Assessment of some soil properties by spatial variability in saline and sodic soils in Arsanjan plain, Southern Iran

Spatial patterns for several soil parameters such soil texture, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Electrical Conductivity (ECe), soil pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) were examined in saline and sodic soils in Arsanjan plain, Southern Iran, in order to identify their spatial distribution for implementation of a site-specific management. Soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil depths at 85 sampling sites. Data were analyzed both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of the semivariogram. The spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level varied between soil parameters. Soil pH and ESP had the minimum and maximum variability at all depths, respectively. Soil properties indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. ECe exhibited moderate spatial dependence at three depths; pH and ESP had a moderate spatial dependence at 0-30 cm and strong spatial dependence at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. Clay and CEC exhibited strong spatial dependence for the 0-30 cm and weak spatial dependence at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. Sand and silt had a non-spatial dependence at 0-30 cm and weak spatial dependency at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. The spatial variability in small distances of ECe, CEC, pH and ESP generally increased with depth. All geostatistical range values were greater than 1168 m. The results reported herein indicated that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would lead to the extrinsic factors such as ground water level and drainage. It is important to know the spatial dependence of soil parameters, as management parameters with strong spatial dependence will be more readily managed and an accurate site-specific scheme for precision farming more easily developed.     

An overview of German cockroach, Blattella germanica, studies conducted in Iran

The control and elimination of German cockroach, the most important worldwide pest species, has been an economic and public health success. Too many studies have been conducted in Iran, whereas these researches was scattered in form of national and international articles that has needed to add up of them in an overview article. With doing of this work the way is smooth to future studies and the strategies of these studies will be distinguished. This article is outlook in direction of above aims. The susceptibility level and insecticide resistance mechanisms of German cockroach to organochlorated, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticide groups have been studied. The new insecticidal compounds include fipronil and avermectins acting at GABA and glutamate receptors in proximity to chloride channels, diacylhydrazines mimicking the action of ecdysone, indoxacarb acting at a novel site in sodium channels and imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and spinosad acting at novel sites on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, several promising products acting at new target sites, which are currently not affected by resistance that will be used for pest control specially Blattella germanica. Attentive to resistance of B. germanica to current consuming insecticides and ever-increasing add to intensity of it, the researchers have been considering the susceptibility level of B. germanica and efficiency estimation of them to above-mentioned insecticides for control of this pest. The strategies of future researches are study of the susceptibility level of B. germanica and efficiency estimation of them to above-mentioned insecticides for control of this pest in Iran.     

福建石狮市灵秀山森林公园总体规划

介绍了石狮市灵秀山公园总体规划。     

福州旗山国家森林公园气候舒适度评价与应用

分析了福州旗山国家森林公园的温度、降水、风速、相对湿度,并与福州森林公园、金沙澳海滨旅游度假区进行比较。结果表明,福州旗山国家森林公园适宜旅游的时间长,冬春季月平均气温约为14℃,晴好天气多,降水强度弱,适合登山等简单的户外运动。夏秋季为最佳旅游时期,月平均气温约为22℃,低于福州市区温度,雨时长、范围广、雨量多、强度大,在晴好天气可避暑度假、观光游览。应该充分利用其优越的气候条件,建设避暑度假村、森林疗养区、体育健身拓展中心、农家乐、举办节庆等,以促进旗山国家森林公园旅游的发展。     

An evaluation of the use of short-term weight changes in grazing sheep for estimating herbage intake

A technique for estimating herbage intake by weighing sheep before and after grazing, with an allowance for insensible weight loss (IWL) was evaluated.
Live weights were estimated by weighing each animal 200 times using an electronic balance and a microcomputer. This enabled each sheep to be weighed to ± 10 g and overcame the problem of fluctuation in weight due to movement. Mean rates of IWL in housed sheep were 2·3, 1·4, and 0·8 g min⁻¹ for walking, standing eating or idling and when lying ruminating respectively. Intake rate (IR) estimated by weighing gave a small but significant bias of −0·8 g min⁻¹ when compared with measurements of IR made using housed sheep. Estimates of IWL and IR were made with ewes grazing continuously stocked ryegrass swards maintained at surface heights of 3,6,9 and 12 cm. IWL was higher outdoors than indoors and tended to be higher on the longer swards. IR estimated by weighing gave similar results to those obtained using the chromic oxide technique. At a sward surface height of 3 cm, IR and total intake were lower than for taller swards and total time spent grazing decreased with increasing sward surface height.     

A novel approach for estimating the relation betweenK/S value and dye uptake in reactive dyeing of cotton fabrics

This paper focuses on the application of a novel mathematical limit approach derived forK/S values in reactive dyeing of cotton fabrics. The relation obtained from Kubelka-Munk equation is used because the Kubelka-Munk equation is the basic relationship among fabric reflectance, fabric dye content and dyestuff characteristics. The limit approach derived in a former paper is applied to the laboratory dyeings and the dyeing behavior of some reactive dyes on cotton knitted fabric has been obtained. The results of the laboratory experiments are discussed using the new mathematical approach. When the actualK/S values obtained from the dyeings and the calculatedK/S values derived by the limit approach are considered independently, it is observed that the limit relation is valid for low dye concentration applications. When theK/S values are calculated taking theK/S value of the initial dyeing concentration (0.1 % owf) as the starting concentration by applying the result of the derived limit approach, the calculatedK/S values fit with the ones obtained in actual dyeings. It is concluded that the novel approach presented in the paper can be used in calculating theK/S values when the initial dyeings at low dye concentrations are carefully carried out.     

海南儋州橡胶林与热带次生林土壤微生物区系研究

采用时空替代法,选取5 a(幼龄林)、10 a(中龄林)、30 a(老龄林)3个年龄的橡胶林,30 a桉树林和热带次生林,研究不同林型下不同微生物类群数量的差异及其随季节的变化。结果表明:不同微生物类群数量大小顺序为细菌﹥放线菌﹥真菌,细菌占微生物总量为93.17%~98.56%,土壤微生物总量大小顺序为幼龄林﹥中龄林﹥次生林﹥老龄林﹥桉树林;不同林型下土壤微生物数量随季节变化差异明显,旱季到雨季,细菌和放线菌数量先减小后增大,不同林型下土壤真菌数量变化不尽相同;在0~30 cm深土壤层内,5种林型下土壤微生物随土壤深度变化不明显;三大土壤微生物类群数量与土壤含水率、土壤p H值之间呈负相关,与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。     

苎麻抗旱性基因型差异的农艺性状及形态解剖特征

采用大田旱棚、盆栽干旱胁迫及室内渗透胁迫相结合的方法对苎麻代表基因型从地下部形态特征、农艺性状、生物产量和经济产量等方面进行了抗旱性鉴定 ,首次用抗旱指数等指标鉴定出了同类根型苎麻基因型间抗旱性存在差异 ,中根型中也有较深根型抗旱性强的基因型 ;一龄麻、二龄麻抗旱性综合评定为 :圆叶青、沅江黄壳早为抗旱性基因型 ,沅江稀节巴为中抗基因型 ,资兴绿麻和新宁箭杆麻为不抗旱性基因型 ;三龄麻抗旱性综合评定为 :沅江黄壳早 ,沅江稀节巴为抗旱基因型 ,新宁箭杆麻为不抗基因型 ,其它如资兴绿麻、宜章雅麻、宜章绩麻为中抗基因型。与抗旱性弱的基因型比较 ,在干旱胁迫下 ,抗旱性强的基因型地下部体积、干重均较大 ,叶片棚栏组织厚度 /叶片厚度的比值高 ,各项农艺性状和干物质积累下降少 ,抗萎蔫能力较强     

苎麻抗旱性基因型差异的农艺性状及形态解剖特征

采用大田旱棚、盆栽干旱胁迫及室内渗透胁迫相结合的方法对苎麻代表基因型从地下部形态特征、农艺性状、生物产量和经济产量等方面进行了抗旱性鉴定,首次用抗旱指数等指标鉴定出了同类根型苎麻基因型间抗旱性存在差异,中根型中也有较深根型抗旱性强的基因型;一龄麻、二龄麻抗旱性综合评定为圆叶青、沅江黄壳早为抗旱性基因型,沅江稀节巴为中抗基因型,资兴绿麻和新宁箭杆麻为不抗旱性基因型;三龄麻抗旱性综合评定为沅江黄壳早,沅江稀节巴为抗旱基因型,新宁箭杆麻为不抗基因型,其它如资兴绿麻、宜章雅麻、宜章绩麻为中抗基因型.与抗旱性弱的基因型比较,在干旱胁迫下,抗旱性强的基因型地下部体积、干重均较大,叶片棚栏组织厚度/叶片厚度的比值高,各项农艺性状和干物质积累下降少,抗萎蔫能力较强.     

海南创意农业园区规划探讨

立足海南农业发展现状,分析海南创意农业发展机遇和发展趋势,总结当前海南创意农业园区的主要类型,提出创意农业园区规划的重要性,并结合工作实际就海南创意农业园区的规划提出几点思考。     

An evaluation of potassium and nitrogen fertilization of grassland, and date of harvest, on fermentation, effluent production, dry-matter recovery and predicted feeding value of silage

The effects of levels of application of potassium (K) fertilizer, and its interactions with both nitrogen (N) fertilizer and the growth interval between fertilizer application and harvesting on ryegrass herbage yield and chemical composition, and the fermentation, predicted feeding value, effluent production and dry-matter (DM) recovery of silage were evaluated in a randomized block design experiment. Twenty plots in each of four replicate blocks received either 0, 60, 120, 180 or 240 kg K ha^?1, each at either 120 or 168 kg N ha^?1. Herbage from the plots was harvested on either 24 May or 8 June and ensiled (6 kg) unwilted, without additive treatment, in laboratory silos. Immediately after harvesting, all plots received 95 kg N ha^?1 and were harvested again after a 49-day regrowth interval. From the primary growth, herbage DM yields were 6·31, 6·57, 6·74, 6·93 and 6·93 (s.e. 0·091) t ha^?1, herbage K concentrations were 15·5, 16·2, 19·1, 22·4 and 26·1 (s.e. 1·06) g kg^?1 DM and herbage ash concentrations were 57, 63, 71, 73 and 76 (s.e. 0·9) g kg^?1 DM, and for the primary regrowth herbage DM yields were 2·56, 2·73, 2·83, 2·94 and 2·99 (s.e. 0·056) t ha^?1 for the 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 g K ha^?1 treatments respectively. Otherwise, the level of K fertilizer did not alter the chemical composition of the herbage at ensiling. After a 120-day fermentation period the silos were opened and sampled. The level of K fertilization had little effect on silage fermentation and had no effect on estimated intake potential, in vitro DM digestibility (DMD), DM recovery or effluent production. Increasing N fertilizer application increased silage buffering capacity (P < 0·05) and the concentrations of crude protein (P < 0·001), ammonia N (P < 0·01) and effluent volume (P < 0·01), and decreased ethanol concentration (P < 0·05) and intake potential (P < 0·05). Except for the concentrations of lactate and butyrate, delaying the harvesting date deleteriously changed the chemical composition (P < 0·001) and decreased intake potential (P < 0·001) and DMD (P < 0·001) of the silages. It is concluded that, other than for K and ash concentration, increasing the level of K fertilizer application did not alter the chemical composition of herbage from the primary growth or the resultant silage. Also, the level of K fertilizer application did not affect predicted feeding value, DM recovery or effluent production. Herbage yield increased linearly with increased fertilizer K application. Except for acetate and ethanol concentrations, there were no level of K fertilizer application by level of N fertilizer application interactions or level of K fertilizer application by harvest date interactions on silage fermentation or predicted feeding value. Increasing N fertilizer application from 120 to 168 kg ha^?1 had a more deleterious effect on silage composition and feeding value than increasing K fertilizer application from 0 to 240 kg ha^?1. Delaying harvesting was the most important factor affecting herbage yield and composition, and silage composition and had the most deleterious effect on silage feeding value.     

Effect of trifluralin,pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl,propaquizafop, and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield in Iran

In order to investigate the effect of trifluralin, pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl, propaquizafop and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield, a two year field experiment was conducted at Darab, Iran, during 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. Herbicides reduced weed biomass compared with the weedy check. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP (weeks after planting), application of trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha provided best control (80%) of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), compared to other treatments. At 8 and 16 WAP, wild mustard control decreased to 47 and 42%, respectively, when trifluralin was applied alone at 1400 g a.i./ha. In 2005–2006 at 16 WAP, maximum reduction in wild mustard biomass (82%) was achieved with trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha. In both years, all herbicide treatments controlled fumitory (Fumaria officinalis L.) 64–96%. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP, wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biomass reduction by trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha was 95%. In 2005–2006, at 8 and 16 WAP, minimum biomass reduction of wild oat (37–53%) was observed with trifluralin at 1200 and 1400 g a.i./ha. In both years, at 8 and 16 WAP, the most effective herbicide treatments were trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben regardless of the dose applied and provided maximum reduction in total weed biomass (77–89%) compared to other treatments. Results of both years showed that all herbicide treatments increased oilseed rape grain yield as compared with the weedy check but percentage of oil was not affected by various herbicide treatments. Maximum grain yield was obtained with trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha.     

乌龙茶新品种在不同区域的经济性状表现--紫牡丹金牡丹黄玫瑰区试报告

1998-2002年紫牡丹，金牡丹和黄玫瑰在武夷山与永春区试与示范鉴定结果表明：（1）产量高，比对照种福建水仙，黄旦，肉桂增产5.5%-44.3%，增产明显或显著；（2）品质优异，乌龙茶品质审评结果均明显超过福建水仙，亦优于肉桂和黄旦；（3）制优率高，超过福建水仙和肉桂；（4）种植成活率高，抗寒，抗旱性强，适应性广；（5）开采期早，金牡丹，黄玫瑰属早生种，紫牡丹亦比福建水仙，肉桂早，属中生种；（6）适宜在我省乌龙茶茶区大面积推广种植。     

福州闽江公园南岸植物配置探析

本文评述了闽江公园(南园)园林绿化中的植物配置问题,并阐述了园林规划设计中如何科学利用植物材料的自身特征,运用园林艺术手段,使植物的功能与人的感觉相互协调,创造出赏心悦目的园林景观效果。     

Investigation of the land subsidence and its consequences of large groundwater withdrawal in Rafsanjan, Iran

Land subsidence is a phenomenon that involves the lowering or settling of the earth's surface due to various factors. The land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal over the world has been seen in many areas. A decrease in ground water level would cause an increase in effective stresses at clay layers which results consolidation of lower layers. Since about 1980, it has been proven that Kerman Province subsidence in Iran is due to extensive ground water withdrawal. Overdraft of groundwater, an increasing of about 6 times since 1969 to 1999, has caused a decline of about 28 m in groundwater level. The rate of subsidence recently is about 5-15 cm. for decline of about one meter in groundwater level. In Rafsanjan area, many problems such as increase in the salinity of groundwater, land subsidence and consequently earth fissures and cracks in buildings are caused by groundwater withdrawal.     

绿茶新品种早春毫在不同区域的经济性状表现

1995-2002年在霞浦，柘荣，福安不同区域的生态与生产条件下对新品种早春毫的产量，品质，开采期，抗性与适应性等经济性状进行区试鉴定与生产示范，结果表明：（1）开采期特早，比早生种福大（ck)早21-35d，比特早生种福云6号早10-19d。（2）产量高。比福大平均增产2成以上，成年期增产潜力大。（3）品质优异，成茶色翠绿，比福大条索壮实，毫多，香气高，“栗香”显，滋味浓厚回甘，香味品质与福大相当，明显优于福云6号。（4）抗性与适应性强。种植成活率达90%以上。未遭受严重的寒害，早害与病虫害。适宜在上述区试。示范点气候条件相类似。中低海拔的福建茶区大面积推广种植以及省外茶区引种示范。     

海南白沙热带天然次生林更新组成及多样性

以海南省白沙县演替早期天然次生林为对象,分析了林下天然更新树种的结构、种类、多样性、种群优势度 以及分布特征。结果表明：以枫香（Liquidambar formosana）为优势树种的早期天然次生林下天然更新的乔灌木树种 共 47 种,其中乔木类（大、中、小）树种 24 种,占更新层总株数的 30.11%,占更新层总重要值的 41.30%。更新层中, 以银柴（Aporusa dioica）、九节（Psychotria rubra）、三桠苦（Evodia lepta）、山石榴（Catunaregam spinose）等喜光灌 木或亚乔木树种的天然更新数量多,属于聚集分布的种群;以鸭脚木（Schefflera octophylla）为主的 31 种乔木树种属 于优势度中等更新树种;黄樟（Cinnamomum porrectum）、桢楠（Machilus chinensis）等 12 个乔木树种虽优势度较小, 但这类树种则是该次生林顺行演替后期的关建树种,在未来的森林经营中应予以重点保护。     

海南白沙热带天然次生林更新组成及多样性

以海南省白沙县演替早期天然次生林为对象,分析了林下天然更新树种的结构、种类、多样性、种群优势度以及分布特征。结果表明：以枫香（Liquidambar formosana）为优势树种的早期天然次生林下天然更新的乔灌木树种共 47 种,其中乔木类（大、中、小）树种 24 种,占更新层总株数的 30.11%,占更新层总重要值的 41.30%。更新层中,以银柴（Aporusa dioica）、九节（Psychotria rubra）、三桠苦（Evodia lepta）、山石榴（Catunaregam spinose）等喜光灌木或亚乔木树种的天然更新数量多,属于聚集分布的种群;以鸭脚木（Schefflera octophylla）为主的 31 种乔木树种属于优势度中等更新树种;黄樟（Cinnamomum porrectum）、桢楠（Machilus chinensis）等 12 个乔木树种虽优势度较小,但这类树种则是该次生林顺行演替后期的关建树种,在未来的森林经营中应予以重点保护。     

福州市内河串珠公园施工技术要点探析--以会展片区串珠公园建设为例

福州市内河串珠公园从2017年开始,历经两年多的建设与管理,逐渐形成了相对成熟的施工体系。通过对福州市内河串珠公园概况分析、施工技术要点探析,结合会展片区串珠公园建设的实践与操作,探讨了福州市内河串珠公园施工管理思路及方法。