蓝舌病病毒甘肃分离株的定型研究

继利用蚀斑抑制中和试验对蓝舌病病毒山东分离株（L001）进行血清型鉴定后，又对蓝舌病病毒甘肃分离株进行了血清型鉴定，证实甘肃分离株为蓝舌病病毒11型。     

云南江城蓝舌病病毒16型毒株分离鉴定及其L2基因序列分析

为了解近年来云南江城县蓝舌病病毒16型（Bluetongue virus type 16,BTV-16）毒株的流行情况及其L2基因与国外流行株的遗传进化关系,本研究将江城县送检的300份牛肝素钠抗凝血提取红细胞后静脉接种10日龄鸡胚,将收集的鸡胚肝脏捣碎离心,上清液接种于C6/36和BHK21细胞传代。针对出现细胞病变的样品,应用群特异性VP7片段引物进行RT-PCR检测,应用BTV-16 L2基因特异性引物对检测出的BTV核酸阳性样品进行RT-PCR扩增和测序,采用DNAStar和Mega 6.0软件对获得的L2基因编码区序列进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对及遗传进化分析,同时利用BTV-16标准阳性血清对分离到的病毒进行中和试验鉴定。结果显示,江城县发现30个可致细胞病变的样品,其中17个样品经RT-PCR初步确认为BTV;经L2基因序列分析和中和试验鉴定,确定其中6株为BTV-16型毒株;核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对分析结果显示,6个毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在93.4%~98.0%和94.2%~99.1%之间;遗传进化分析发现,其中5株与2001-2008年日本及1982-2011年印度分离的BTV-16毒株亲缘关系较近;1株与1985-1990年日本分离的BTV-16毒株亲缘关系较近。本研究发现,云南江城县BTV-16毒株呈现新旧毒株交叉持续流行态势,但在自然进化中遗传变异不大,有一定的稳定性,本研究在分子水平阐明了云南江城县地方流行BTV-16 L2基因间的遗传和差异,为进一步开展BTV分子流行病学及检测研究提供科学依据。     

蓝舌病病毒血清9型毒株在我国的首次分离

旨在分离流行于我国云南省的蓝舌病病毒(BTV),掌握分离BTV的遗传特征与感染特性。采用"鸡胚—C6/36细胞—BHK-21细胞"接种的方式,采集哨兵牛的BTV阳性血液进行病毒分离;采用血清中和试验以及Segment 2与Segment 6ORF区的克隆测序确定分离病毒的血清型;通过病毒噬斑形成和增殖曲线的测定,分析病毒在BHK-21细胞的增殖特性;通过qRT-PCR与血清中和试验分析BTV感染动物血液中病毒含量与中和抗体动态变化情况。结果显示:2013年8月,在云南芒市设定的哨兵牛中分离出一株BTV(毒株号V013/YN/2013),血清中和试验显示V013/YN/2013为BTV-9型病毒,Segment 2与Segment 6序列分析表明分离的病毒属BTV-9Eastern型,与日本毒株和澳大利亚BTV-9型毒株具有最近的亲缘关系。病毒噬斑与增殖曲线测定结果显示V013/YN/2013在BHK-21细胞上增殖能力明显强于BTV-9型参考毒株。自然感染V013/YN/2013的牛在连续5个月的监控期内未出现临床症状,感染动物虽产生了特异性中和抗体,但血液中始终能持续检测到病毒核酸。本研究首次报道了BTV-9Eastern型毒株V013/YN/2013在我国的分离,为进一步开展中国BTV-9型病毒的全基因组测序、诊断方法的建立、流行病学调查与致病性研究奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒蚀斑克隆纯化CV01株生物学特性研究

通过蚀斑克隆技术,对野外分离的鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)进行纯化后,筛选到1株病毒含量高、传代稳定的蚀斑纯化毒CV01株。生物学特性分析发现,IBDV能在鸡胚成纤维细胞(DF-1)上形成大小不同的蚀斑,且蚀斑大小与病毒的毒力有一定的相关性,大蚀斑的病毒含量高(108.0TCID50/m L以上),小蚀斑的病毒含量低(107.0l~108.0TCID50/m L)。蚀斑克隆VP2基因序列分析显示大蚀斑克隆毒具有IBDV超强毒株的特性。选病毒含量高(108.5TCID50/m L)的大蚀斑CV01进行进一步试验,结果发现CV01对10日龄SPF鸡胚的毒力达到106.7/0.2 m L以上,能致40%的30日龄SPF鸡感染。蚀斑克隆毒的免疫原性好,血清中和抗体水平高达15.6 log2,能100%抵抗超强毒株的攻击,表明该纯化株适合用于疫苗生产。     

蚀斑法分离纯化BHV-1和BPIV-3混合病毒

利用蚀斑试验方法对牛疱疹病毒1型(BHV-1)和牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV-3)的混合病毒进行分离纯化及鉴定,为BHV-1、BPIV-3感染的诊断提供科学依据。将不同稀释度的BHV-1和BPIV-3混合病毒接种至牛肾原代细胞,加营养琼脂培养,产生蚀斑后扩增并RT-PCR鉴定。将纯化后毒液分别进行二次蚀斑纯化及鉴定。结果 BHV-1和BPIV-3混合病毒第6~7 d可产生明显蚀斑。鉴定阳性的BHV-1和BPIV-3进行二次蚀斑,鉴定结果均为阳性,且分离的两种病毒TCID_(50)测定结果为10~(-8.5)/0.1 m L、10~(-6.5)/0.1 m L。首次通过蚀斑试验,成功分离并得到了两株毒力较高且纯化的BHV-1和BPIV-3病毒株。     

一株鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

为了对广东地区某鸽场疑似鸽新城疫病毒感染的鸽群进行病原学诊断,试验采用血凝试验(HA)、血凝抑制试验(HI)、F基因扩增及序列测定等一系列综合试验对其进行病原学鉴定。结果表明:该分离株具有血凝活性,且这种血凝性可被新城疫病毒(NDV)标准阳性血清抑制,而不能被减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)、禽流感病毒(AIV)-H5、AIV-H7、AIV-H9阳性血清抑制;用针对NDV F基因设计的特异性鉴定引物对该分离株进行PCR扩增,可扩增出相应的目的片段;该分离株与天津分离株AG/Tianjin/07的核苷酸序列的相似性高达99%。说明该分离株为鸽新城疫病毒,命名为Pigeon/Guangdong/SD54/2006。     

蓝舌病病毒17型VP2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其抗原表位的鉴定

为制备蓝舌病病毒(BTV)血清17型VP2蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb)及鉴定其抗原表位,本研究用原核表达系统部分重叠表达的两段VP2蛋白共同免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用细胞融合技术获得杂交瘤细胞,通过以重组VP2蛋为白包被抗原的间接ELISA筛选获得2株稳定分泌抗BTV17 VP2蛋白的MAbs杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为3F4和4H10.Ig亚类鉴定2株MAbs均为IgG1/k链.Western blot证明,2株MAbs均能识别重组VP2蛋白.间接免疫荧光试验表明:2株MAbs均与BTV17呈阳性反应,其中MAb 3F4与BTV1、BTV2、BTV3、BTV5、BTV8、BTV11、BTV13、BTV16、BTV23、茨城病病毒(IBAV)、牛轮状病毒(BRV)、牛呼肠孤病毒(RV)均呈阴性反应,但与BTV10和BTV24呈弱阳性反应.利用合成多肽对VP2抗原表位鉴定结果表明,MAb 3F4识别的抗原表位为540DPWNNR545,MAb 4H10识别的抗原表位为540DPWNNRA546.本研究结果为建立BTV17型特异性检测方法及VP2功能研究奠定了基础.     

云南江城蓝舌病病毒16型毒株分离鉴定及其L2基因序列分析

为了解近年来云南江城县蓝舌病病毒16型(Bluetongue virus type 16,BTV-16)毒株的流行情况及其L2基因与国外流行株的遗传进化关系,本研究将江城县送检的300份牛肝素钠抗凝血提取红细胞后静脉接种10日龄鸡胚,将收集的鸡胚肝脏捣碎离心,上清液接种于C6/36和BHK21细胞传代。针对出现细胞病变的样品,应用群特异性VP7片段引物进行RT-PCR检测,应用BTV-16 L2基因特异性引物对检测出的BTV核酸阳性样品进行RT-PCR扩增和测序,采用DNAStar和Mega 6.0软件对获得的L2基因编码区序列进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对及遗传进化分析,同时利用BTV-16标准阳性血清对分离到的病毒进行中和试验鉴定。结果显示,江城县发现30个可致细胞病变的样品,其中17个样品经RT-PCR初步确认为BTV;经L2基因序列分析和中和试验鉴定,确定其中6株为BTV-16型毒株;核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对分析结果显示,6个毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在93.4%～98.0%和94.2%～99.1%之间;遗传进化分析发现,其中5株与2001—2008年日本及1982—2011年印度分离的BTV-16毒株亲缘关系较近;1株与1985—1990年日本分离的BTV-16毒株亲缘关系较近。本研究发现,云南江城县BTV-16毒株呈现新旧毒株交叉持续流行态势,但在自然进化中遗传变异不大,有一定的稳定性,本研究在分子水平阐明了云南江城县地方流行BTV-16 L2基因间的遗传和差异,为进一步开展BTV分子流行病学及检测研究提供科学依据。     

一株鸽源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

从广东发病鸽群中采集的拭子样本中分离到1株新城疫病毒,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、血凝抑制试验(HI)及基因测序等对其进行鉴定。结果表明,此分离株具有血凝活性,且可与新城疫病毒标准阳性血清发生特异性抑制反应;用针对新城疫病毒的F基因及P基因特异性鉴定引物对该分离株进行PCR扩增,可扩增出特异性目的片段;测序及BLAST分析表明,其与美国新城疫病毒分离株Pigeon/US(TX)/98的F基因核苷酸序列相似性高达97%以上。毒株被鉴定为鸽源新城疫病毒,并命名为Pigeon/Guangdong/ZQ-17。     

蓝舌病毒群特异性RT—PCR检测技术及其应用

目的:建立一种适于蓝舌病毒(BTV)群特异性基因检测的RT-PCR方法。方法:根据本实验室设计的一对BTVNS1基因通用型检测引物建立BTV群特异性RT-PCR检测技术;对不同血清型BTV及鹿流行性出血热病毒(EHDV)进行检测,验证其特异性;同时,利用该方法检测血清模拟样品及抗病毒血清样品。结果:所设计的检测方法特异性好,与EHDV无交叉反应,可检测至少17个血清型BTV,并能有效检出不同病毒浓度的模拟样品及不同型的血清样品。结论:建立的RT-PCR方法可用于BTV群的特异性通用检测。     

VP2-segment sequence analysis of some isolates of bluetongue virus recovered in the Mediterranean basin during the 1998-2003 outbreak

The complete nucleotide sequences of the VP2 segments of bluetongue virus (BTV) isolates recovered from Italy, Greece and Israel, from 1998 to 2003, were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, those from related viruses and the South African vaccine strains, were used to determine the probable geographic origin of BTV incursions into Italy. Results indicated that viruses from each of the four serotypes isolated in Italy (2, 4, 9 and 16) possibly had a different origin. Analysis of the bluetongue virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) isolates gave evidence that this serotype probably moved from Tunisia. BTV-4 results showed probable incursion from the southwest and not from Greece or Israel. BTV-9 isolates clearly have an eastern origin (most probably Greece), whereas BTV-16 isolates are indistinguishable from the BTV-16 live attenuated vaccine strain. The phylogenetic findings were supported by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of the complete amplified genome of each isolate except for BTV-16 Italian field isolate, which showed a slightly different PAGE profile. A combination of the complete VP2 sequencing and PAGE analysis of complete genomes, allowed not only phylogenetic analysis, but also vaccine detection and assessment of reassortment events.     

Epidemiological surveillance of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) in southern Spain

A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence and circulation of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Spanish ibexes (Capra pyrenaica hispanica). A total of 770 sera samples, 380 blood samples and 34 spleen samples were collected between 2006 and 2009 in Andalusia (southern Spain), a region and time period with a wide circulation of BTV in livestock. Thirty-one out of 770 (4.0%; CI(95%): 2.6-5.4) sera samples analyzed by ELISA showed antibodies against BTV. Twenty-four out of 31 seropositive samples were tested against BTV serotypes 1, 4 and 8 by serum neutralization test (SNT). Neutralizing antibodies against BTV-1 and BTV-4 were detected in seven and ten animals, respectively, four of them showed neutralizing antibodies to both serotypes. The animals seropositive to BTV-4 were sampled between 2006 and 2008, while BTV-1 circulation was confirmed in ibexes sampled between 2007 and 2009. None of the ibexes presented neutralizing antibodies against BTV-8. Statistically significant differences were found among regions and years, which is in coincidence with what occurred in domestic ruminants. There were no statistically significant differences between sexes, age classes and habitats (captivity vs. free-living). BTV RNA was not found in any of the 380 blood samples analyzed. However, BTV-1 RNA was detected from spleen in one Spanish ibex from Málaga province in August 2008. This finding evidences the presence of BTV-1 in Spanish ibex in a municipality where BT outbreaks were not detected in domestic ruminants during that period. Results of the present study show that Spanish ibexes were exposed and responded serologically to both BTV-1 and BTV-4. The low seroprevalence obtained suggests that Spanish ibex is not a relevant species in the dissemination of BT. However, the detection of BTV-1 RNA and the presence of seropositive ibexes in areas where BT outbreaks were not detected in livestock, could not exclude a significant role in the epidemiology of BTV in certain areas.     

Analysis of the genomes of bluetongue virus serotype 10 vaccines and a recent BTV-10 isolate from Washington

The 10 double-stranded RNA gene segments of 2 vaccinal strains of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 10 that are used in the United States (BTV CA8 California and BT-8 Colorado), and a BTV-10 isolate recently obtained from infected sheep in Washington (state) were characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses. It was determined that although the 2 BTV-10 vaccinal strains are genotypically distinct, they are closely related both to each other and to the United States prototype BTV-10 virus. The BTV-10 field isolate appears to be a naturally occurring reassortment virus with genome segments derived from both United States prototype BTV-10 and BTV-11 viruses. However, one RNA segment of the isolate was totally unlike the corresponding segments of United States prototype BTV-10, -11, -13 and -17 viruses.     

Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus in Portugal during 2004-2006 outbreak

After 44 years of epidemiological silence, bluetongue virus (BTV) was reintroduced in Portugal in the autumn of 2004. The first clinical cases of bluetongue disease (BT) were notified in sheep farms located in the South of Portugal, close to the Spanish border. A total of six BTV, five of serotype 4 and one of serotype 2 were isolated from sheep and cattle during the 2004-2006 epizootics. The nucleotide sequence of gene segments L2, S7 and S10 of BTV-4 prototype strain (BTV4/22045/PT04) obtained from the initial outbreak and of BTV-2 (BTV2/26629/PT05) was fully determined and compared with those from other parts of the world. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that BTV4/22045/PT04 is related to other BTV-4 strains that circulate in the Mediterranean basin since 1998, showing the highest identity (99%) with BTV-4 isolates of 2003 from Sardinia and Corsica, whereas BTV2/26629/PT05 is almost indistinguishable from the Onderstepoort BTV-2 live-attenuated vaccine strain and its related field strain isolated in Italy. Since live-attenuated BTV-2 vaccine was never used in Portugal, the isolation of this strain may represent a natural circulation of the vaccine virus used in other countries in Mediterranean Europe.     

Assessment of efficacy of a bivalent BTV-2 and BTV-4 inactivated vaccine by vaccination and challenge in cattle

The efficacy of a bivalent inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 2 (BTV-2) and 4 (BTV-4) was evaluated in cattle by general and local examination, serological follow-up, and challenge. Thirty-two 4-month-old calves were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 16 animals each. One group was vaccinated subcutaneously (s/c) with two injections of bivalent inactivated vaccine at a 28-day interval, and the second group was left unvaccinated and used as control. Sixty-five days after first vaccination, 8 vaccinated and 8 unvaccinated calves were s/c challenged with 1 mL of 6.2 Log10 TCID50/mL of an Italian field isolate of BTV serotype 2, while the remaining 8 vaccinated and 8 unvaccinated animals were challenged by 1 mL of 6.2 Log10 TCID50/mL of an Italian field isolate of BTV serotype 4. Three additional calves were included in the study and used as sentinels to confirm that no BTV was circulating locally. At the time of the challenge, only one vaccinated animal did not have neutralizing antibodies against BTV-4, while the remaining 15 showed titres of at least 1:10 for either BTV-2 or BTV-4. However, the BTV-2 component of the inactivated vaccine elicited a stronger immune response in terms of both the number of virus neutralization (VN) positive animals and antibody titres. After challenge, no animal showed signs of disease. Similarly, none of the vaccinated animals developed detectable viraemia while bluetongue virus serotype 2 and 4 titres were detected in the circulating blood of all unvaccinated animals, commencing on day 3 post-challenge and lasting 16 days. It is concluded that administration of the bivalent BTV-2 and BTV-4 inactivated vaccine resulted in a complete prevention of detectable viraemia in all calves when challenged with high doses of BTV-2 or BTV-4.     

Differentiation between field and vaccine strain of bluetongue virus serotype 16

In August 2000, bluetongue virus (BTV) appeared for the first time in Sardinia and, since then, the infection spread across Sicily and into the mainland of Italy involving at the beginning serotypes 2 and 9 and then, from 2002, 4 and 16. To reduce direct losses due to disease and indirect losses due to new serotype circulation, the 2004 Italian vaccination campaign included the modified-live vaccines against BTV-4 and 16 produced by Onderstepoort Biological Product (OBP), South Africa. Few months after the end of the campaign, BTV-16 was reported broadly in the country and the need of differentiating field from the BTV-16 vaccine isolate became crucial. In this study, the gene segments 2, 5, 6 and 10 of both the Italian and vaccine BTV-16 strains were sequenced and their molecular relationship determined. As sequences of segment 5 were those showing the highest differences (17.3%), it was possible to develop a new diagnostic tool able to distinguish the Italian BTV-16 NS1 gene from that of the homologous vaccine strain. The procedure based on the use of a RT-PCR and the subsequent sequencing of the amplified product showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity when samples from either BTV-16 vaccinated or infected sheep were tested.     

Neutralizing antibody responses to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes in beef cattle

Blood samples were obtained from sentinel beef cattle at monthly intervals, and the sera were tested for antibodies, using a bluetongue virus (BTV) immunodiffusion test (IDT) and virus-neutralization test (VNT), for 5 BTV serotypes (2, 10, 11, 13, and 17) and 2 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotypes (1 and 2). The cattle tested were transported from Tennessee to Texas in 1984 and 1985. All cattle were seronegative by the BTV IDT at the initial bleeding in Texas in 1984 and 1985. In 1984, 16 of 40 (40%) cattle seroconverted as assessed by results of the BTV IDT. In the 16 seropositive cattle in 1984, neutralizing antibodies were detected to BTV serotypes 10 (n = 7), 11 (n = 3), and 17 (n = 11), and EHDV serotypes 1 (n = 1) and 2 (n = 7). In 1984, no cattle seroconverted to BTV-2 or BTV-13. In 1985, 10 of 36 (27.8%) cattle seroconverted as assessed by results of the IDT. Of the 10 seropositive cattle in 1985, neutralizing antibodies were detected to BTV serotypes 10 (n = 10), 11 (n = 10), 13 (n = 7), and 17 (n = 5), and EHDV serotypes 1 (n = 1) and 2 (n = 7). In 1985, no cattle seroconverted to BTV-2. Clinical diseases attributable to BTV or EHDV was not detected in these cattle in 1984 or 1985.     

A comparison of an australian bluetongue virus isolate (CSIRO 19) with other bluetongue virus serotypes by cross-hybridization and cross-immune precipitation

No major differences in size were observed when both the double-stranded RNA and the polypeptides of the Australian bluetongue virus (BTV) isolate CSIRO 19 (BTV-20) were compared with those of other BTV serotypes such as BTV-10 and BTV-4. Minor capsid polypeptide P6 of both BTV-20 and BTV-4, which electrophoreses as a single band on continuous phosphate buffered gels, in separated into 2 distinct bands on discontinuous glycine-buffered gels. This was not the case with BTV-10. Cross-immune precipitation of BTV-20 with BTV-10, BTV-17, BTV-4 and BTV-3 indicated strong immunological cross-reaction of the group-specific antigen P7 of the different serotypes. There was also some cross-immune precipitation of the serotype-specific polypeptide P2 of BTV-20 and BTV-4. This result is in agreement with the observed cross neutralization of these 2 viruses. The main distinction between BTV-20 and the other BTV serotypes was observed in cross-hybridization experiments. The homology between the nucleic acid of BTV-20 and other BTV serotypes was less than 30%, whereas homology normally found between BTV serotypes is at least 70%. The hybridization products of the different BTV serotypes were analysed by electrophoresis and fluorography. Two main hybrid segments were observed in all heterologous hybridizations with BTV-20 as a compared with 7 hybrid segments in hybridizations between BTV-4 and BTV-10. In order to determine from which genome segment of BTV-20 these 2 hybrid segments were derived, the hybridizations were carried out with individually purified double-stranded RNA segments. These results indicate that the 2 segments of BTV-20 that show the largest homology to corresponding segments of a heterologous BTV serotype are No. 7 and 10.