基于区域水盐平衡的阿瓦提灌区水土资源优化配置研究

为了探讨限额配水条件下阿瓦提灌区水土资源的可持续利用,根据灌区的现状和规划,设置了4个方案结合RS、GIS技术应用水盐平衡模型从区域的四个水平衡(地表水平衡、地下水平衡、供需水平衡、耗水平衡)和盐平衡等多个角度分析了各个子灌区的水土资源平衡,并提出优化配置建议。分析表明:保持现有耕地的情况下,必须在灌区内因地制宜合理开发利用地下水资源,与地表水统一调配才能满足该灌区新的水土资源平衡。而且,还需改善排水,最好是结合暗管或竖井排水,才能达到合理的灌排比,从而满足盐渍化严重农区的排盐要求。由此,从社会发展和环境保护的角度进一步提出,恢复弃耕地,逐年分阶段开发利用已开垦的未耕地,调整种植结构错开用水高峰,推广节水灌溉方式降低灌溉定额,地下水与地表水统一调配、统一管理、统一水价、实施"井灌井排"措施的干旱内陆区农业水土管理模式。     

渠井结合灌区地下水位动态对变化环境的响应及敏感性分析

以陕西省泾惠渠灌区为研究区,运用线性趋势分析法及Spearman秩次相关检验法分析了灌区地下水系统外部环境因子的变化特征,建立了基于BP神经网络的灌区地下水位动态对变化环境的响应模型,并应用通径分析方法,进行了灌区地下水位动态的敏感性分析。结果表明:近30多年来,灌区降水量呈显著减少趋势,其线性倾斜率为2.09 mm·a-1,蒸发量减少趋势不明显,其线性倾斜率为0.04 mm·a-1;地表水灌溉引水量呈减小趋势,渠首农灌引水量20世纪90年代之前减少了41.6%;地下水开采量减少了39.7%,渠井用水比例减小了33.9%;地下水位埋深不断增大,近31 a来地下水位累计下降了11.88 m;地下水位埋深模拟的平均相对误差为4.52%,检验的平均相对误差为2.23%,误差均在可接受范围之内;敏感性变化环境因子最大为渠井用水比例,最小为降水量。     

新疆三工河流域渔尔沟水源地地下水开发利用浅析

渔尔沟水源地开发利用地下水已有40多年的历史,为下游冲洪积平原222团灌区提供了稳定、可靠的水源.通过对其地下水动态资料的分析得出,渔尔沟水源地在开采地下水由小到大的过程中,其地下水埋深稳定在13 m上下;通过回归分析,得出水源地年单位地下水开采量为597.3×104 m3/(m·a),开采能力较大.在对222团灌区现状及流域未来节水战略的实施等因素分析后,得出流域水资源的高效合理利用会缓解对地下水的开发,在三工河潜水溢出带的渔尔沟水源地开发利用地下水是高效和可持续的.     

黄土原灌区地下水动态机理的试验研究

以田间观测试验资料为基础,通过黄土原灌区地下水系统的水量均衡分析,认为降水,灌溉,开采是灌区地下水动态的主要影响因素,并结合黄土原区的地形,地貌条件及地层结构特征就春对地下水动态的影响效应进行了分析,指出了灌区地下水动态合理调控的可作途径。     

泾惠渠灌区地下水调蓄研究

针对泾惠渠灌区地下水超采导致的水环境问题,结合水文地质条件、地下水动态资料等,对灌区地下水调蓄地层、调蓄水源、调蓄方式以及调蓄库容进行了系统分析,计算出了2012年地下水位埋深条件下,泾惠渠灌区地下水可调蓄库容为10.22×108 m3。为模拟地下水库调蓄功能,设置了3种地下水调蓄方案,并运用数值模拟模型对3种调蓄方案进行预测,对不同调蓄方案下的地下水位动态及水均衡状况进行了分析。[JP2]结果表明：地下水调蓄可使灌区地下水失衡的状况得到显著改善;而增加引水量与减少开采量的联合方案,使地下水环境的恢复效果明显。     

疏勒河流域水土资源开发及其环境效应分析

疏勒河项目是世行贷款的集农业开发和移民安置为一体的开发工程,计划从甘肃省南部山区移民7.5×104人,新开灌区29520hm2,工程的实施有可能对脆弱的生态环境造成影响。通过探讨工程实施对流域地下水系统和依赖于地下水的绿洲的影响。在GIS技术的支撑下,利用MODFLOW和HYDRUS建立流域土壤水、地下水耦合水流与溶质运移数值模型,预测水土资源开发利用条件下地下水水位、水质的变化趋势,并分析对生态环境的潜在影响。结果表明,规划的项目开发规模是合理的,基于GIS的耦合数值模型是流域评价研究非常有效的工具。     

鄂尔多斯高原内流区地下水开发利用方式研究

针对鄂尔多斯高原内流区地下水资源可持续开发利用问题,建立了理想数值模型。在此模型基础上,采用控制性数值试验方法、定量与定性分析相结合的方法,通过典型内流区稳定流分析、无第四系内流区稳定流分析、参数灵敏度分析,对该区内地下水资源开发利用中的井位、过滤器顶部埋深、过滤器合理长度、开采目的层等关键技术问题进行了分析。结果表明,在该区内地下水资源合理开发利用方式应为：采用中段悬挂式过滤器的非完整井,在远离湖泊的位置,单一开采白垩系含水层地下水。同时指出,控制性数值试验方法、定量与定性分析相结合的方法,在地下水资源可持续开发利用中,乃至地下水科学领域,是值得重视和进一步发展的研究方法。     

渭干河灌区水盐动态变化及其耦合分析

渭干河是新疆著名大河之一,是渭干河绿洲的塑造者,该绿洲的生存和发展与灌区水资源利用关系密切。渭干河灌区环境恶化主要是在自然及人为因素共同作用下形成的。灌区分布于独立而封闭的冲积扇上,原生土壤普遍含盐,加之长期以来重灌轻排,土壤次生盐渍化严重。本文根据渭干河灌区多年水盐监测资料,探讨灌区多年来的水盐动态变化及其耦合关系。研究表明:灌区盐分来源主要为引水携盐,灌区排水是灌区盐分去处的主要途径;灌区地下水埋深,地下水水质存在时间和空间上的变化,地下水状况决定水化学类型。     

和田绿洲洛浦灌区地下水动态变化规律分析与模拟

分析了塔里木盆地南缘和田绿洲洛浦灌区地下水位较高的成因,研究了灌区地下水位年内的动态变化规律,利用小波分析的多分辨率功能和人工神经网络的非线性逼近功能,建立了基于小波变换和BP神经网络的地下水埋深动态预测小波神经网络模型。结果表明:灌区地下水位变化具有周期性、季节性的特点,并且可以被小波神经网络模型准确地模拟,模型预测洛浦灌区在未来几年内地下水位会持续上升,年平均升幅为0.1 m左右,因此当地应加强地下水的科学管理。     

渭干河灌区水资源利用研究

渭干河灌区是位于中天山南麓的具有代表性的大型灌溉区,农业自然条件较好。本文通过分析渭干河灌区水资源开发利用现状,评价水资源特征、水土平衡和节水农业的潜力,探讨水资源开发利用中存在的问题,结合渭干河灌区农业发展水平、水资源开发现状和实施方案的可行性,为扩大灌区水资源环境容量,提高水资源承受能力,促进渭干河灌区可持续发展提出了切实可行的水资源可持续利用对策。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区棉花种植气候生产潜力分析

:采用作物生长动态统计模型,对阿拉尔垦区棉花种植的光合、光温、光温水、光温土、光温水土生产潜力进行计算和分析.结果表明:该垦区棉花种植的光温生产潜力远大于现实生产力,现实了生产力的224.09%,光热资源丰富;光温土生产潜力与现实生产力接近,现实了生产力的116.33%,土壤肥力限制因子很大;光温水、光温水土生产潜力都远小于现实生产力,分别只有现实生产力的22.26%和11.10%,水是最重要的制约和影响棉花气候生产潜力的关键因子.垦区光热条件是棉花气候生产潜力最突出的优势,土壤水肥条件是限制气候生产潜力的主要可控因子.     

内蒙古引黄灌区种植面积与种植结构的时空演变

基于遥感技术,对内蒙古4个大型引黄灌区（河套灌区、黄河南岸灌区、镫口灌区、麻地壕灌区）近30 a的种植面积及种植结构的时空演变进行分析,并利用河套灌区7 a实测调查样本,对解译结果进行检验,确定遥感方法的可行性及精度。通过遥感解译得出,灌区的控制面积为17 845.55 km²,对比官方统计数据相差-1.73%。灌区种植面积及土地利用率近30 a来变化不明显,整体呈微增加趋势。近30 a灌区的种植结构发生了明显变化,由单一小麦种植结构演变成现今小麦、玉米、葵花的多元化种植结构。     

干旱半干旱地区灌溉农业中的遥感应用

灌溉农业是我国干旱半干旱地区农业发展的主要组成部分.目前,我国灌区的灌溉管理和信息化程度总体上处于较低水平,限制了灌区农业发展,遥感技术的应用将促进灌区灌溉管理水平的提高.以宁夏青铜峡灌区为例,对灌区耕地资源及其主要变化类型、灌区土地盐渍化现象及调整力度较大的作物种植结构进行遥感监测与分析,有效地补充了传统获取手段的不足,为灌区管理与合理规划提供了基础资料.     

基于WEAP的塔里木河干流灌溉满足度模拟

根据《塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划》规定的水权分配方案,以保障干流天然植物正常生长所需水分和塔里木河下游不断流为前提,模拟计算了塔里木河干流现状灌溉需水的满足度。首先,采用定额法估算塔里木河干流天然植被需水量,选用90%保障率最枯月平均流量法,估算塔里木河干流最小河道内生态需水量,得出塔里木河干流不同保障率的水资源可利用量;其次,建立了塔里木河干流水资源评价和规划模型（WEAP）,估算了各灌区基准年的需水量;最后,模拟计算了不同保障率下各灌区逐月的需水满足度。结果表明：随着来水保障率的提高,除了塔里木河下游灌区需水得到满足外,其他各灌区各月需水满足度出现不同程度的下降,生产用水与生态用水矛盾逐渐突出。在平水年、枯水年和特枯水年,灌溉总缺水量分别为0.43×10⁸ m³、1.29×10⁸ m³和2.44×10⁸ m³,缺水最严重的月份主要集中在3月、11月,其次为4月和5月,缺水量最大的为塔里木河中游灌区。     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

白城市地下水资源合理开发利用规划

通过水文地质条件分析和地下水质量评价 ,确定出地下水的合理开采量、井群间距、开采区、污染距离以及水源地的保护带范围 ,为白城市科学开发和利用地下水资源 ,为促进城市社会经济的快速发展提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的水资源优化管理信息系统--以濮阳市水资源管理为例

结合GIS的功能和水资源管理的实际 ,通过河南濮阳市的应用实例 ,介绍了应用Arcview进行二次开发来构建水资源优化管理信息系统的方法、过程以及该系统的结构主要功能。该系统充分利用GIS强大的空间数据处理能力来管理水资源信息 ,并把泰森多边形法、水均衡法和水质综合评价模型融入到GIS中进行水资源管理 ,这种方法对其它中小城市水资源管理信息系统的建立具有借鉴意义。     

锡林河流域地下水位管理阈值研究

地下水资源是维系锡林河流域社会经济发展和生态环境稳定的关键因子。立足于地下水位这一关键性指标,采用地下水可持续性评价和数值模拟模型相结合的方法,探讨地下水安全利用方式。结果表明:现状年河谷平原的地下水可持续性较强,而开采集中的城市规划区及毛登牧场可持续性一般或较差;丰沛的降水及富水性较强的含水层增强了地下水资源可持续性,但农牧业快速发展和农灌集中开采,破坏了城市规划区周边及毛登牧场的地下水均衡关系,通过设置和对比不同开采方案,限制灌溉规模成为未来解决这一危机的首要途径,即2020年应减少903.23×104m3开采量,其管理地下水位阈值为0.13~0.55 m。     

A system dynamics approach for water resources policy analysis in arid land:a model for Manas River Basin

The Manas River Basin in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,similar to other arid regions,is facing water constraints which challenge decision-makers as to how to rationally allocate the available water resources to meet the demands from industries and natural ecosystems.Policies which integrate the supply and demand are needed to address the water stress issues.An object-oriented system dynamics model was developed to capture the interrelationships between water availability and increasing water demands from the growth of industries,agricultural production and the population through modeling the decision-making process of the water exploration explicitly,in which water stress is used as a major indicator.The model is composed of four sectors:1) natural surface and groundwater resources;2) water demand;3) the water exploitation process,including the decision to build reservoirs,canals and pumps;4) water stress to which political and social systems respond through increasing the supply,limiting the growth or improving the water use efficiency.The model was calibrated using data from 1949 to 2009 for population growth,irrigated land area,industry output,perceived water stress,groundwater resources availability and the drying-out process of Manas River;and simulations were carried out from 2010 to 2050 on an annual time step.The comparison of results from calibration and observation showed that the model corresponds to observed behavior,and the simulated values fit the observed data and trends accurately.Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is robust to changes in model parameters related to population growth,land reclamation,pumping capacity and capital contribution to industry development capacity.Six scenarios were designed to investigate the effectiveness of policy options in the area of reservoir relocation,urban water recycling,water demand control and groundwater pumping control.The simulation runs demonstrated that the technical solutions for improving water availability and water use efficiency are not sustainable.Acknowledging the carrying capacity of water resources and eliminating a growth-orientated value system are crucial for the sustainability of the Manas River Basin.