兽医科学研究中的样品采集方法及其最新进展

样品采集是兽医科学研究中必不可少的环节。以中华人民共和国农业行业标准《动物疫病实验室检验采样方法》为基础,结合临床实践和研究经历,介绍了基于不同研究目的和内容的样品采集种类、数量和操作,以及样品收装、保存和处理方法,重点概述了国内外关于采样方法的最新进展,从而为今后的兽医科学研究提供参考。     

Animal health in the 21st century-a global challenge

On the occasion of the centenary of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, a conference entitled 'Animal Health in the 21st Century' was held in Greifswald, Germany, on 11-13 October 2010 to discuss current and future challenges regarding the global situation regarding infectious animal diseases and zoonoses, animal breeding, animal nutrition and animal welfare. Particular attention was paid to the impact of recent developments and anticipated future trends on livestock production.     

SPF鸡的饲养管理与隔离器的安装使用

SPF鸡是一种无特定病原的实验动物。SPF鸡对各种病原微生物有敏锐的感受性,且重复性好,能够保证实验结果的精确性。SPF鸡饲养环境监测主要是对噪声、照明、空气中细菌及粉尘、温度、湿度、气流速度、换气次数、系统压力梯度和过滤器的过滤效率等进行测定,实施良好的监控机制是确保SPF鸡质量的重要措施,因此应特别注意饲养SPF鸡隔离器的安装使用,并加强对SPF鸡的饲养管理。     

家免传染性鼻炎的发生规律

研究了家兔传染性鼻炎与饲养密度，兔笼层次，兔笼摆放位置，饲养方式，季节，家兔品种和年龄的关系，结果表明，该病的发生与环境密切相关，用时存在种间差异，发病率随家兔月龄的增加而提高。提出了控制该病必须重视的环境问题。     

Infectious disease factors in swine--pathogenesis and control

Infectious factorial diseases occur in all porcine age groups and are specially responsible for high mortality-rates in weaners and young feeder pigs affected by bronchopneumonia and enteritis. The pathogenesis of infectious factorial diseases is dominated by disease promoting factors of the pigs' environment as well as by false treatment with medicines and disinfectants. The control of infectious factorial diseases needs thorough examination as a basis for herd specific measures. Preventive measures should be completed in all pig herds by animal protective arrangements which are prescribed in the rules for prevention of cruelty to animals and contagious diseases.     

Defining European preparedness and research needs regarding emerging infectious animal diseases: results from a Delphi expert consultation

Emerging and major infectious animal diseases can have significant international impact on social, economic and environmental level, and are being driven by various factors. Prevention and control measures should be prepared at both national and international level to mitigate these disease risks. Research to support such policy development is mostly carried out at national level and dedicated transnational research programmes are still in its infancy. This research reports on part of a process to develop a common strategic research agenda on emerging and major infectious diseases of livestock in Europe, covering a 5-15-year time span. A two round online Delphi study was conducted to explore the views of experts on issues relating to research needs on emerging infectious diseases of livestock in Europe. Drivers that may influence the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases in both the short (next 5 years) and medium term (10-15 years) were identified. Drivers related to regulatory measures and biological science developments were thought to decrease the incidence, and socio-economic factors to increase the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases. From the first round a list of threats to animal health was compiled and participants combined these threats with relevant drivers in the second round. Next to identifying threats to animal health, also possible mitigatory actions to reduce the negative impact of these threats were identified. Participants emphasised that interdisciplinary research is needed to understand drivers of emerging infectious animal diseases, as well as to develop prevention and control measures which are both socio-economic and technical. From this it can be concluded that interdisciplinary research combining both natural and social research themes is required. Some of the European member states research budget needs to be allocated so that effective prevention and mitigation strategies can be developed.     

Efficacy of disinfectants and hand sanitizers against avian respiratory viruses

Disinfectants play a major role in the control of animal diseases by decontaminating the farm environment. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of nine commonly used disinfectants on a nonporous surface contaminated experimentally with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), avian influenza virus, or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Phenolic compounds and glutaraldehyde were found to be the most effective against all three viruses. Quaternary ammonium compounds were effective against aMPV but not against the other two viruses. In addition, efficacy of commercially available hand sanitizers was evaluated on human fingers contaminated with aMPV and NDV. All three hand sanitizers tested were found to be effective against both viruses within 1 min of application on fingers.     

动物饲养管理与疾病防控的关系

在养殖业生产过程中,动物疾病防控是非常重要的工作,防控工作做得成功与否,事关养殖业成效,直接影响养殖户经济收入,做好动物疾病防控就显得尤为重要了,本人认为要做好动物疾病防控工作,就从平时日常管理做起,建立一整套完善的饲养管理制度,为畜禽提供优异的圈舍环境和优质的饲草料,做好防寒防暑措施,落实动物疫病防控措施,增强动物个体抗病能力,就会有效地降低动物疾病的发生,尤其是传染病发生都可以避免;即使发生传染病,也能及时得到有效控制。在大规模养殖过程中,我们要把重点放在做好饲养管理,确保各项生理指标健康,增加个体抗病能力,从而增强群体抗病能力,而不是忙于治疗个别病畜,否则会因小失大,会使动物疾病防控工作完全陷入被动局面。为此不难看出,动物饲养管理和疾病防控工作有着密切关系,本人通过调查研究、查阅资料,对动物饲养管理与疾病防控的关系进行探讨。     

日粮纤维与猪肠道健康的相关性研究与应用

在生猪产能恢复中,需要特别关注猪只肠道健康问题。很多营养素与猪的肠道健康密切相关,其中日粮纤维就是影响猪只肠道健康的重要营养素之一。日粮纤维在调节猪肠道微生态环境方面表现出异常活跃的营养学功能。日粮中适宜的纤维水平可改善猪肠道微生物种群多样性,调节菌群结构组成,维持猪肠道微生态平衡,提高饲料转化率,具有促进猪只的生长发育以及预防疾病的功效。文章综述了日粮纤维的构成及营养学功能、对猪肠道的主要作用机制以及对猪肠道微生态环境的影响研究,旨在为进一步探究日粮纤维在猪生产实践中的研究应用提供理论借鉴。     

Infection-limited disease factors in cattle

The following infectious diseases of cattle can be included in the group of the so-called infectious 'factors disease': certain respiratory diseases, in particular enzootic bronchopneumonia (EBP, 'shipping fever'), trichophytia, some parasitic skin diseases and internal parasitoses, certain types of calf enteritis, special forms of mastitis and of genital infections and possibly others. As is discussed in the paper EBP is a typical multifactorial infectious disease in cattle. The role of Pasteurella spp. in the pathogenesis of EBP is shown on the basis of recent investigations in young beef cattle. When performing research on such diseases there arises the following difficulty: for biological, technical and financial reasons it is hardly possible to test the whole spectrum of the viral and bacterial germs presumably involved as well as the whole complex of influencing factors in the animal and in its environment. Such restrictions therefore reduce the value of clinical or experimental studies. Nevertheless, the systematic investigations of such factors which possibly are significant, have proven useful. Some examples are mentioned.     

Protection of domestic animals from infectious diseases in an economic community without control at the interior borders--an orientation

In relation to the plans for introducing the free inner market in the Member States of the EEC the principles for the future veterinary control of domestic animals and animal products are described. The traditional frontier control will be replaced by official primary control at the place of production (herd of origin, slaughter house, dairy etc.). The technical conditions are described: Effective disease surveillance and notification, eradication and control schemes for contagious diseases, control of animals in relation to trade. Decentralized veterinary control stations have the best possibility to carry out these functions. They should be staffed and equipped with special regard to the structure of the animal population and the production systems in the area concerned. The EEC-Commission has the task to coordinate and standardize this work with the national veterinary services. It is essential that this work functions identically everywhere in the Community. The herd owner should introduce common measures for protecting his animals against infectious diseases. This could be done by veterinary advisers within the frame of voluntary animal health schemes.     

贵州草种生产经营现状及展望

牧草种子是草牧业最基本的生产资料,其质量的优劣直接影响到现代畜牧业经济的发展、生态环境保护的效果。通过对贵州2015—2017年255个牧草种子样品进行质量分析发现,合格率为54.9%,其中水分不合格率为34.1%。提示该地区应高度重视草种质量问题,加强对草种市场的监管力度。     

中兽药在畜禽病毒性传染病中的应用及发展前景

中兽药（Tradition Chinese Veterinary Medicine）是指以天然植物、动物和矿物为原料,炮制加工而成的饮片及其制剂,并在中兽医药学理论指导下用于动物疾病防治与提高生产性能的药物。当前,我国动物疾病面临的防治形势十分严峻：旧病复发、新病又不断发生;混合感染和继发感染疾病增多,且多出现隐性临诊表现;免疫抑制性病原感染普遍。因此在西药的薄弱领域可充分发挥中兽药的优势,特别是针对畜禽疾病中占重要部分的病毒性传染病,中兽药具有多方位调节和治疗作用,可提高动物机体的免疫力和抗应激能力。同时,国家对食品安全、公共卫生安全和健康养殖理念也日趋重视。由于中兽药具有独特的天然属性、用药原则、较高的安全性和有效性,使其拥有前所未有的发展机遇。本文就中兽药在畜禽病毒性传染病中的特点和应用现状以及发展前景作一综述。     

通过血液采集技术提高《动物学》实验课学生的动手和创新能力

在高等农业院校的《动物学》实验课中,鲫鱼、牛蛙和小鼠是脊椎动物部分解剖的主要对象,传统的实验课注重各类动物外形和内部器官的比较观察,很少涉及血液学操作。以2014级和2015级动物科学和动物医学本科生为例,结合新兴学科生态免疫学的研究进展,在鲫鱼、牛蛙和小鼠实验部分增设血液采集和血液涂片制作等环节,提高了动物的利用率,引发了学生的学习兴趣,增强了学生的动手能力,激发了学生的创新思维,初步证明血液采集操作花费少,对学生的心理素质、动手和创新能力都是极大的挑战,锻炼价值大,建议在《动物学》实验课中加入该内容。     

在“同一个健康”框架下,加强兽医与人医合作,有效监测和应对人畜共患病和新发传染病

新发传染病主要是人畜共患病,是世界经济和公共健康的沉重负担。这就要求加强检测、鉴别和监视传染病的能力方面投入。高致病禽流感H5N1、新甲型流感("猪流感")H1N1、非典型性肺炎、西尼罗河病毒、地方流行性狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病以及发展中国家暴发的其它人畜共患病及近期猪抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,是人类、动物及其环境相互作用的典型范例。面临中国动物和人类常见的新发传染病坚持"同一个健康"战略,这就要求业已存在的兽医和人医及公共卫生机构的通力合作。人的疾病控制系统与动物疾病控制系统虽然都已经建立,但人畜共患病的暴发表明兽医机构和人医机构密切合作的重要性。在保证环境健康的同时,通过动物疾病和人类疾病监测系统的密切合作,中国就一定能够控制人畜共患病。以这种方式进行疾病预防、监测与应对,各层面及各动物生产部门间有效的兽医推广是加强和保持健康生态环境中人和动物健康的有效办法。中国还需大量努力才能达到从制度上保证预防和消灭疾病。透明而准确的人与动物疾病监督通常会产生经济且可持续的预防疾病方法。加拿大在兽医、公共健康、食品安全和人畜共患病预防方面所发挥的作用就是与中国农业部合作,促进必要的、可持续的兽医监督网络的建设。     

环介导等温扩增技术在动物传染病诊断中的应用进展

环介导等温扩增技术是一门新兴的分子生物学检测技术,已广泛用于各种微生物的检测。通过对环介导等温扩增技术的原理、引物设计遵循原则、操作程序简要说明,对近年来环介导等温扩增技术在细菌、RNA病毒、DNA病毒引起的动物传染病中研究和具体应用进展做了重点综述,并对其研究应用前景进行了展望,为该技术广泛应用于动物传染病的诊断提高参考。     

Factors Involved in the Dissemination of Disease in Fish Populations

Abstract

Infectious diseases have been observed in both human and animal populations for millenia. Unlike diseases of “higher” animals, the dispersal of disease in fish populations rarely has been studied quantitatively. However, the principles that govern the spread of diseases of humans and other mammals should, with modification, be applicable to the study of infectious diseases in fishes. Disease in populations is a dynamic phenomenon; fluctuations in prevalence and impact are dependent on the interactions among host, pathogen, and environment. Models of the dynamics of infectious diseases in salmon and other fishes can be constructed and refined to reflect the characteristics of diseases by integrating the most important factors in the process. Among the factors that have been shown to be important in other systems are the “contagiousness” of the pathogen (transmission coefficient, β), duration of infection, host population density, development of immunity, and efficacy of therapeutants.     

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Germany--an established Neozoon as host and vector for parasites and other pathogenes

Some invasive wildlife species have the potential to act as additional host and vector species for parasitic and other infectious diseases. We used the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides), a carnivore species that has its origin in Asia, as an example to demonstrate biological and ecological prerequisites which enables an invasive species to occupy a new habitat permanently. Studies conducted during the last ten years identified a total of 23 endoparasites, two ectoparasites, six bacterial or protozoan species and five viruses, found in the Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis subspecies in its newly occupied range or in N. procyonoides koreensis in its original range. Results of studies in Finland and Germany furthermore showed that biological characteristics of the raccoon dog make this carnivore an appropriate host or vector for a variety of parasites and infectious diseases. This may result in a growing importance of this invasive carnivore for the epidemiology of transmissible diseases in Germany. Especially with regard to zoonotic disease outbreaks, the raccoon dog should therefore be paid more attention in disease prevention and eradication strategies.     

基于Pubmed数据库检索的人兽共患病及其病原微生物研究现状与趋势分析

目的 获得全球范围内人兽共患病及其病原微生物研究现状和热点变化趋势信息,为我国人兽共患病的防控提供参考。方法 利用COOC 12.6和Citespace 5.8 R1软件对Pubmed数据库中的人兽共患病及其病原微生物相关的关键词进行了频次统计、共现分析、聚类分析、时间线分析和突现词分析。结果 根据Pubmed数据库中 2001—2021年关键词频次统计和共现分析结果,国际关注度较高的人兽共患病及其病原微生物有以下3类:第1类为常见的人兽共患病病原,包括布鲁菌（Brucella）、戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus）、链球菌（Streptococcus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和沙门菌（Salmonella）等,需要持续关注;第2类为近些年在国际上被广泛关注的人兽共患病病原,如新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）和甲型流感病毒（influenza A virus）等,需要更为深入研究,以尽早控制这些病原的扩散;第3类为在国外特定地区曾大规模出现的人兽共患病,如Q热（Q fever）和中东呼吸综合征（middle east respiratory syndrome,MERS）等,应当重点关注其输入性风险,避免这些疾病在我国暴发。除疾病和病原微生物外,与检测和诊断相关的关键词,如系统发育（phylogeny）和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）等关键词的关注度也较高。聚类分析生成了10个聚类,蜱媒传染病大类提示蜱虫在人兽共患病传播中的作用。时间线和突现词分析结果显示,在病原微生物中,对甲型流感病毒以及新型冠状病毒等的关注度还在逐渐增加。同时,病原微生物检测技术正在从特定序列检测向全基因组学检测技术发展,这些领域极有可能是今后的研究方向和趋势。结论 结果提示,人们对人兽共患病及其病原微生物研究的关注度越来越高,人兽共患病病原微生物检测技术正在发生更新和迭代。我国应重点关注甲型流感以及新型冠状病毒肺炎等疾病的防控,并适当关注蜱媒传染病。这些信息的获取可为我国的人兽共患病的防控提供参考。     

Intensive animal production and its interaction with human society in Sweden

The interaction of intensive animal production with human society depends on the combined effect of the share of agricultural production in the country or province, the density of population, the animal density and the tendency of the town people to demand country areas for vacation activities. The potential infection hazard must be paid attention to. The Swedish experience of intensive animal production and the legislation in connection with this production gives the impression that the disadvantages could be controlled. A main task for the authorities is to lead the producers to a suitable location of new production units. The use of the animal byproduct manure as fertilizer and soil improving agent will be more attractive when the petrological sources of fertilizer are limited.