污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

Composted Sewage Sludge as an Alternative Potting Media for Lettuce Cultivation

A study was conducted to evaluate the potential possibility of using composted sewage sludge (CSS) as an alternative potting media component to substitute for expensive peat (PE) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation. Five different substrates were developed by changing the CSS and PE percentages in the growth medium. Percentages of CSS addition to PE were 0%, 15%, 30%, 50%, and 70% v/v, respectively. Growing media developed from CSS by substituting PE had plentiful physical and chemical properties and prominent contents of plant nutrients, mainly phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The greatest growth and yield increments were achieved from the medium with 30% CSS and 70% PE of the total volume, respectively. The shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight obtained from the medium with 30% CSS and 70% PE were increased by 56.53%, 43.93%, 29.46%, and 67.24%, respectively, compared to PE control.     

Heavy metals in mine soils amended with sewage sludge

In order to reclaim a clay quarry, a topsoil material was mixed with gravelly spoil at different ratios and with various rates of sewage sludge. The influence of three spoil/topsoil ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) and three sludge rates (40, 80 and 120 t ha⁻¹) on chemical properties of the resulting material was investigated, with emphasis on heavy metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn) contents. The mixtures topsoil/spoil/sludge were water saturated and incubated for 15 or 30 days in a chamber under controlled conditions. The incubated samples were analysed for pH, total carbon and nitrogen, and total, available, exchangeable and soluble heavy metals. The addition of spoil to the topsoil increased the volume of material available, by utilizing an inert material unsuitable by itself to grow plants. The addition of sewage sludge repaired the disadvantages of the spoil, increasing the pH and the organic matter contents. The total heavy metal contents in the mixtures followed the sequence Fe>>Mn>>Zn, Cu>Ni. All except Cu were within the ranges allowed for agricultural lands. The available heavy metals constituted a small fraction of total contents and decrease with time due to complexation and immobilization processes. The exchangeable and soluble fractions were almost negligible; only small amounts of Mn, Zn and Cu were detected. Therefore, the risk of contamination by heavy metals is insignificant in the conditions investigated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

污泥混配土淋溶液中pH、氮磷及重金属含量的动态变化

以北京市大兴区庞各庄镇污水处理厂的堆肥污泥、生污泥和通州区的熟土为对象,探讨污泥混配土淋溶液中相关指标的动态变化.结果表明,生污泥、堆肥污泥和熟土混配后可降低土壤pH值,增加土壤全氮、全磷含量,同时也增加了土壤中重金属As、Cd、Ni、Cu、Ph的含量,生污泥系列淋滤液中Pb对地下水造成污染的可能性最大;堆肥污泥系列淋滤液中给地下水带来污染可能性最大的因子是As.但各处理中重金属的污染程度都很低,基本符合国家第II类地下水水质标准,因此淋滤液中的重金属基本不会对地下水造成污染.     

污泥改良沙土中重金属及营养元素的迁移转化

为探究城市污水厂离心脱水污泥改良沙土对重金属及营养成分迁移转化的影响,利用掺混量为15%的污泥改良沙土作为0—20 cm土层土壤,通过饱和淋洗的方式分析了重金属及营养成分在土层中含量及形态转化,揭示了土层中重金属及营养成分迁移转化规律。结果表明:从重金属总量来看,试验淋洗10次后,土壤表层Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr滞留率较高,分别为78.57%,78.72%,86.35%,76.61%,Ni滞留率较低,为40.37%。但随着淋融次数的增加,重金属都存在一定淋失或向下层土壤迁移的风险;从重金属形态来看,各重金属Ni,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb活性系数（MF）分别为1.657,0.531,0.265,0.113,0,由此可以得出,Ni,Zn在土壤环境中性质不稳定,Cr,Cu性质较为稳定,Pb最为稳定;改良沙土中氮磷营养元素在淋洗后含量下降,氮的流失率为39.36%,磷的流失率为18.67%,氮素较磷素易发生流失,下层沙土氮提升量高于磷。     

蚯蚓活动对城市生活污泥重金属的影响

采用塑料温棚内垄式堆积污泥培养蚯蚓方式,研究了蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属的影响。结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,理化性质发生了显著的变化,污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和总磷都有不同程度的降低;蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力;蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属含量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少27.98%、31.46%、32.81%、13.85%、23.86%和22.92%。利用盆栽试验,研究了污泥施用于土壤后生菜体内重金属积累的情况,结果表明,生菜体内重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni的含量为污泥处理高于蚓粪处理;Cr和Cd则分别为差异不显著和略有降低。     

城市河流淤泥中重金属释放规律的研究

研究了哈尔滨何家沟淤泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd释放的动力学过程及其影响因素,并用二级反应动力学等方程对其进行描述。结果表明,二级反应动力学方程拟合效果最好(r>0.9,n=17,p=0.001),释放速率为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,最大释放量为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb,释放程度为Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb。影响因素实验结果显示,pH值对重金属的释放影响最大,而温度、盐度、泥水比的影响相对较小,且随着温度、盐度、泥水比的升高,淤泥中重金属的释放量呈增加趋势。     

污泥与秸秆掺烧过程及污泥灰中重金属含量分析

焚烧是处理污泥的一种有效方式,但处理过程中会产生重金属等污染物,若对焚烧后的污泥灰进行填埋等处理会污染土壤,因此降低污泥灰中重金属含量是亟待解决的问题.基于此,在一台实验室规模的管式炉中,研究了350～650℃下污泥与玉米秸秆的掺烧反应.主要目的是探究不同温度及秸秆掺混比对燃烧灰中8种重金属(Zn、Mn、Pb、Sb、A...     

污泥污水在棉花上的施用: Ⅰ.对土壤性质的影响

A field experiment with cotton was conducted on a well drained,calcareous,clay loamy Typic Xerochreph to investigate the utility of sewage sludge as a partial substitute for fertilizers and the influence of tis application on the basic soil properties and heavy metal concentrations.The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with five treatments replicated four times each.Sewage sludge came from the treatment plant of the municipality of Volos,Central Greece,with the following characteristics:organic matter content 36.6%,pH(H2O1:5)6.89,CaCO3 53.4g kg^-1,total N 265.g kg^-1,ttal P33.5g kg^-1,and total K 968mg kg^-1 soil.Heavy metal concentrations were Cd 5.24,Pb 442,Ni38,Cu 224,Zn1812,and Mn 260mgkg^-1 dry weight,respectively.The soil was high in potassium(K)and poor in available phosphorus(P).The results showed that sewage sludge application increased cotton yield and K and P concentrations in cotton leaves,Soil pH was reduced in the case of higher sewage sludge rate.Electrical conductivity,organic matter content,totalN,and avaiable P were significantly increased.Total concentrations of Zn,Pb,and Cu were slightly increased.DTPA-extractable Zn,Cu,and Mn were also significantly increased.Available forms of all heavy metals,except Cd,were significantly correlated with organic matter content in a positive way and negatively with soil pH.     

中国五个典型城市污水厂污泥中重金属的形态分布研究

Metal content and bioavailability are often the limiting factors for application of sewage sludge in agricultural fields. Sewage sludge samples were collected from five typical urban wastewater treatment plants in China to investigate their contents and distribution of various chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Mo by using the BCR （Community Bureau of Reference） sequential extraction procedure. The sludges contained considerable amounts of organic matter （31.8%- 48.0%）, total N （16.3-26.4 g kg^-1） and total P （15.1-23.9 g kg^-1）, indicating high potential agricultural benefits of their practical applications. However, total Zn and Ni contents in the sludge exceeded the values permitted in China＇s control standards for pollutants in sludges from agricultural use （GB 4284-1984）. The residual fraction was the predominant fraction for Mo, Ni and Cr, the oxidizable fraction was the primary fraction for Cu and Pb, and the exchangeable and reducible fractions were principal for Zn. The distribution of different chemical fractions among the sludge samples refiected differences in their physicochemical properties, especially pH. The sludge pH was negatively correlated with the percentages of reducible fraction of Cu and exchangeable fraction of Zn. The sludges from these plants might not be suitable for agricultural applications due to their high contents of Zn, Ni and Cr, as well as high potential of mobility and bioavailability of Zn.     

皂角苷对几种生活污泥中和的去除

为探讨皂角苷对污泥中Cu和Zn去除的机制,采用化学淋洗的方法研究皂角苷浓度（0~7%）、pH（2~6）、振荡时间（0~48 h）、温度（10、25、40℃）和提取次数（1~4次）对四种生活污泥中Cu和Zn去除率的影响,分析去除前后重金属的形态,并监测去除过程中浸出液pH的变化。结果表明,单次淋洗条件下,皂角苷对Cu的去除率大于Zn;皂角苷溶液的pH对Cu的去除没有显著影响,而Zn的去除率在pH下降到2时明显增加;Cu经过6~12 h的振荡就能达到最大去除,Zn则需要经过较长时间的振荡（48 h）才能达到较好去除;提高振荡温度,Cu的去除率降低而Zn的增加;随着提取次数的增加,Cu和Zn的去除率均增加,Cu的去除以第1次提取为主,Zn的4次提取均有较好效果,用3%的皂角苷溶液连续4次提取后,Cu和Zn的累积去除率最大分别达到32.61%和39.32%;增加振荡时间、提高振荡温度、增加提取次数以及降低皂角苷溶液pH均能降低浸出液的pH。经过3%的皂角苷溶液的提取,污泥中各形态Cu的含量均减少,其中66%以上的酸溶态被去除;而Zn的酸溶态含量减少不明显,可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态均有所降低,但以残渣态的减少为主。     

花生壳磁性生物炭对颜料污泥厌氧消化及重金属形态的影响

投加外源添加剂磁性生物炭（Magnetic Biochar,MBC）是解决颜料污泥厌氧消化效率低和重金属钝化效率低的有效途径。该研究选取农业废弃物花生壳制备生物炭（Biochar,BC）,而BC对厌氧消化和重金属钝化的影响有限,对其赋磁改性制得MBC以提升影响效果。设置3组厌氧消化批式试验,A组为对照组,B组投加BC,C组投加MBC,探索花生壳MBC对颜料污泥厌氧消化效率及重金属Cr和Ni钝化的影响。结果表明,MBC投加可有效提升消化系统挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids,VFAs）的产量,最高VFAs浓度达914.5 mg/L,较对照组（最高浓度603.9 mg/L）提升51.4%。同时MBC可实现生物炭和Fe3O4的双重直接种间电子传递（Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer,DIET）效应的耦合,缓解消化系统的酸化并提高有机物去除率和CH4累积产量。与对照组相比,挥发性固体（Volatile Solid,VS）去除率、累积甲烷产量、平均日甲烷产量和平均日甲烷产率分别提升37.8%、56.3%、56.3%和37.2%。此外,MBC投加可有效降低颜料污泥的重金属生物可利用态分配率和提升钝化效率,与原料相比,Cr的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低43.6%、61.6%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升53.2%、243.6%;Ni的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低41.0%、59.2%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升65.2%、181.4%。研究结果表明MBC可有效提高颜料污泥厌氧消化效率并降低重金属Cr和Ni的生物利用度,该研究有助于实现颜料污泥的稳定化、无害化、资源化利用。     

基于污染损失率法的土壤重金属污染评价及经济损失估算

半定量或定量估算土壤污染造成的经济损失,对开展土壤环境质量评价工作具有重要意义。以长三角典型区张家港市蔬菜地为例,在分析蔬菜地土壤中Cd、As、Cr和Cu4种重金属含量及其变化趋势的基础上,以该地区土壤重金属的基线值为基准,运用污染损失率法,初步估算了重金属污染损失率（重金属污染对土壤的损害程度,%）和土壤进行蔬菜种植利用时的重金属污染经济损失量（万元·a^-1）,并预测了未来10a和20a重金属污染经济损失量。结果表明,张家港市蔬菜地各单项重金属污染损失率在1.00%-1.67%之间,综合重金属污染损失率为5.02%,土壤重金属污染总体较轻,污染等级整体为Ⅱ级,属于尚清洁水平。但如果按照目前重金属积累的趋势发展下去,随着蔬菜种植年限的增加和种植面积的扩大,综合重金属污染损失率将呈不断增加的趋势,导致重金属污染经济损失量不断增加,2009年重金属污染经济损失量约为1998万元·a^-1,2029年将增加到5532万元·a^-1。因此,需要对蔬菜生产系统中重金属的来源进行有效控制,以降低土壤重金属的积累,减少由此带来的经济损失。     

贵州省典型城市污水处理厂污泥养分与重金属含量调查

分别采集贵州省8个典型地级城市污水处理厂冬季和夏季的脱水污泥样品,进行室内分析测试,研究其养分和重金属特性。结果表明,贵州省主要地级城市脱水污泥pH为6.5-7.4,盐分含量为0.4-0.9。城市污泥中有机质、全量N、P高于一般农家肥,但全K量较低。污泥中全量重金属Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Hg和As均远低于国家农用标准,但一个处理厂污泥Cd、Zn超标,另有一处理厂污泥Cd超标,有3个处理厂污泥存在Zn超标现象。形态分析表明,Cd在多数污泥中化学形态主要是以生物有效态的形式存在,而Zn主要以稳定的化学形态存在,说明Cd存在环境风险,而Zn相对安全,表明贵州地区脱水污泥多数可安全农用,冬季和夏季脱水污泥的养分和重金属浓度没有显著差异。     

The effect of sewage‐sludge on the heavy metal content of soils and plant tissue

Abstract

Domestic sewage sludge applied to farm fields at a rate of 44.9 kg/ha in a mixture with lime and sawdust was found to increase the soil levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. The average levels in sludge treated soil were: 0.11, 0.56, 3.59, 2.72, 0.068, 1.49 and 2.57 ppm, respectively. The increases were small and the overall loading factors were well below recommended maximums. The uptake of these heavy metals by grass and legume plants was variable with cadmium, copper and zinc levels being higher in those plants growing in the sludge treated soils but only copper was significantly higher. The heavy metal contents found were all within the levels normally found in grass and legume plants. The higher mean concentration in plants growing on the sludge treated soils were cadmium 0.495; chromium 1.22; copper 12.3; lead 1.54; mercury 0.022; nickel 4.08 and zinc 28.4 ppm.     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。