生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪提升土壤有机碳对水稻生长的影响

针对土壤有机碳含量低对作物产量的限制性影响,探究生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪对中低产田土壤有机碳提升和作物增产的积极作用。设2个生物质炭用量梯度(B_1:6 g·kg~(-1)和B_2:30 g·kg~(-1))和3个蚯蚓粪用量梯度(M_1:不施蚯蚓粪;M_2:1%;M_3:5%)配施进行盆栽试验,不施生物质炭和蚯蚓粪为对照(CK),共7个处理进行。结果表明,施用生物质炭和蚯蚓粪对土壤温度和水稻株高均没有产生明显影响,6 g·kg~(-1)生物质炭配施5%蚯蚓粪或30 g·kg~(-1)生物质炭配施不同用量蚯蚓粪可显著增加土壤有机碳含量,生物质炭与蚯蚓粪产生的外源性炭投入量与土壤有机碳含量之间显著相关,相关系数为0.851(P0.05);同等蚯蚓粪用量下,30 g·kg~(-1)生物质炭用量处理水稻不同部位生物量高于6 g·kg~(-1)生物质炭用量处理;B_1M_3和B_2M_3处理水稻粒重最高,施用生物质炭和蚯蚓粪增加养分投入和促进养分吸收是增产的主要原因;生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪提高了氮素的收获指数。生物质炭配施蚯蚓粪能有效增加土壤有机碳,是培肥中低产田土壤、提高养分吸收利用和促进水稻增产的有效措施。     

蚯蚓粪与腐殖酸混施对植烟土壤质量及烟叶品质的影响

为探寻适宜秦巴烟区土壤改良培肥烟田、提高烟叶品质新技术。采用大田试验,设置了6个处理:CK(纯烟草专用肥)以及在CK处理基础上增施不同有机肥(蚯蚓粪+腐植酸)的其他处理,包括T1(蚯蚓粪有机肥2400 kg hm~(-2))、T2(蚯蚓粪有机肥1800 kg hm~(-2)和腐殖酸有机肥600 kg hm~(-2))、T3(蚯蚓粪有机肥1200 kg hm~(-2)和腐殖酸有机肥1200 kg hm~(-2)、T4(蚯蚓粪有机肥600 kg hm~(-2)和腐殖酸有机肥1800 kg hm~(-2))和T5(腐殖酸有机肥2400 kg hm~(-2))。研究蚯蚓粪与腐殖酸混施对植烟土壤速效养分、土壤酶活性及烤烟化学品质与经济性状的影响。结果表明,土壤养分与酶活性具有显著相关性,均能表征土壤肥力;增施蚯蚓粪与腐殖酸能显著提高土壤速效养分及酶活性,其中T2处理土壤改良效果最佳。与对照CK相比,施用蚯蚓粪与腐殖酸能有效降低烟碱、淀粉及总糖含量,提高总氮及钾含量,其中T2处理化学成分协调性最佳。蚯蚓粪与腐殖酸可有效改善烤烟农艺性状和经济性状,上等烟与中上等烟比率分别提高5.1%~12.6%和3.9%~8.2%,产值增加6.1%~10.9%。综合分析,在陕南烟区以T2处理对于改良土壤性状和提高烤烟产质量效果最佳,适宜推广。     

不同改良物料及其配施组合对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土的改良效果

以玉米为研究对象,在盆栽条件下,探究脱硫石膏、蚯蚓粪、硫磺、糠醛渣、沸石对土壤改良的效果,并据此设计改良剂配施组合,研究不同改良剂配施组合对玉米生长发育及土壤性状的改良作用。结果表明:在0—20cm土层中,脱硫石膏、硫磺、糠醛渣、蚯蚓粪、沸石处理的土壤pH值均有不同程度的降低,轻度盐碱条件下降低了0.05~0.19个单位;中度盐碱条件下降低了0.20~0.33个单位。脱硫石膏可显著降低0—20cm土层水溶性Na~+含量。根据不同改良剂的改良特点,设计了T1(脱硫石膏+硫磺+蚯蚓粪)和T2(蚯蚓粪+沸石+脱硫石膏+糠醛渣)两种具有综合改良效果的改良剂配施组合,均能显著增加玉米植株生物量,在轻度盐碱条件下,较空白处理分别增加了77.75%和129.22%;中度盐碱条件下,分别增加了148.13%和170.31%。并且各配施处理(T1和T2)均能降低0—20cm表层土壤的pH。在滨海盐渍土中施用综合改良剂能促进作物生长和改善土壤性状,可以作为未来滨海盐渍土快速改良的重要措施之一。     

氮肥减量配施生物炭对稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性影响

氮肥减量配施生物炭对于提升土地生产力、提高土壤碳汇能力以及缓解气候变暖具有重要意义。依托大田试验,设置5个氮肥用量梯度(T0～T4):100%化肥氮,90%化肥氮,80%化肥氮,70%化肥氮,60%化肥氮,采用等氮原则,氮肥减少量用等氮量生物炭替代,以不施肥为对照(CK),结合室内矿化培养,揭示稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性对氮肥减量配施生物炭的响应。结果表明:与T0处理相比,T3处理(70%化肥氮+7.5 t/hm~2生物炭氮)土壤全氮,碱解氮及速效磷依次显著提高了6.67%,8.36%及30.94%(P0.05),T4处理的速效钾含量最高,显著提高了23.78%(P0.05)。氮肥减量配施生物炭可有效提升土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,且随配施生物炭比例的增大而增大;与矿化前相比,各处理矿化后SOC,微生物量碳(MBC)及微生物熵(qMB)依次下降1.39～1.75 g/kg, 24.62～67.57 mg/kg及0.13%～0.32%(P0.05)。SOC矿化速率在培养的第1天达到峰值,第1阶段(第1～6天)迅速下降,第2阶段(第6～30天)缓慢下降,第3阶段(第30～45天)矿化速趋于平稳,矿化速率与培养时间呈对数函数关系(P0.01)。培养结束时SOC累积矿化量和累积矿化率的变化范围分别为1.39～1.75 g/kg和6.02%～8.43%,均以T3处理最低。与CK和T0处理相比,T3处理的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最高,T1处理的酸性磷酸酶活性最高。水稻产量以T3处理(7.37 t/hm~2)最高,比T0处理增产39.58%(P0.05)。综上,氮肥减量30%配施生物炭可明显提高土壤肥力,减少SOC矿化,增加土壤固碳,提高土壤酶活性及水稻产量。     

有机无机肥配施对滨海脱盐土栽培菊芋及其养分吸收的影响

以蚯蚓粪和无机复合肥为材料,设置CK(不施肥)、T1(无机复合肥300kg/hm²)、T2(无机复合肥600kg/hm²)、T3(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²)、T4(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²、无机复合肥300 kg/hm²)、T5(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²、无机复合肥600 kg/hm²)、T6(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²)、T7(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²、无机复合肥300 kg/hm²)、T8(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²、无机复合肥600 kg/hm²)共计9个处理,研究了蚯蚓粪和无机复合肥配施下滨海脱盐土土壤性质的变化,栽培菊芋生长特性及养分吸收规律,以确立滨海脱盐土菊芋高效栽培最适有机无机肥配施方案。结果表明：随菊芋生育进程推进,土壤可溶性盐含量下降,T6处理幼苗期和开花期的可溶性盐含量均最低,分别为0.28和0.29 g/kg,较...     

蚯蚓粪对日光温室袋培甜瓜生长及营养吸收的影响

为探明蚯蚓粪对日光温室基质袋培甜瓜生长及营养吸收的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜（Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino）玉美人为试材,采用日光温室基质袋栽培方式,将蚯蚓（Pheretima）粪按不同比例与草炭和蛭石复配成8种栽培基质,通过对甜瓜生长指标、光合指标、植株营养含量、果实产量及品质的分析,筛选出甜瓜基质袋栽培适宜的蚯蚓粪有机肥配施比例。结果表明,在草炭蛭石复配基质中配施蚯蚓粪均可促进甜瓜的生长及营养吸收,以T5处理（蚯蚓粪∶草炭∶蛭石=4∶1∶5）促进效果最显著。T5处理植株株高、茎粗、根系活力、生物量和光合参数均优于其他处理。甜瓜生长期内,T5处理植株氮、磷、钾含量均较T1处理（蚯蚓粪∶草炭∶蛭石=0∶1∶1）显著提高,其中根中氮、磷和钾含量分别在定植后42、56和28 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加63.9%、77.9%和74.4%;茎中氮、磷和钾含量分别在定植后56、28和14 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加65.5%、81.8%和44.4%;叶中氮和钾含量在定植后42 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加67.3%和29.9%,磷含量在定植后5...     

蚯蚓粪和巨大芽孢杆菌互作对小白菜产量与品质的影响

研究蚯蚓粪和巨大芽孢杆菌对小白菜养分含量、产量、品质及土壤理化性质的影响,以期为提高叶菜品质和科学施肥提供理论依据。以小白菜为研究对象,采用温室大棚田间试验方法,研究蚯蚓粪不同尿素替代量(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)和巨大芽孢杆菌(0、6 kg/hm²)对小白菜养分含量、产量、品质(维生素C、游离氨基酸、硝酸盐)和土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,与完全施用化肥相比,蚯蚓粪或蚯蚓粪 +巨大芽孢杆菌处理均能显著提高小白菜产量和改善品质,且蚯蚓粪替代 40%尿素时的产量、游离氨基酸、维生素 C含量最高,硝酸盐含量最低,且在此基础上添加巨大芽孢杆菌能够进一步提高产量、改善品质。蚯蚓粪或蚯蚓粪 +巨大芽孢杆菌处理均能显著提高土壤 pH值、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且蚯蚓粪替代 40%尿素 +6 kg/hm²巨大芽孢杆菌时提高作用更为突出。     

生物炭和菜籽饼配施对土壤养分、酶活性及烟叶产质量的影响

为寻求适宜陕南烟田土壤改良的有机肥施用技术。采用生物炭与菜籽饼互配试验,研究不同碳氮比有机肥对土壤养分、土壤酶活性以及烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明:1、生物炭与菜籽饼配施能有效提高土壤酶活、增加土壤养分,其中T3(生物炭1500 kg hm~(-2)+菜籽饼750 kg hm~(-2))对土壤的综合肥力水平提升效果最佳,T2(生物炭750 kg hm~(-2)+菜籽饼750kg hm~(-2))次之;2、相关性分析表明土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均对土壤综合肥力水平具有较大贡献,能表征土壤肥力;3、生物炭与菜籽饼配施显著降低了烟叶烟碱含量、提高了烟叶钾含量、协调烟叶化学成分,其中以T2的搭配比例施用烟叶品质最佳且经济性状好,较CK(生物炭0 kg hm~(-2)+菜籽饼0 kg hm~(-2))产量提升6.2%,产值增加15.6%,上等烟与上中等烟比例分别提升8.3%和6.8%。综合分析,在陕西安康市旬阳地区推荐生物炭与菜籽饼配比为生物炭750 kg hm~(-2)+菜籽饼750 kg hm~(-2)。     

蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施对小白菜和生菜产量、生长指标及品质的影响

为了探明蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂对小白菜及生菜品质的影响,基于盆栽试验,研究了蚯蚓粪及其与鼠李糖脂（0.027%、0.054%和0.108%）配施处理对小白菜和生菜产量、生长指标和品质指标的影响。结果表明,蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施可以不同程度地提高小白菜及生菜品质,相比不施肥处理蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理小白菜及生菜的产量、叶面积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和可滴定酸均显著提高。蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理小白菜和生菜产量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸及硝酸盐含量与蚯蚓粪处理无显著性差异。随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增大,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理的小白菜产量呈现下降趋势,未达到显著性差异。蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂相比蚯蚓粪处理可显著提高小白菜游离氨基酸含量。综上,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂具有显著提高蔬菜产量的效果,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂与蚯蚓粪处理对蔬菜产量及品质方面的影响没有显著性差异,二者配施没有降低蚯蚓粪的肥效,说明蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施具有药肥开发的可行性。     

生物质炭与氮肥配施对土壤氮素变化和烤烟氮素利用的影响

为探明生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤中氮素循环和烤烟氮素利用的影响,采用盆栽试验,设置四个处理：5 g/盆纯氮（CK）,5 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物炭（T1）,3.5 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物炭（T2）,2 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物炭（T3）,利用15N标记的氮肥,测定生物炭与氮肥配施条件下烤烟生长不同时期土壤中15N的残留量、不同形态氮素的含量、土壤微生物量氮和移栽后90 d烟叶对不同氮源氮素的累积量。试验结果表明：相同施氮量时,生物炭的施用可以提高土壤中15N残留量、土壤无机氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮的含量和叶片对氮素的累积量。生物炭与氮肥配施时提高了肥料氮在烟叶中的占比,使15N利用率也提高了25.4%-63.3%。与对照相比,T2处理植烟土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮在移栽后75 d比对照分别提高了17.3%、8.0%、7.2%,碱解氮和微生物量氮的含量在移栽后90 d时也高于对照。在本试验条件下,生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤氮素的影响是显著的,施用生物炭时减少30%氮肥用量是可行的。     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

熏蒸处理对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响

在田间条件下用溴甲烷(68.1g/m2)、威百亩(7.5mL/m2)进行土壤熏蒸,调查两种药剂对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响。结果表明:两种熏蒸剂对土壤放线菌无抑制作用,对细菌总量影响较小,但亚硝酸细菌受到强烈抑制,土壤的硝化作用受到明显影响;同时,土壤中真菌的数量及种类变化显著。熏蒸后9周,处理区土壤中的微生物基本恢复正常。