Factors determining adoption of integrated pest management by vegetable growers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province,Thailand

Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.     

稻鳖共生单季晚稻主要病虫发生特点及绿色防控关键技术

以稻鳖共生千亩示范方为核心,根据德清县单季晚稻主要病虫发生特点,总结了稻鳖共生技术中绿色稻米病虫害控制关键措施。多年实践表明,这些控制措施能有效控制病虫害的发生,减少农药用量,实现绿色稻米生产。     

上思县甘蔗主要虫害发生特点及防治对策

分析了上思甘蔗主要虫害发生原因及特点:主要是与当地气候条件关系密切,粗放的栽培管理方式与不合理的施药方法是导致虫害泛滥成灾的人为因素。提出了防治对策:通过科学的栽培管理方式与综合防治虫害措施,可达到趋利避害、高产优质的甘蔗生产目标。     

组合用药防治超级杂交稻甬优12病虫害及效益分析

于2014年在杭州市余杭区良渚街道纤石村水稻绿色防控区,进行了不同药剂组合、不同施药时期全程防控超级杂交稻甬优12病虫害的试验,同时考察了成本效益。结果显示,组合用药在减少化学农药施用量和节约成本的同时能有效防控多种病虫害。在栽培与肥水管理措施相同的情况下,与处理3(农民常规防治方法)相比,处理1减少用药次数1次,节约成本418.5元/hm~2,挽回稻谷损失1 264.5 kg/hm~2(增产12.25%),增收14.30%;与处理3相比,处理2用药次数减少1次,挽回稻谷产量损失603.0 kg/hm~2(增产5.84%),增收5.90%。表明不同药剂组合在防治水稻病虫害的成本效益方面存在较大差异,选择合适的用药方案可以起到节本增效、保护生态环境和提高稻米品质的作用。     

An Australian approach to IPM in cotton: integrating new technologies to minimise insecticide dependence

Insect pests represent a severe limitation for cotton production in many regions of the world. Key pests include several Heliothine moths, which are well adapted to exploit cropping systems associated with cotton and often evolve resistance to pesticides. While many components of IPM have been implemented, the main intervention for the management of key pests continues to be insecticides. This reliance on pesticides brings significant environmental liabilities of off-target drift, chemical residues and resistance. IPM must be founded on a thorough understanding of the ecology of pest and beneficial species and their interaction with the crop. The emerging era of insect resistant transgenic cottons offers real prospects to provide a foundation for more sustainable, economically acceptable IPM with the integration of a range of non-chemical tactics and much less reliance on pesticides.     

Cold Plasma: A Potential Alternative for Rice Grain Postharvest Treatment Management in Malaysia

Use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers is among the techniques to control insect pests and fungal pathogens. However, the technique is the major contributor to severe environmental implications in terms of air, water and soil pollution. Besides, variable inconsistency becomes an important issue in the implementation of inclined bed dryers, leading to significant rice grain loss. Cold plasma technology has been widely proposed as a potential alternative for rice grain postharvest treatment management due to the presence of generated ionised gas that eventually produces reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species. These species are used to decontaminate foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins and bacterial diseases. This review explores the current literature regarding cold plasma treatment technology, focusing on its efficiency as the microbial decontamination medium and insect pest mortality medium, and on the enhancement functional, nutritional and cooking properties, especially in rice grains. Previous studies have successfully demonstrated the ability of cold plasma treatment to significantly reduce the microbial count of foodborne pathogens, detoxify mycotoxins, and control seedborne rice seedling bacterial diseases. Previous studies have also proved that the implementation of cold plasma technology in postharvest management should be seriously considered for improving rice grain quantity and quality in Malaysia.     

Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and management of vegetable pests and diseases in Botswana

Vegetable farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests, diseases and pest management practices were investigated by interviewing 112 growers in Botswana between April and June 2004. Most of the farmers grew brassicae crops, Swiss chard and tomato, and considered arthropod pest problems as the major constraint to vegetable production. Bagrada hilaris Burm., Plutella xylostella L. and Brevicoryne barassicae L. were the most serious pests on brassicas, with red spidermites (Tetranychus spp.) being the most serious pests on tomato. Ninety-eight percent of farmers relied heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides to control these pests. Their decision to apply pesticides was mostly on noticing the presence of a pest or disease. An integrated pest management programme is needed to reduce over reliance on pesticides.     

Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests in agroforestry with particular reference to Alnus species in Kabale district, Uganda

Ugandan farmers were interviewed in order to investigate their knowledge, perceptions and ability to manage pests in agroforestry generally and on Alnus species particularly. Farmers’ ability to recognise pest problems on Alnus species was significantly influenced by their length of experience in cultivating the species, but not their age, sex or formal education. Most farmers (77%) were aware of pest problems on Alnus species. However, identification of pest problems was based largely on damage type rather than causal agents. Whereas farmers had good knowledge of vertebrate pests of Alnus, insects and diseases that infest the tree species were unknown to most farmers. Apis mellifera damage on Alnus was the most frequently described damage, but its cause was either unknown or misdiagnosed. Most farmers did not control insect and disease infestations on Alnus because they did not know the causal agents and/or appropriate control measures. Farmers were generally more knowledgeable on insect and disease infestations on crops than on multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and most of them (98%) perceived that crops suffer more damage from such pests than do MPTS. However, farmers’ ability to manage insect pests and diseases seemed weak on both crops and MPTS. Most farmers suggested the use of pesticides to combat pests, but they mentioned only one insecticide, permethrin and one fungicide, mancozeb. More alarming were the suggestions by a few farmers on the use of mancozeb against aphids, and permethrin to combat crop wilt and dieback. Farmers need to be educated about diagnosis, basic ecology and management strategies for both crop and tree pests to ensure sustainable pest control in agroforestry.     

湖南省水稻病虫害绿色防控现状及发展趋势

阐述了绿色防控理论的形成和发展,总结了湖南省水稻病虫害发生情况,介绍了湖南省开展水稻病虫绿色防控的做法及主推技术,并对湖南省水稻病虫绿色防控发展趋势进行了展望.     

中国杂交稻的"超感虫性"研究概况

介绍了高度感虫的中国杂交稻推广带来水稻害虫生态地位发生的变化.褐飞虱和白背飞虱上升为杂交稻上最突出的极易爆发成灾的重要害虫.20世纪70年代以前,白背飞虱只是水稻上的次要害虫,但80年代以来其种群大大增加.由于它从中国南部杂交稻种植区大范围迁飞,白背飞虱也成为中国中部地区粳稻上的重要害虫.由于种植具有抗褐飞虱基因Bph1的杂交稻组合,褐飞虱种群曾得到暂时的控制.然而,抗虫性的杂交稻在中国中部和南部稻飞虱迁飞区推广以后,褐飞虱生物型发生了改变,对抗虫品种产生了适应性.1990年以后,以前表现抗虫的杂交稻变得高感褐飞虱.缺乏抗虫性主基因不是中国杂交稻对稻飞虱超感性的充分理由,杂交稻旺盛生长的杂种优势可能是稻飞虱生殖力提高的部分原因.中国杂交稻对稻飞虱的超感虫性是从不育系遗传而来的.因此,杂交稻抗虫性的提高有赖于不育系的改良.利用持久抗性和多抗性的IR品种如IR64作为恢复系是改善中国杂交稻的超感虫性的一种有效方法.杂交稻上二化螟和三化螟为害也有所增加.与常规稻相比,杂交稻是一种更有利的食料植物且耐虫性更强.进行水稻产量损失的估计,尤其是水稻本身对螟虫为害的补偿能力,以及螟虫和杂交稻之间的生态学关系的研究有助于评价杂交稻对螟虫田间抗性的实际影响.     

辽宁省玉米田农药使用现状、存在问题与建议

针对辽宁省玉米田农药使用情况进行深入调查,结果表明,当前辽宁省玉米田病虫草害防治以化学农药为主,用量最大的除草剂为莠去津,用量最大的杀虫剂是二嗪磷,用量最大的杀菌剂为福美双.在农药的使用过程中,存在农民对农药科学使用技术认知不足、用药技术落后、抗药性发展等问题.建议采取普及农药科学使用方法和安全使用准则、推广高效高质量...     

环洞庭湖双季稻区农药减量使用效果研究

在2007~2009年新药剂筛选试验基础上,2010年根据洞庭湖区双季稻病虫害的发生规律合理组合农药,通过构建双季稻田农药精准减量技术体系,以期有效控制水稻病虫害,并达到区内农药有效成分用量降低40%以上的目标。试验表明,减量施药处理对早、晚稻螟虫（二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟）、稻飞虱及纹枯病的防治效果大多高于常规施药处理,而对蜘蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽与隐翅虫等主要捕食性天敌种群动态的影响小于常规施药处理。前者农药用量比后者减少70.90%~79.08%,增产0.12~0.20 t/hm2,增效90.0~291.0元/hm2。应用该技术体系有利于减轻农药残留、保护农业环境及天敌资源。     

影响丹东地区水稻产量水平的因素及解决对策

土壤肥力降低,渗透性差;水稻生育时期降雨偏多,低温寡照;品种抗性不足,品种多乱杂;病虫鼠害严重等因素限制了丹东地区水稻产量的提高。针对影响丹东地区水稻农业生产的限制性因子,提出增加农业投入;改良土壤,培肥地力;改革品种布局;综合防治病虫鼠害;加强新品种的引进和开发等相应对策,以提高水稻产量。     

Managing storage pests of maize: Farmers' knowledge,perceptions and practices in western Kenya

Insect pests are a key constraint to effective utilization of cereal crops in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with damage caused by these pests in the stores of particular concern. Although a number of approaches have been advanced for control of storage pests of maize, uptake remains a challenge, with effectiveness of some approaches being questionable. We conducted a survey in western Kenya among 330 respondents using face to face interviews and focus group discussions to evaluate farmers' practices, knowledge and perceptions of storage pests of maize, and their current practices in managing such pests as a basis for development of efficient integrated pest management (IPM) approaches for the pests. Majority of the respondents stored maize in traditional granaries, with less than 10% of them using modern improved facilities, mainly due to inability to afford these. Majority of the respondents also cited attack of their stored grains by a number of insect pests, causing about 40% grain losses. The larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), and maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were perceived as the most common and damaging pests. Farmers' perceptions of pests were positively and significantly influenced by level of education and farming experience, indicating that education and experience build farmers' understanding of storage pests. Storing maize in unshelled form seemed to result in less pest attack, although majority of the respondents stored their maize in shelled form. Moreover, local maize varieties were perceived to be resistant to pests. The farmers applied various control methods, with sun-drying being the most popular practice. Usage of pesticides was minimal, mainly due to high costs, lack of information, and unavailability of appropriate and effective products. There were also other cultural methods applied, such as use of smoke and insecticidal plants. The respondents decried lack of training and extension services on storage pests and their management, underscoring the need to develop extension services. The underlying mechanisms of the perceived pest resistance in local varieties of maize and cultural pest management methods need to be established for exploitation in development of effective IPM approaches. There is also need to address the challenges hindering uptake of modern storage and control approaches.     

新疆玉米有害生物发生、施药现状及减药对策分析

通过问卷调查、走访种植大户及田间实地调查等方式,对新疆玉米主产区玉米有害生物发生与用药情况进行系统调查,明确新疆玉米有害生物发生种类、农药使用水平,分析存在问题并提出相应减药对策,从而为新疆玉米有害生物的科学防控及化学农药增效提供指导.结果表明,新疆玉米主要病害6种、害虫36种、杂草38种,主要以"6虫6草"为主.玉米...     

Perspectives of integrated pest management

Integrated pest management (IPM) programmes require joint interdisciplinary scientific efforts to assemble sound information about: (1) the ecological basis of the pest problem; (2) factors in the agroecosystem that can be manipulated to make the crop environment unfavourable for pests; (3) pest and natural enemy population trends to determine if and when pesticide treatments are necessary; and (4) the benefits and risks of the IPM strategy for agriculture and society. The IPM technology is complex and this is partly why implementation of IPM has been slow. Projections are that if IPM is adopted by agriculture, pesticide use could be reduced by 35–50% from present use levels. Concurrently there would be a reduction in environmental and social problems caused by pesticides.     

应用生态工程技术控制水稻害虫对水生昆虫数量的影响

【目的】随着水稻病虫害绿色防控技术的不断发展,希望应用生态工程控制害虫技术取得较大进展。【方法】对稻田水生昆虫成虫的种群动态进行了连续3年的系统调查,以探明生态工程防控技术对水生昆虫的影响。【结果】实施生态工程防控技术稻田中的水生捕食性昆虫豆娘的数量显著高于农民自防田,其他水生捕食性昆虫和中性昆虫等数量也有类似的结果,同时,靠近田埂的稻田区域豆娘和水生中性昆虫的种群数量也显著高于稻田中间区域。【结论】说明通过实施生态工程控害技术可以有效提高稻田水生捕食性昆虫及中性昆虫种群数量,这对提高水稻生长后期的天敌控害作用有重要的意义。     

Pest management challenges for smallholder vegetable farmers in Zimbabwe

Smallholder vegetable production is expanding rapidly in Zimbabwe both for local sale in urban markets and for export. Pest management practices of 12 small-scale vegetable farmers in two areas of Zimbabwe were surveyed over a five-month period to gather information on crops, pests, diseases and crop protection methods. A range of serious pests and diseases affects non-indigenous vegetables such as Brassicas, tomatoes, onions and cucurbits. Although farmers use some cultural control methods and occasionally botanical pesticides, pest control is predominantly by the use of conventional synthetic pesticides. These are usually applied through lever operated knapsack sprayers although some less orthodox application methods are occasionally used. Results are variable and there are concerns about risks to sprayer operators, consumers and the environment (including natural enemies) due to shortcomings in protective clothing, large deviations from recommended doses and excessive run-off to the soil. Field trials were carried out to evaluate a modified sprayer lance which directs the spray upwards rather than downwards in an attempt to place more of the spray under the leaves where most of the arthropod pests are found. The ‘V lance’ as it is called improved the uniformity of spray coverage on the upper and lower leaf surfaces and is expected to improve efficacy of spraying and/or offer the opportunity to reduce doses or spray frequencies. Farmers who tested the device reported good results and gave constructive feedback for future improvements. The smallholder vegetable sector requires support in the form of improved access to existing pest management information (in an appropriate form) and focused research targeted at the knowledge gaps which currently impede implementation of sustainable IPM.     

广东省玉米有害生物种类调查

在广东省6县18个乡镇开展玉米有害生物种类、为害及分布调查,基本摸清广东省玉米有害生物种类、为害及分布情况。结果显示,广东玉米有害生物种类48种,其中病害22种,病害以真菌为主,虫害及蜗牛26种,以鳞翅目害虫为主。发生为害表现为发生种类多,病虫草害种类及发生为害区域间差异大。     

盘锦市水稻生产面临的问题与解决途径的探讨

针对盘锦市水稻生产存在的品种单一,化肥、农药用量较多,灌溉水定额较高,生产效率、生产效益较低等问题,提出了加快品种更新速度、优化品种布局,加强肥水管理促进水稻健康生长,合理使用化学农药综合防治病虫害,大力推广水稻生产机械化,发展复合稻作等解决问题的有效途径。