱地土壤结构、化学性质、养分有效性、生物活性的效果及其对植物生长影响的研究进展,在系统分析生物炭改良盐碱地土壤的机制基础上,对生物炭改良盐碱地的应用潜力进行了展望,以期为生物炭在盐碱地改良上的高效利用提供参考。     

有机无机物料改良盐渍土研究进展

随着全球资源环境问题日益突出,土壤盐渍化受到广泛关注,盐渍土改良理论与技术成为学者们研究的热点问题。本文对秸秆、有机肥、腐植酸、蚯蚓粪、生物炭、石膏等6种有机无机物料改良盐渍土的原理与效果进行了总结,结果表明以上6种物料改良盐渍土物理化学性质效果明显,但每种改良物料投入成本、改良成效并不相同,且施用后对盐渍土生态环境影响也不一致;在此基础上,就我国盐渍土改良方面有待深化的问题提出建议、对该研究领域今后的发展方向进行了展望。本文可为不同物料在盐渍土改良中的合理使用以及不同改良技术的合理选择提供理论参考。     

外源有机物料对次生盐渍化大棚土壤的改良效果

大棚土壤次生盐渍化已成为制约大棚设施农业生产的突出问题。在云南采集典型次生盐渍化大棚土壤,选择土壤调理剂、生物炭、商品有机肥、猪粪4种有机物料进行盆栽试验,研究其对盐渍化土壤的改良效果,结果表明:(1)施用生物炭和商品有机肥能有效改善次生盐渍化大棚土壤结构,降低容重,提高总孔隙度。(2)外源有机物料对改良大棚次生盐渍化土壤有显著作用,不仅降低了土壤全盐和电导率,还提高了作物产量。(3)大棚次生盐渍化土壤的主导阳离子为Ca2+、阴离子为NO-3、SO2-4,商品有机肥、生物炭和猪粪3类外源有机物料对降低Ca2+、NO-3、SO2-4的效果较好。(4)生物炭改良次生盐渍化大棚土壤的效果优于其它3种有机物料。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果

[目的]研究不同改良剂在黄河入海口附近滨海重盐碱地上的改良效果,选择出适合于该区滨海重盐碱地上的盐碱改良剂。[方法]选用禾康、磷石膏、微生物菌肥、土生、药肥和有机肥在黄河三角洲毛坨试验站进行盐碱地改良试验,分析不同盐碱改良剂对滨海重盐碱地的物理、化学、生物学性质的改良效应。[结果](1)所有改良剂均能显著降低盐碱地土壤容重,增强土壤通透性,尤其是磷石膏和禾康效果更显著;(2)所有改良剂使土壤电导率明显下降(至少15.9%以上),具有较好的压盐降盐作用。(3)对盐碱棉田脱盐效果较好,能有效改善盐碱土壤化学性质的改良剂是磷石膏和禾康;(4)所有改良剂均能增加盐碱地土壤微生物量,增强土壤呼吸,其效果最好的是有机肥和有机肥菌肥混施处理;(5)能较好地改善盐碱地土壤肥力,提高棉花产量的改良剂是有机肥及有机肥菌肥混施处理。[结论]磷石膏、禾康、有机肥及有机肥菌肥混施处理均能明显改良盐碱土物理、化学、生物学性质。     

淹水添加有机物料改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤

设施蔬菜种植易引起土壤酸化和次生盐渍化及土传疾病的发生,严重影响蔬菜生产的可持续发展,亟需发展快速有效改良退化土壤的方法和技术。通过盆栽试验,比较研究了稻草、黑麦草和鸡粪用量分别为1%、3%和7%时,淹水15 d改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤的效果。结果表明,与不淹水不加有机物料处理(CKd)和淹水不加有机物料处理(CKf)相比,淹水添加有机物料加速土壤Eh的下降,能有效消除土壤积累的硝态氮,降低硫酸根含量,显著提高土壤pH,其变化幅度随有机物料添加量的增加而增大。退化设施蔬菜地土壤改良后,除稻草和鸡粪添加量为7%处理外,各有机物料处理黄瓜长势和产量均高于CKd和CKf处理。有机物料对退化土壤的改良效果表现为黑麦草稻草鸡粪,而有机物料添加量增大,并不显著改善黄瓜长势和提高产量。     

山西省的盐碱地改造模式及效果

盐碱地属中低产田,通过采取综合措施进行改造,有利于缓解我省耕地数量少、后备资源不足的矛盾,提高土、肥、水等资源利用率,促进农业增效、农民增收和农业可持续发展,保证粮食安全,同时也有利于改善区域生态环境状况。文章论述了全省盐碱地的分布、特点、主要改造措施及效果。     

盐碱地土壤酶活性研究进展和展望

盐碱地是农业生产重要的后备土地资源,同时土壤盐渍化是灌溉农业生产过程中首要考虑的问题之一。近年来,越来越多的研究开始关注盐碱地改良利用过程中包括土壤生物学性质在内的土壤整体环境质量的改善。其中,土壤酶是土壤生物活动的产物,其活性水平是土壤环境质量的良好生物学指标,可以用来评价土壤退化程度及管理措施的效果和可持续性。本文总结说明了盐渍化土壤酶活性状况及盐碱胁迫机理,并对盐碱地改良利用过程中土壤酶活性的研究现状进行了综述。最后从存在问题和关注热点出发,提出了下一步的研究重点。     

不同有机物料对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响

为了探究不同种类有机物料及同种有机物料的不同形态对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响。以吉林省西部地区原生盐碱地为研究对象,采用连续3年的大田试验,通过大田取样和室内分析相结合的方式对其进行研究。试验设颗粒秸秆(KL)、正常玉米秸秆(JG)、羊粪(YF)、牧草(MC)和对照(CK)5个处理,采用Anderson结合态腐殖质分组法提取土壤腐殖质,研究了不同有机物料对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响。结果表明:(1)施加不同有机物料较CK处理均提高了原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质含量,促进土壤中各种结合形态腐殖质含量的增加,其中KL、MC、YF 3个处理间松结合态腐殖质含量差异不显著,但相比CK处理均差异显著。对联结合态腐殖质含量影响较大,各处理间均差异显著。KL处理与其他处理稳结合态腐殖质含量差异显著,其中JG、MC、YF 3个处理间差异不显著,但相比CK处理均差异显著。紧结合态腐殖质含量各处理同CK相比差异显著,KL处理同JG处理差异显著,其他处理间差异不显著。(2)不同有机物料均能提高松/紧比值和松/稳比值,有利于腐殖质的更新及土壤肥力的提高。(3)对胡富比(H/F)的影响则表现为各处理同CK处理相比差异显著,胡富比(H/F)的增加表征着富里酸的缩合转化,进一步形成结构复杂,芳香化程度高胡敏酸,增加了土壤胡敏酸含量,促进土壤腐殖质的聚合程度以及腐殖化度的提高。综合得出,有机物料能够增加原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质含量,提高各结合形态腐殖质含量。同种有机物料不同形态作用差异显著,中颗粒秸秆(正常玉米秸秆经过粉碎高温高压处理,长2cm、直径0.5cm的圆柱形颗粒)效果远好于其他处理。     

Decomposition of different organic materials in soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate organic C mineralization of various organic materials added to soils. A soil sample was mixed with organic material to approximate a field application of 9 g organic C kg^-1 soil (0.9% or 50 Mg ha^-1). The organic materials used were four crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], four animal manures [chicken (Gallus domesticus), pig (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)] and four sewage sludges [Correctionville (Imhoff tank), Charles City (holding tank), Davenport (secondary digester), and Keokuk (primary digester)]. The soil-organic material mixture was incubated under aerobic conditions at room temperature (20±2°C) for 30 days. The CO₂ evolved was collected in standard KOH solution by continuously passing CO₂-free air over the soil. Results showed that, in general, the amounts of CO₂-C released mereased rapidly initially, but the pattern differed among the organic materials used. More than 50% of the total CO₂ produced in 30 days of incubation was evolved in the first 6 days. Expressed as percentages of organic C added, the amounts of CO₂ evolved ranged from 27% with corn to 58% with alfalfa. The corresponding percentages for animal manures ranged from 21 to 62% with horse and pig manures, respectively, and for sewage sludges they ranged from 10 to 39% for Charles City and Keokuk sludges. All CO₂ evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model. Potentially, readily mineralizable organic C values and first-order rate constants (k) of the organic matter-treated soils ranged from 1.422 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0784 day^-1 to 6.253 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0300 day^-1. The half-lives of the C remaining in soils ranged from 39 to 54 days for plant materials. The corresponding half-lives for the C remaining from animal manures and sewage sludges ranged from 37 to 169 days and from 39 to 330 days, respectively.     

不同调控措施对轻中度盐碱土壤的改良增产效应

针对黄淮海平原轻中度盐碱障碍土壤,通过连续3a的定位田间试验,进行了不同调控措施对盐碱障碍土壤的改良增产效应试验研究。研究结果表明,在小麦-玉米轮作制度下,秸秆覆盖、土壤结构调理剂、秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂等调控措施均能够有效降低耕层土壤盐分,增加作物产量和提高经济效益,其中秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂的增产效应最为显著,秸秆覆盖的增产效应次之。秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂都能够显著增加耕层土壤有机质含量,较当地常规管理分别提高8.33%和9.27%。秸秆覆盖促进了土壤养分的积累,尤其是土壤全氮,碱解氮和速效钾含量显著增加。综合考虑土壤脱盐、作物增产、调控经济效益和土壤养分变化等复合效应,秸秆覆盖结合土壤结构调理剂为黄淮海平原轻中度盐碱障碍土壤的较佳调控措施,秸秆覆盖为次优措施。     

Improvement of saline soils through indigenous materials

Reclamation of saline soils involves heavy leaching with water, with or without the addition of gypsum, depending upon the calcium content of the soil. Many a time, flushing the soil becomes difficult because of its low permeability due to high clay content, as obtained in most of the coastal saline soils of India. There is also the danger of hydrolysis under conditions of prolonged leaching, which may result in raising the pH, dispersion of the soil, impeded drainage, root penetration and aeration. Reclamation of such soils, therefore, calls for the improvement of physical conditions for better permeability and addition of calcium rich substances. Indigenous materials like basic slag, lime sludge, calcareous soil and iron rich mineral soil, in addition to gypsum, may serve as useful amendments for improving the soil's physical conditions. It was, therefore, thought worth-while to study the effect of addition of these materials on the improvement of saline soils.     

生物质炭对酸性土壤改良作用的研究进展

由于生物质炭在农业和环境中的巨大应用前景和对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,近期成为土壤学家和环境学家研究的热点。本文综述了生物质炭对热带和亚热带地区酸性土壤的改良作用及其机制,总结了生物质炭对土壤肥力和养分有效性及作物生长和产量的影响的研究进展,分析了该领域未来的发展趋势,可为酸性土壤改良和管理提供参考。     

Effects of different organic materials and mineral nutrients on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth in a Mediterranean saline dryland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that enhance plant growth and improve soil fertility and soil structure in drylands. Even though AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, organic matter (OM) can stimulate their growth, but the mechanisms behind this are still unknown. Here, we compared the effect of nutrient patches of different OM sources to intrinsic components of OM such as inorganic nutrient supply and an improved soil water-holding capacity (WHC; via application of hydrophilic polymers), on AM fungal growth. Fatty acids extracted from in-growth mesh bags incubated in the field were used as biomarkers for AM fungi and other soil microbes. We found an enhancement of AM fungal growth in certain nutrient patches. Two out of three OM types stimulated AM fungal growth strongly, and also the addition of inorganic nutrients enhanced AM fungi, though to a lesser extent than OM. Enhanced soil WHC, on the other hand, did not influence AM fungal growth. AMF were more strongly enhanced by the mineral nutrients relative to other soil organisms. Intrinsic nutrients might be an important factor for AMF growth stimulation in OM additions, but there was no evidence that nutrients alone can explain this phenomenon.     

有机物料与化肥配施改良盐碱耕地的效果研究

为促进盐碱耕地的快速改良和高效利用,研究了鲁西北内陆盐碱耕地在等氮量投入条件下施用有机物配施化肥对盐碱耕地的改良作用和效果,试验设置了对照(不施肥),单施化肥,牛粪与化肥配施,麦秸与化肥配施共4个处理,各施肥处理按等氮量投入。结果表明,每公顷施用牛粪75 m~3配施化肥、麦秸75 000 kg与化肥配施的改良作用明显优于单施化肥和对照处理。(1)耕层0～20 cm土壤有机质变化:施用牛粪加化肥处理由8.07 g/kg提高到11.18 g/kg,增加了3.11 g/kg;麦秸加化肥处理由8.26 g/kg提高到10.16 g/kg,增加了1.90 g/kg;而单施化肥处理由8.16 g/kg提高到8.52 g/kg,增加了0.36 g/kg,与不施肥(对照)无显著差异;(2)耕层EC值改变:施用牛粪加化肥处理由1.08 dS/m降低到0.43 dS/m,减少60.8%,盐渍化等级由中度改良为轻度;麦秸与化肥配施由1.05 dS/m降低到0.68 dS/m,减少35.5%,盐渍化等级由中度改良接近为轻度;单施化肥由1.07 dS/m降低到0.88dS/m,降幅为17.8%;盐渍化等级无明显变化;(3)土壤物理性状:牛粪与化肥配施和麦秸配施化肥处理的土壤总孔隙度分别增加38.5%和23.0%,土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均有大幅度增加,土壤转化酶活性有显著提高;(4)作物产量大幅提高:冬小麦季,对照为738 kg/hm~2,单施化肥为3 832 kg/hm~2,牛粪配施化肥达到6 386kg/hm~2,麦秸配施化肥达到4 418 kg/hm~2,与单施化肥产量相比,牛粪与化肥配施增产65%,麦秸与化肥配施增产15%;夏玉米季,对照为1 528 kg/hm~2,单施化肥为4 263 kg/hm~2,牛粪配施化肥达到7 616 kg/hm~2,麦秸配施化肥达到6 352 kg/hm~2,与单施化肥产量相比,牛粪与化肥配施增产79%,麦秸与化肥配施增产49%。因此,盐碱地采取牛粪或麦秸与化肥配合施用,可增加土壤微生物数量,改善土壤结构,降低土壤盐分,大幅提高作物产量,是快速、绿色、高效改良盐碱地的有效措施。     

On the determination of total heavy metal content in saline soils and soils rich in organic matter

Abstract

Methods of soil decomposition for determination of heavy metal total content were considered. Two saline soils (chloride and sulphate solonchak solonetz) and one rich in organic matter were uzed for investigation. It has been established that decomposition by using HF‐HCl with a preliminary ignition at 500°C is a very suitable method. The type of the studied soils and the results obtained allow for this method to be recommended for decomposition of various soils.

On the basis of experiments with modelled soils it has been proved that possibilities for heavy metal losses on ignition are created when NaCl content and the percentage of weakly bound heavy metals (water‐soluble, exchangeable, etc.) are high. Under the conditions of the experiment (acid soils ‐ pH 4.3 and 5.0) losses of Zn and Pb but not of Cu have been incurred. Although these cases are not typical, this requires the applicability of the method for such particular occasions to be checked.