NASA life sciences. An improvement in vital signs

Last week a hefty Russian module with living and working quarters for astronauts docked with the pieces of the international space station already in orbit, a critical step in creating a full-time orbiting laboratory. Meanwhile, NASA bureaucrats put the finishing touches on a realignment of the agency's struggling biology effort that should bolster fundamental research and allow scientists to make better use of the facility, scheduled to be completed in 2005. The two events raise the hopes of U.S. academic space life scientists that their discipline is at last on the ascent at NASA.     

基因治疗及其在兽医学中的应用

基因治疗是20世纪90年代形成的，该技术的研究一开始就与动物医学的发展密不可分，主要是通过建立动物疾病模型分析和研究基因治疗各种层面上的问题，但它真正在兽医临床上的研究是近年才开始的。许多试验结果表明，一旦载体的安全性有了保障，基因治疗将有可能成为动物重大疫病有效预防和治疗的方法，在兽医学中有很广阔的应用前景。     

Lunar receiving laboratory

The Lunar Receiving Laboratory will be the permanent depository of a portion of the collection of lunar samples; it will safeguard the collection, providing continuing security and ensuring scientific integrity. In carrying out the time-dependent experiments and continuing functions of the laboratory, NASA will rely on visiting expert scientists supplementing a relatively small resident staff; outside scientists will be relied upon for most investigations and detailed analyses of samples. It is believed that the designed procedures and facilities provided will ensure the maximum scientific return from the Apollo Program in the way of information from lunar samples.     

动物疫病经济影响的研究进展

动物疫病对养殖户、消费者、畜牧产业均产生不良影响。研究动物疫病经济影响对评估损失程度,制定有效的防疫措施有重要意义。目前的研究主要涉及动物疫病对生产者、消费者、畜牧产业、国际贸易与区域经济的影响,但对影响因素与对国际贸易与区域经济影响的研究较少,推断性统计的应用不多。与国际相比,我国的研究总体滞后,未来的研究应放在动物疫病对消费者、畜牧产业、国家和国际经济影响等层面,并突破目前国内的局部静态理论和研究方法,尝试采用符合动物疫病特征的跨期、一般均衡等经济理论和空间计量、流行病学经济模型,并重视动物疫病经济影响的模拟和预测。     

动物疫病防控创新策略

随着畜禽集约化养殖的发展,畜禽养殖规模不断扩大,养殖数量不断增多,导致畜禽疫病日趋复杂.在分析探讨中国当前动物疫病流行特点及防疫现状的基础上,应用科学发展观对中国当前动物疾病防控形势进行了全面分析,提出了以人为本、健全兽医管理制度、优化畜禽饲养模式、制定疫痛综合防控技术规范以及如何深入开展动物疫病研究、提升动物疫病防控能力的新思路.以促进畜牧业的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益得到全面发展.     

脾气虚证动物模型造模方法与模型评价的研究概述

脾气虚证为临床常见的病证之一,证候动物模型是中医临床研究病因病机与疾病发展的基础,其中脾气虚证动物模型的建立对于脾胃病证的研究意义重大。在三十余年来的研究发展进程中,脾气虚证动物模型的构建经历了从单因素造模方法到复合因素造模方法的发展过程,研究取得一定成果的同时也暴露了一些问题。本文整理了脾气虚证动物模型的构建方法及模型评价方法,对其存在的问题进行探讨,以期为今后脾胃病的基础与临床研究提供参考。     

Science and politics: free speech controversy at lawrence laboratory

The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, one of the nation's most distinguished scientific institutions, has been struck by a series of "free speech" controversies in recent months. The laboratory, which is operated by the University of California and is almost entirely funded by the Atomic Energy Commission, has facilities in two California locations, Berkeley and Livermore. Each has been under fire for allegedly stifling open discussion of controversial issues. The Berkeley facility, a leading center for the study of high-energy physics and fundamental nuclear science, has been split by an internal debate over the right of scientists to hold formal political discussions at the laboratory during their lunch hours. The controversy has led to the banning of meetings, the circulating of petitions and counterpetitions bearing hundreds of names, the publishing of an underground newspaper, and the suspension of a controversial physicist. The Livermore facility, a major center for developing nuclear weapons, has been accused of trying to muzzle two staff scientists who contend that existing radiation standards are too lax to protect the public from nuclear radiation hazards. Livermore has also been the target of demonstrations and of a lawsuit seeking to open the weapons laboratory to allow discussions between outsiders and staff scientists concerning the implications of weapons research. The article below discusses the controversy at the Berkeley laboratory, where only unclassified research is performed. A subsequent article will discuss the conflict at security-conscious Livermore.     

转基因和基因编辑猪的研究进展

猪是重要的农业经济动物,其在遗传背景、解剖学、生理病理学、营养代谢和疾病特征等方面与人类高度相似,是农业生产性状改良、人类疾病动物模型和异种器官移植研究的重要对象。随着ZFN、TALEN和CRISPR等基因编辑技术的出现,转基因或基因编辑猪的研究取得快速发展。本文将结合当前我国转基因及基因编辑猪的研究现状,对基因编辑技术在农业生产性状改良如提高产肉量、改善肉质、提高抗病能力和建立人类疾病模型、动物生物反应器、异种器官移植等方面进行综述,以期为猪遗传改良和医学研究提供参考。     

我国实验动物垫料的质量评价研究概述

垫料是实验动物饲养繁殖的重要条件之一,是保证实验动物质量和动物实验结果的重要环节。文章对我国常用实验动物垫料的种类和性能、垫料的质量控制与评价等研究进行了综述,为实验动物垫料的研究和开发提供理论和实践基础。     

Pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumonia(KpC4) infecting maize and mice

Recently, a new bacterial top rot disease of maize has frequently appeared in many areas of Yunnan Province, China. The pathogen of the disease was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae(Kp C4), which is well known to cause pulmonary and urinary diseases in humans and animals and occasionally exists as a harmless endophyte in plants. To evaluate the virulence of the maize pathogen to maize and mice, we inoculated maize and mice with routine inoculation and intraperitoneal injection respectively according to Koch's postulates. The results showed that Kp C4 and the clinical strain K. pneumoniae 138(Kp138) were all highly pathogenic to maize and mice and the strain re-isolated from diseased mice also caused typical top rot symptoms on maize by artificial inoculation. It is highlighting that a seemingly dedicated human/animal pathogen could cause plant disease. This is the first report of K. pneumoniae, an opportunistic pathogen of human/animal, could infect maize and mice. The findings serve as an alert to plant, medical and veterinarian scientists regarding a potentially dangerous bacterial pathogen infecting both plants and animals/humans. The maize plants in the field could serve as a reservoir for K. pneumoniae which might infect animals and probably humans when conditions are favorable. The new findings not only are significant in the developing control strategy for the new disease in Yunnan, but also serve as a starting point for further studies on the mechanism of pathogenesis and epidemiology of K. pneumoniae.     

代谢组学在动物育种中的应用现状与前景展望

代谢组学是一门新兴的学科,与基因组学、蛋白质组学等共同构成系统生物学。近年来,代谢组学发展迅速,并在疾病诊断、生物医药研发、食品营养与科学、药理毒理学、环境科学、植物科学以及动物育种等众多领域均有应用。系统介绍了动物育种中小分子代谢物在遗传参数估计、品种（系）鉴定、重要经济性状鉴定、多组学关联分析以及动物疾病模型制备中的应用及最新研究进展,分析代谢组学研究中存在的问题。随着其研究方法的不断完善和优化,越来越多代谢物被人们所了解认识,在农用动物育种中代谢组学技术的研究逐渐增多,代谢组学必将成为动物育种的一种有力手段。     

情报认知模型库构建研究

[目的/意义]研究情报认知模型库的组织、建设方法,帮助科研人员和情报分析人员快速形成对学科领域的准确认知,协助识别科技机遇、甄别技术威胁。[方法/过程]情报认知模型库包含跨领域的各种技术要素和文献信息,因此在结构上包括文献库、算法库、学科领域知识库、研究应用案例库等,支持研究热点识别、技术性能对比、智能分析方法推荐、算法辅助设计等功能。模型库的建设流程包括对情报认知模型的收集、验证、存储、组织、利用等,其中对模型的验证是至关重要的一步。[结果/结论]构建情报认知模型库对开展科学技术领域情报工作具有重要意义,能够发挥科技数据基础设施、科技情报分析工具箱的效果。情报认知模型库的构建需要情报人员、科学技术领域专家、信息技术人员的通力合作,未来需要进一步考虑模型库的维护升级、推广应用等问题。     

基于大庆市动物资源条件论动物学实验室开放

动物实验材料是实验室开放的物质基础。以大庆地区动物资源为基础,介绍了实验室开放在动物学教学中的地位与作用,阐述实验室开放的先决条件,包括调查地方动物资源状况和加强教师队伍建设,以期为实验室开放的长期、稳定实施提供思路。     

Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus

Better understanding of the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) would be greatly facilitated by a relevant animal model that uses molecularly cloned virus of defined sequence to induce the disease. Such a system would also be of great value for AIDS vaccine research. An infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was identified that induces AIDS in common rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. These results provide another strong link in the chain of evidence for the viral etiology of AIDS. More importantly, they define a system for molecular dissection of the determinants of AIDS pathogenesis.     

In Europe, hooligans are prime subjects for research

CAMBRIDGE, U.K.--One of the few burgeoning areas of violence research here and in Europe is football hooliganism. With lower homicide rates than in the United States and fewer incidences of killing sprees such as the Littleton school shooting, Europeans are less concerned about violence than Americans are--and that translates into less money for research on the topic. Moreover, some scientists argue that strict regulation of animal studies has dealt a severe blow to a once-proud European tradition of behavioral research on animal aggression.     

我国现代农业产业技术体系建设与发展的思考

我国现代农业产业技术体系建设是一项重大的制度创新、机制创新和管理创新.就我国现代农业产业技术体系建设的必要性及意义、产业体系建设的基本框架、产业体系功能实验室科学家岗位职责及产业体系建设与发展进行了探讨.     

Bibliography: Farmer knowledge and management of crop disease

Nearly all contemporary people subsist on cultivated plants, most of which are vulnerable to diseases. Yet, there have been few studies of what traditional people know – and do not know – about crop disease. Agricultural scientists in general are becoming aware of the potential contribution of social scientists and farmers in developing integrated management of crop diseases. The International Potato Center (CIP) has focused on stimulating farmer-scientist collaboration in developing management of late blight, a major fungal disease of potatoes and other plants. Understanding farmers' knowledge of this and other plant diseases is an important element in furthering such collaboration. Although not all agricultural scientists recognize the value of social science, this literature search shows that some agricultural scientists now actively collaborate with farmers, in ways that cross the boundary into social science research. During this search, much of the work we found was written by plant pathologists and entomologists. We found over fifty publications on farmer knowledge of crop disease, and we have annotated the material that we thought most relevant to farmer- scientist collaboration for research of crop diseases, especially late blight.     

浅谈禽病的常规诊断方法

随着畜牧业的快速发展,我国养禽业的规模得到了前所未有的增长,此时禽病也大量出现,笔者根据多年禽病临床诊疗经验,就禽病的一些常规诊断方法展开论述。其中以病理剖检诊断为主,辅以饲养管理调查、流行病学调查、临床症状检查以及必要的实验室检查,旨在减少禽病的发生,保障畜牧业的发展,促进人类健康。     

诱导性多能干细胞的研究及应用

自从小鼠的胚胎成纤维细胞和鼠尾成纤维细胞重编程成为诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs）以来,iPS的研究成了干细胞研究领域的热点。与胚胎干细胞相比,iPS细胞有操作简便和高稳定性等优点可以应用于,如创建人类疾病的遗传模型,培育转基因动物用于器官移植,改善动物生产性状和抗病性,以及生物制药等领域。另外,iPSCs的产生对于解决长期以来干细胞研究领域的伦理问题和免疫排斥问题有巨大的意义,iPS结合基因治疗和细胞移植疗法的成果已经应用到了动物疾病模型上。iPS细胞技术给病人特定细胞治疗和基因针对性药品研制带来了巨大的前景。此外,该技术也提供了iPS细胞重编程机制和人类疾病的病理过程研究的新平台。然而,现阶段多能干细胞的研究只是开辟了一个新的领域,iPS技术要应用于临床还有很多工作要做。本文主要针对iPSCs的研究现状与应用前景进行讨论。     

牛多杀性巴氏杆菌病的诊断与防治

某奶牛场新生犊牛陆续出现不明原因的死亡,症状以体温升高、呼吸困难、脉搏加快、食欲废绝为主。经剖检和实验室检验,诊断为牛多杀性巴氏杆菌病,用四环素、恩诺沙星等药物治疗,取得良好效果。搞好疫苗的预防接种,加强饲养管理是预防和控制该病的有效措施。