Bulk-tank milk analysis. A useful tool for improving milk quality and herd udder health.

Bulk-tank milk (BTM) analysis is now widely accepted as a useful tool for evaluating milk quality and monitoring udder-health status in a herd. Bacterial and somatic cell count (SCC) estimation of BTM, when done repeatedly over a period of time, can become a significant knowledge base. When interpreted within the context of the farm's management practices, this information provides a basis for evaluating current and potential milk quality and mastitis problems in a herd. This article describes the process of using BTM analysis to make decisions on improving milk quality and herd udder health. It should be kept in mind that although individual cow samples for milk culture and SCC are more definitive for diagnosis and monitoring of udder health, BTM analysis is less expensive, more convenient, and faster than testing milk samples from individual animals or groups of cows.     

牛乳品质的营养调控

发展畜牧业的根本目的 ,在于为人类生产数量更多、品质更好的肉、乳、蛋、毛等动物产品 ,故通过营养调控动物产品的品质 ,是动物营养学家近年来研究极为活跃的一个领域 ,本文旨在对牛乳品质的调控研究进行概述。1　调控牛乳组成牛乳中脂肪和蛋白质含量 ,是最重要的 2个质量指标。乳脂肪是牛乳中最主要的成分之一 ,脂肪热值高 ,并且是维生素Ａ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｋ的携带者和传递者 ,它含有相当数量的必需脂肪酸。乳脂含有大量的Ｃ 1 4∶0 (1 0 %～ 1 2 % )和Ｃ 1 6∶0脂肪酸(2 5 %～ 30 % ) ,而单不饱和及多不饱和脂肪酸含量相对较低。医疗界人士认…     

Tropical milk production systems and milk quality: a review

We reviewed information on dairy cattle production systems in the tropics, the factors involved, and their influence on milk composition. Genetic factors had greater influence on milk production; specialized breeds produced more milk, and there was an inverse relation between the content of fat, protein, total solids, and the amount of milk produced. Season was related to the availability of forage, and the type of grazing system. Greater pasture area increased individual production, while a greater supply of feed concentrate did not increase milk production. The number of calvings positively affected milk production through the fifth calving, with subsequent declines in production. Milk production increased to a maximum and then declined as lactation progressed. Specialized systems had higher production and better hygienic milk quality; milking and container equipment are critical for maintaining milk sanitary quality. Factor interaction is highly complex, preventing the generation of specific recommendations and general principles applicable to the specific conditions for each system.

     

提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质的几项措施

自三鹿奶粉事件以后,人们对牛奶的品质要求更高,养牛户对乳牛的产奶量更加关注,那么我们怎样做才能更好的提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质呢?科学的饲养管理是提高乳牛的奶产量和奶品质的主要途径,喂给丰富的、易消化的饲料,可提高奶中脂肪和蛋白质的含量.     

Housing of Norwegian goat herds and associations with milk yield and milk quality

Abstract

Data from a questionnaire regarding housing factors were merged with data from the milk recording databases (herd mean annual milk yield per goat, somatic cell count (SCC) and bulk milk bacterial count), and the material included 235 herds. Associations with housing factors were tested at herd level and at individual goat level. Housing in insulated buildings with no access to outdoor areas during the winter season, expanded metal grating and no use of bedding predominated. None of the housing factors evaluated were significantly associated with milk yield. In herds using water nipples, SCC was lower compared to herds using water bowls. SCC was also lower in herds with milking facilities in separate milking stalls as compared with combined feeding milking stalls in common pens. No significant associations were found between housing factors and bacterial counts, but the counts were lower in herds with high average milk yields per goat.     

不同添加比例的两种纤维素酶对奶牛产奶量及乳品质的影响

试验选用100头胎次、产奶量、泌乳期相近的奶牛,随机分成5组(每组20头),在试验1组、试验2组、试验3组和试验4组饲料中分别添加纤维素酶A50g/t、纤维素酶A100g/t、纤维素酶B80g/t、纤维素酶B160g/t。测定5组奶牛产奶量及乳品质,研究其对奶牛产奶量的影响。结果表明,与试验前相比,不同纤维素酶组产奶量均呈上升趋势;与对照组相比,纤维素酶组在试验全期产奶量高于对照组(P>0.05);在本试验条件下,纤维素酶可有效提高奶牛产奶量,提高经济效益,对乳品质的影响效果不明显。     

水牛乳的品质分析

<正> 七十年代初四川省引进摩拉水牛改良部分本地水牛,现有杂交水牛近5万头,八十年代初杂交水牛开始进行挤乳。一代杂交水牛在第一个泌乳期产奶量为1000—1300公斤,为本地水牛的2—3倍,水牛挤乳经济效益较显著。今后无论是研究乳用水牛饲养管理,或是开展乳用水牛选育以及乳品加工,都需要掌握水牛乳的品质及其变化。因此,水牛乳品质研究是发展我国南方乳用水牛业的一项基础工作,现将研究结果报告于后。     

乳品厂原料乳卫生质量

原料乳的微生物指标直接影响着原料乳的质量。现在中、小规模乳品厂所用奶源大多为私人奶站收购干乳，通过对几份奶的检测，了解到现用鲜奶质量卫生质量相对较差，这对乳品质量造成一定影响。表１为几份收购原料乳的细菌总数，嗜冷菌数，芽孢总数及耐热芽孢检测结果。（见表１）可见，奶站有自己奶牛场的，细菌污染较轻，收购散户的污染严重。交奶不及时，贮存期长的，嗜冷菌数明显高，饲养条件及挤奶条件对芽孢菌的污染影响较明显。按GB６９１４－８６生鲜牛乳收购标准判断，原料乳整体卫生质量较差，基本都已超出等级范围。不同乳制品对…     

饲料营养成分对牛奶质量的影响

<正>近年来我国奶业进入快速发展时期,2000年以来我国的奶类总产量年平均增长率都在两位数以上,奶业占畜牧业的比例迅速增加,人均占有量与十年前相比有了显著的增加。同时人们对牛奶质量的要求也越来越高,这就涉及到提高牛奶质量的问题,如何改善牛奶品质已成为各国营养学家研究的热点。牛乳含有水分、乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫物质和色素等多种成分。正常的乳成分基本上是稳定的,但各成分也有一定的变动范围,     

不同微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能和乳品质的影响

[目的]研究旨在探讨不同微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能和乳品质的影响,[方法]将40头荷斯坦奶牛随机分成4个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,微生态制剂1组、微生态制剂2组、微生态制剂3组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%的三种微生态制剂产品。[结果]结果显示：与对照组相比,微生态制剂1组、微生态制剂2组、微生态制剂3组的平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率均显著增加（P＜0.05）,体细胞数均显著降低（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,微生态制剂1组的平均日采食量、乳脂率均显著增加（P＜0.05）,料奶比显著降低（P＜0.05）。与微生态制剂2组相比,微生态制剂1组的平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率均显著增加（P＜0.05）。[结论]说明三种微生态制剂产品均能在一定程度上提高奶牛的产奶性能和乳品质,以微生态制剂产品1的作用效果最好。     

复合益生菌制剂对奶牛泌乳性能及乳品质的影响

为研究复合益生菌制剂对奶牛泌乳性能及乳品质的影响,试验选取45头泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组,对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2组分别在基础日粮中添加1%、2%的复合益生菌制剂,试验期为60d。结果表明:试验2组在第10、30、60天奶牛产奶量较对照组分别提高2.28%、0.62%、9.08%(P<0.05),试验1组在第10、60天较对照组分别提高4.6%、8.9%(P<0.05);第30天时,试验1、2组乳中总固形物含量较对照组均显著性提高(P<0.05),乳糖率、乳蛋白率、乳脂率之间差异不显著(P>0.05);第60天时,与对照组相比,试验1、2组乳中乳糖率分别提高了4.41%、7.02%(P<0.05),乳蛋白率提高了4.16%、9.97%(P<0.05),总固形物含量提高了2.44%、3.02%(P<0.05),乳脂率含量之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,日粮中添加复合益生菌制剂可有效提高奶牛产奶量及乳品质,且添加2%复方益生菌制剂效果更优。