赣北丘陵区果园不同套种模式对退化红壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨丘陵区果园水土保持措施与土壤理化性质改良关系,通过5a的野外定位观测试验,研究了5种不同果园套种模式对退化红壤理化性质的影响.研究结果表明:果园不同套种模式对土壤理化性质的改善效果不同,百喜草全园覆盖和狗牙根全园覆盖提高土壤含水量效果最好,全园套种狗牙根模式改良土壤容重、毛管持水量、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效钾效果最好.套种百喜草和狗牙根果园模式改良果园土壤全氮效果优于套种农作物模式.套种农作物模式改良果园土壤全磷效果、土壤碱解氮能力都明显好于套种不同牧草模式.套种百喜草和套种农作物提高果园土壤速效磷含量,而套种狗牙根与阔叶雀稗草则略为降低了土壤速效磷含量.与果园顺坡耕作套种相比,横坡套种具有更好的保持土壤养分的作用,适宜进一步推广.     

Arkadolith土壤改良剂对杨柴生长状况及沙土改良效果研究

为探讨Arkadolith土壤改良剂对沙土理化性质以及沙生植物生长状况的改良效果,采用异地温室人工模拟试验的方法研究了改良剂不同施用率处理(CK:0%;A1:4%;A2:8%;A3:12%;A4:16%)对库布齐沙漠沙生植物群落优势种杨柴生长状况以及土壤理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,施用Arkadolith土壤改良剂能显著提高杨柴生长状况,施加改良剂4种处理新梢生长高比对照增加了4.35%~43.5%,植被叶片数呈:A4>A2>A3>A1>CK,杨柴地上生物量比对照增加了36.8%~168.5%,同时减小了植株的根冠比;施用Arkadolith土壤改良剂改善了植物体内的水分状况,增加了植株的吸水量,提高了杨柴在全天各时段的叶水势;施用Arkadolith土壤改良剂能改善土壤物理性状,降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤渗透速度、增加田间持水量;并且能增加土壤养分储备,提高速效养分,缓解养分失衡。     

天然沸石和石灰混用对酸性黄红壤改良及增产效应的研究

安徽南部地区处在高温高湿的条件下 ,土壤母质强烈风化 ,盐基损失严重 ,阳离子交换量仅为 8～ 10cmdkg- 1土 ,土壤酸性或强酸性 ,pH为 4.3～ 5.4。研究结果表明 :施用石灰 ,土壤pH提高两个单位 ,土壤活性铝含量降低 1/ 3— 2 /3 ,沸石和石灰配合施用可以显著提高土壤速效养分含量 ,促进作物生长 ,增加作物产量。     

寒区旱区间歇性干旱对接种根瘤菌苜蓿草地土壤养分动态的影响

通过盆栽法模拟田间土壤的干湿交替变化过程和强度,研究了寒区旱区间歇性干旱条件对接种根瘤菌(Rhizobia)苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1年龄苜蓿接种根瘤菌能显著提高土壤全N、有机质、速效N、速效K和速效P含量,而对土壤pH和全P含量影响不大,间歇性干旱处理能显著降低土壤全N、有机质、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K含量,且土壤养分下降量总体上为有机质>全P>全N>速效K>速效N>速效P;通过相关和回归分析,土壤全P和有机质含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线正相关(P<0.05),土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线负相关(P<0.05);当干湿交替间隔周期相同时,土壤全N、全P、速效N和有机质含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理大于80%田间持水量的处理,而土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理小于80%田间持水量的处理。     

燕山山麓平原高产粮区长期施肥对作物产量和土壤？…

通过连续８年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对燕山山麓平原高产粮区褐土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明,褐土 养分贮备及转化潜力较低灌水采用有机肥（物）料配施化肥,可明显提高土壤有机质和全量养分、速效分含量,促进有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态、可明显提高土壤有机质和全量养分、速效养分含量,促进有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态、腐殖质组成及其性质的改善,增强土壤酶群体活性,改善土壤水分及物理性质     

有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应的影响

[目的]合成有机碳土壤改良剂,为河西内陆灌区制种玉米产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省张掖市甘州区的风沙土,采用田间试验方法,进行有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应研究。[结果]有机碳土壤改良剂施用量与风沙土孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、速效养分、微生物数量、酶活性和玉米产量呈正相关关系;与体积质量、pH值呈负相关关系。施用有机碳土壤改良剂与传统化肥比较,风沙土体积质量、pH值、Hg,Cd,Cr和Pb分别降低8.46%,4.87%,17.95%,27.78%,15.75%和18.03%;总孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加8.15%,23.98%,8.15%,3.16%,0.10%,2.13%和1.18%;真菌、细菌、放线菌、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和玉米施肥利润分别增加59.18%,41.75%,23.28%,57.09%,13.54%,10.71%和2 180.40元/hm2。[结论]施用有机碳土壤改良剂,能有效地改善风沙土理化性质和生物学性质,提高玉米产量。     

三峡库区脐橙园土壤养分、酸度变化特征与施肥管理对策——以秭归县水田坝乡为例

通过对三峡库区脐橙产业分布典型区域脐橙园土壤养分含量和酸度指标的系统调查,分析了三峡库区脐橙园土壤有机质和主要大量元素、微量元素含量状况和土壤酸碱度现状,进一步采用相关性和主成份分析法,揭示了土壤有机质、主要大量养分元素变化与土壤酸化过程的相互关系.结果表明,该区域三峡库区紫色砂岩分布区脐橙园土壤有机质含量分布不均、多数处于较低水平,且具有缺N、低p、富K的特点;土壤速效态N、P、K含量差异较大,65%土壤有效态N缺乏,45%左右土壤速效P、K含量偏低;有效Zn缺乏的土壤占有较高比例;随着脐橙种植年限的增加,土壤有效态养分含量呈提高的趋势,但是,由于化学肥科的长期过量施用,土壤酸化趋势明显,如果不采取合理的对策,容易引起土壤退化.采用"增库、调流"措施,合理调整有机、无机肥的比例,结合叶片诊断补充微量元素,利用秸秆进行园地覆盖,套种饲草,施用石灰、磷矿粉、煤渣类土壤改良剂,是改普土壤结构、协调土壤养分供应、缓解土壤酸化的重要措施.     

有机营养功能型土壤改良剂对灰棕荒漠土的改良效果

[目的]进行有机营养功能型土壤改良剂配方筛选,研究灰棕荒漠土改良效果和杂交饲用甜高粱经济效益,解决灰棕荒漠土保水、保肥能力弱,有机质含量低,作物产量低而不稳的瓶颈问题。[方法]选择甘肃省酒泉市肃州区的灰棕荒漠土,采用田间试验的方法进行研究。[结果]不同梯度有机营养功能型土壤改良剂施用量与灰棕荒漠土孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、速效氮磷钾、杂交饲用甜高粱经济性状和产量呈正相关关系,与灰棕荒漠土容重和pH值呈负相关关系。施用有机营养功能型土壤改良剂与施用传统化肥比较,灰棕荒漠土容重和pH值分别降低4.10%和8.27%;总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量分别增加3.63%,3.60%,3.67%,3.63%,3.60%和3.67%;有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加7.03%,0.37%,0.33%和0.29%;真菌、细菌、放线菌、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶分别增加121.42%,34.69%,20.00%,61.79%,45.37%,36.00%和63.23%;杂交饲用甜高粱穗粒数、穗粒重、百粒重、产量、施肥利润和投资效率分别增加6.38%,4.17%,4.42%和4.04%,2 390元/hm2和0.40元/元。[结论]施用有机营养功能型土壤改良剂,有效地改善了甘肃省河西走廊灰棕荒漠土理化性质,提高了持水量和杂交饲用甜高粱产量。     

石漠化地区核桃套种不同作物的养地效果

为给石漠化地区生态修复及核桃套种高效种植模式提供科学依据,设计了6种套种处理,分别为核桃单种、核桃/玉米/红薯、核桃/玉米/绿豆、核桃/美洲菊苣/红薯、核桃/美洲菊苣/绿豆、核桃/芝麻/绿豆,并对所有处理的土壤基本理化性状、微生物数量及酶活性进行了测定.结果表明:套种作物并未引起土壤养分流失,但会降低土壤pH值;核桃/...     

宁夏风沙土酿酒葡萄基地培肥地力试验研究

应用大田试验,系统研究了风沙土肥力状况及培肥途径。结果表明：各种培肥措施均能明显提高土壤全量养分和速效养分含量,而且土壤阳离子代换量及ｐＨ值也有所降低。各种培肥措施对土壤团粒结构也有较明显的影响,以有机肥的影响最为明显,而且土壤的蓄水性能显著提高。氮磷钾配合施用土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾提高幅度较大。与单施无机肥和有机肥相比,有机无机配施的培肥效果较好。酿酒葡萄基地生产中,间作可使用地与时     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Effect of soil acidification on the soil microflora

The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed.     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.