Flowability,moisture sorption and thermal properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flours

Recently tef is attracting the attention of the modern food industry since it is a gluten-free grain encompassing highly appreciated nutritional advaxntages. As a relatively new raw material, little information on its handling and processing properties is available. Flowability, water sorption characteristics and thermal properties of flours from three Ethiopian tef varieties were studied. Wheat (whole and refined) and rice flours were included as references. Tef flours were less flowable than the reference flours and their flow properties were more sensitive to water activity changes. Tef flours led to sigmoidal sorption isotherms with estimated monolayer water content of 0.053 (BET model) and 0.057 (GAB model) g water/g dry solids. No significant differences among the three tef varieties were observed on their gelatinization enthalpies that were higher than that of wheat and similar to rice. The amylopectin recrystallization extent after 7 days of storage at 4 °C was significantly higher in tef than in wheat flour.     

Effects of added water and retrogradation on starch digestibility of cooked rice flours with different amylose content

Flours derived from rice varieties with different amylose content possess distinct physicochemical and molecular properties. The aim of this study was to determine optimal processing conditions for preparing rice flour-based foods with reduced starch digestibility. To do so, we evaluated the in vitro starch digestibility of rice flours with five varieties. Reducing the amount of water (from 10-fold to 4-fold of rice flour) used for cooking rice flour lowered its starch digestibility, and the magnitude of the decrease was positively correlated with amylose content. When retrogradation of cooked rice flour proceeded for 7 days, the digestibility of high-amylose rice flours declined rapidly in the first 3 days, whereas the digestibility of low-amylose rice flours declined continuously. Our analysis also demonstrated that the chain length distribution of starch molecules and the final and setback viscosity pasting properties were the most important parameters affecting the digestibility of rice flours. Based on our results, it appears possible to reduce rice starch digestibility by establishing optimum processing conditions for different varieties. We suggest a 7-fold addition of water and retrogradation for 1 day for high-amylose rice varieties and a 4-fold addition of water with 3 days of retrogradation for low-amylose rice.     

Soaking Induced Changes in Chemical Composition,Glycemic Index and Starch Characteristics of Basmati Rice

An attempt was made to determine the qualitative changes in basmati rice(Pusa Basmati 1121, PB1121) during soaking at 40 ℃ to 80 ℃. Soaking temperature had significant effect(α = 0.01) on chemical composition, glycemic index and starch characteristics of rice. Starch content, apparent amylose content, crude protein content and crude fat content in un-soaked rice were found to be 73.24%, 27.26%, 8.79% and 2.56%, respectively, but differences in these traits were observed after soaking. Amylose to amylopectin ratio(Am/Ap) decreased from 0.59 to 0.52(soaked at 80 ℃). Crude fibre and crude ash contents increased after soaking. The mineral composition(K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) in soaked rice was found to be 16.46% higher than un-soaked rice at the same degree of polishing. Glycemic index of un-soaked rice was found to be 58.41, but decreased to 54.31 after soaking at 80 ℃. Pasting properties, scanning electron microscope images, and X-ray diffractograms suggested partial gelatinization of starch in the temperature range of 60 ℃ to 80 ℃. Based on qualitative changes in rice(apparent amylose content, Am/Ap ratio and crystallinity rate), it was concluded that intermediate soaking temperatures(60 ℃ to 70 ℃) would be useful for soaking of PB1121.     

Effects of semidry flour milling on the quality attributes of rice flour and rice noodles in China

To investigate the effects of semidry-milling on the quality attributes of rice flour and rice noodles, the properties of rice flours and cooking properties of rice noodles prepared with wet-, dry- and semidry-milled rice flours were characterized. The level of starch damage of semidry-milled rice flour at 30% moisture was significantly decreased to the level of wet-milled rice flour (P < 0.05); the whiteness of dry-milled rice flour was decreased compared with wet-milled rice flour (P < 0.05), while that of semidry-milled rice flour was not; the wet- and semidry-milled rice flours showed similar morphology and water hydration properties; the dry milling method reduced significantly the hardness, chewiness, and resilience of rice noodles (P < 0.05) compared with wet-milling, but semidry-milling did not; the cooking qualities of rice noodles produced by semidry-milling were comparable to wet-milling. It indicated the semidry-milling at 30% moisture may provide the protective effects on the characteristics of rice flours, which could be used to produce similar qualities of rice noodles to the wet-milling.     

Rheological and textural properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flour gels

Interest in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter] grain in food applications has increased in recent years because of its nutritional merits and the absence of gluten. With the objective of evaluating the suitability of tef for making gel type food products, gel viscoelastic properties of three varieties of tef (one brown and two white) at different concentrations (6, 8, 10, 12 & 14% w/w) were evaluated at 25 °C and 90 °C. The texture and color evolution for 16% (w/w) gels were evaluated. Proximate compositions of the flours were quantified. Rice, refined and whole wheat flours were analyzed as reference. The minimum flour concentration required for gel formation from the three tef varieties was 6–8%, similar to wheat flour. All tef flour suspensions pre-heated to 95 °C led to gels with a solid-like behavior (G′ > G″), both at 25 °C and 90 °C, with higher consistency than wheat gels at the same concentration. The dependence of viscoelastic moduli with concentration fulfilled the power law. The Avrami model was successfully fitted to the textural evolution of tef gels. Important differences were observed among tef and rice and wheat flours, probably contributed by their differences in protein, starch, lipid and fiber constituents. Gelling properties characterized suggest that tef flours would be suitable ingredients in gel food formulations.     

Relationship between the Starch Properties of White-Core Tissue and Polishing Characteristics in Brewers’ Rice Kernels

References

The kernels of Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and Kairyo-omachi have larger air spaces in the white-core tissue and are broken easily during the process of polishing when compared with those of Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. The polishing characteristics of brewers’ rice kernels are closely related with the structure of the white-core tissue of kernels. In this study, the varietal differences in the starch properties of white-core tissue of brewers’ rice kernels on polishing characteristics were studied. The starch properties were studied by rapid visco analysis (RVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); the amylose content of the rice flour of each variety was also analysed. No significant differences were observed in the amylose content among the four varieties. The two RVA parameters, peak viscosity and breakdown, were higher in Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and no significant differences were observed in them among Senbon-nishiki, Yamada-nishiki and Kairyo-omachi. The DSC parameters, gelatinization onset and peak and conclusion temperatures, were higher in Hattan-nishiki No. 1, lower in Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki, and intermediate between them in Kairyo-omachi. These results suggest that the polishing characteristics of brewers’ rice kernels are related with not only the endosperm structure but also the starch property of white-core tissue, except for Kairyo-omachi.     

Retrogradation behaviour of milled and brown rice pastes during ageing

Retrogradation of gelatinised starch is the main phenomenon that influences the texture of cooked rice. The rate of retrogradation is affected by several factors including amylose and amylopectin ratio, protein and fibre. The objective of this study was to analyse the pasting properties and the retrogradation behaviour of six traditional and five aromatic Italian rice varieties. The pasted gels, after cooling, were evaluated by dynamic rheological measurements for up to 7 days of storage at 4 °C. The samples were also analysed by a NIR spectrometer. The pasting properties and the retrogradation behaviour of milled rice flours strongly depended on the rice varieties. During gel ageing, a noticeable increase of G′ and G″ was observed only for the milled rice varieties Asia, Gange, Fragrance and Vialone Nano, characterised by a high amylose content. No further hardening was found either for the other milled varieties or for all the brown samples. The methods used in this work (dynamic oscillatory rheometry and FT-NIR spectroscopy) turned out to be very useful in the definition of rice starch gels ageing.     

Interrelationships of Protein Composition, Protein Level, Baking Process and the Characteristics of Hearth Bread and Pan Bread

Baking performance of hearth bread and pan bread were investigated using 10 wheat varieties with variable protein quality. For most varieties, samples were selected at two protein levels, approximately 11 and 13% (d.m.). The effects of flour quality on loaf characteristics were different for hearth bread compared to pan bread, where both protein quality and protein content affect loaf volume positively in an optimised baking test. Hearth bread is more complex as both the form ratio and loaf volume are critical external characteristics. When using fixed proving time, the form ratio was positively affected by dough resistance and mixing peak time at high speed mixing, and negatively affected by dough extensibility. Dough resistance and mixing peak time correlated strongly to the HMW glutenin composition, whereas dough extensibility was related to protein content. In contrast to the form ratio, loaf volume was positively affected by dough extensibility, whereas protein quality had no significant effect. This was seen both for doughs produced at optimal mixing time at high speed mixing (126 rev/min) and for doughs produced at fixed mixing times at low speed mixing (63 rev/min). When proving time was optimised to achieve a defined form ratio, flours of strong protein quality should be proved longer than flours of week protein quality, resulting in higher loaf volume for flours of the strongest protein quality. With respect to protein content, the positive effect of protein content on loaf volume was counteracted due to reduced proving time when aiming for a defined form ratio.     

优质籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号稻米理化特性和淀粉精细结构比较

以携带相同Wxb基因的籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号为试验材料,系统分析了这2个优质籼稻品种的理化特性和淀粉精细结构.结果表明,黄华占稻米蛋白质含量显著低于扬稻6号,而表观直链淀粉含量高于扬稻6号,其他理化品质如胶稠度、总淀粉含量和碱消值两者无显著差异;黄华占稻米具有较高的糊化温度和热焓值.黄华占和扬稻6号稻米淀粉粘滞曲线较...     

Difference of Phytic Acid Content and its Relation to Four Protein Composition Contents in Grains of Twenty-nine japonica Rice Varieties from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China

Twenty-nine japonica rice varieties collected from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China were planted in Hangzhou, China, to investigate the phytic acid content in brown rice and its frequency distribution as well as the correlation among the contents of phytic acid, total protein and four protein compositions in brown rice. The phytic acid content in brown rice ranged from 0.699% to 1.034%, with a mean of 0.868% for the 29 tested rice varieties. Xiushui series rice varieties generally exhibited lower phytic acid level than Wuyujing and Huai series rice varieties. A rough normal distribution, with a mean of 8.722%, was observed for the total protein contents in the tested varieties. Of the four protein compositions, the glutelin, globulin and albumin contents had larger coefficient of variation than the prolamin content, although the difference in prolamin content was genotype-dependent. No significant correlation was found between the phytic acid and four protein composition contents, whereas the total protein content was significantly and positively related to the glutelin content in brown rice.     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

Varietal Differences in Endosperm Structure Related to High-degree Polishing Properties of “Hattan Varieties” of Rice Suitable for Brewing Original Hiroshima Sake

Abstract

This study was conducted to clarify the effect of varietal differences in the endosperm structure on the high-degree polishing properties of Hattan varieties of rice suitable for brewing original Hiroshima sake. Four varieties were used: Hattan No.35, Hattan-nishiki No.1, Hattan-nishiki No.2, and Yamada-nishiki. Ellipsoidal-white-core grains occurred at a higher rate in Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2, whereas lined-white-core grains were observed at a higher rate in Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki. Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki showed low void polishing rates, and Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2 high void polishing rates after 50% polishing. Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2 showed inferior properties; that is, many broken and cracked grains, particularly cracked grains, after 50% polishing. The contents of broken grains and cracked grains in Hattan No.35 were higher than those in Yamada-nishiki and lower than those in Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2. In Hattan No.35 and Yamada-nishiki, fewer airspaces were observed between the amyloplasts at the center of the white-core as compared with Hattan-nishiki No.1 and No.2. This study showed that the differences in the endosperm structure of white-cores in the brewers’ rice grain are related to varietal differences in the tolerance to high-degree polishing.     

留桩高度对再生稻源库性状与物质运转的影响

 以8个水稻品种(组合)为材料,研究了留桩高度对再生稻源库流特性的影响。根据不同留桩高度下再生稻产量,将供试品种分为3种再生类型：高桩再生型、低桩再生型和中高桩再生型。留桩高度降低,再生稻有效穗数减少而每穗粒数增加,而低桩再生型品种每穗粒数增幅更大;高桩与中高桩再生型品种再生稻叶面积指数以高桩处理最大,而低桩再生型品种随留桩高度下降而增大;高桩再生型品种灌浆期光合速率以中、高桩处理较大,中高桩与低桩再生型品种齐穗期以高桩处理最大,齐穗后10 d和20 d以中低桩处理较大;高桩再生型品种再生稻作物生长率以高桩处理最高,而中高桩、低桩再生型品种以低桩或中桩处理最高;中高桩与低桩再生型品种再生稻枝梗过氧化氢酶活性随留桩高度下降而增强,而高桩再生型品种表现相反;高桩再生型品种茎鞘碳水化合物转运率以高桩处理较高,而低桩再生型品种以中、低桩处理较高。可见,留桩高度对再生稻源库流特性的影响与品种的再生类型密切相关。     

Milling characteristics and distribution of phytic acid and zinc in long-, medium- and short-grain rice

Milling and polishing are important operations during the production of white rice. The degree of milling and polishing has a significant effect on the nutritional aspects of white rice, especially on minerals, due to a non-uniform distribution of nutrients in the kernel. Information on the distribution of nutrients in rice will greatly help in understanding the effect of milling and aid in designing procedures that improve technological and sensory properties of rice while retaining its essential nutrients as much as possible. In this study, three kernel shapes (short-, medium- and long-grain) of rice were selected for the study of milling characteristics and distribution of zinc (Zn) and phytic acid using abrasive milling and X-ray fluorescent microscope imaging approaches.Milling characteristics differed with kernel shapes and cultivars. Mass loss (y, %) correlated well with milling duration (x, s) and was fitted using a polynomial equation of y=ax²+bx+c (R²=0.99). Different kernel shapes of rice resulted in different patterns. Breakage in milling increased with longer duration of milling. The relation between breakage (y, %) and milling duration (x, s) fitted the exponential equation y=ae^bx. Levels of phytic acid, as well as Zn, decreased with prolonged milling. Phytic acid decreased at a higher rate than Zn. The analysis of different milling runs showed that the concentration of phytic acid decreased from the surface region inward, whereas X-ray fluorescent images indicated that the highest concentration of phosphorus was at the interface of the embryo and perisperm.Our results help in understanding the milling characteristics of different rice cultivars. Understanding these characteristics offers opportunities to optimize milling procedures for maximum phytate removal at minimum mineral losses and yield loss.     

Impact of Starch Properties on Hearth Bread Characteristics. II. Purified A- and B-granule Fractions

Using the nine different wheat varieties, sixteen different flours were blended to achieve two protein levels 11 and 13%. Mixing characteristics of the flours were analysed by Farinograph and Mixograph. Thermal properties of flour were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Starch gelatinisation, pasting viscosity, and gelation properties were assessed by a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA). Hearth bread loaves were produced from the flours using a small-scale baking method. The results from the analyses of flour were related to the properties of hearth bread loaves by multivariate statistical methods. The Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) model (Model 1) obtained using results from grain and flour analysis (no starch analysis included) as X – matrix explained 70% of the total variance in hearth bread characteristic form ratio. If flour-pasting properties were included in the PLS1 model (Model 2) the explained variance increased to 77%. The model obtained including the DSC parameters of wheat flour explained 76% of the total variance in form ratio (Model 3). This emphasises the importance of starch in wheat flour and that it is possible to find wheat flour starch quality parameters in addition to protein quality that is important for hearth bread quality. No good models were obtained for hearth bread characteristics loaf volume and weight.     

不同施肥水平对杂交水稻氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响

为探索不同施肥量下2个杂交水稻植株氮、磷、钾的吸收积累特性,采用田间小区试验研究了两个杂交稻品种抽穗期和成熟期的植株氮、磷、钾吸收积累。结果表明,2个杂交水稻品种在不同施肥水平下,抽穗期和成熟期茎＋叶鞘、叶、穗各器官内的氮、磷、钾的含量无显著差异;抽穗期,叶的氮含量最高,茎＋叶鞘的磷、钾含量最高;成熟期,叶的氮含量、茎＋叶鞘的磷含量、穗的钾含量均下降。抽穗期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量红泰优996高于粤优589,磷吸收量粤优589高于红泰优996;成熟期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量粤优589高于红泰优996,磷吸收量2品种差异不明显。2个杂交水稻品种地上部植株对氮、磷、钾积累量比例的变幅范围均在高产水稻积累变幅范围内。     

稻虾综合种养水稻品种筛选研究进展

稻虾（克氏原螯虾）综合种养是推进水稻绿色生产的重要方式,促进了水稻产业的提质增效,有利于水稻产业转型升级。近年来,稻虾综合种养在全国多地迅速推广,但当前稻虾还存在种养产量和效益不稳、稻虾种养技术亟待优化、尤其是优质高产抗倒水稻品种较为缺乏的问题。已有研究者针对稻虾连作或共生种养条件下的水稻品种选用开展了各有侧重的研究。本文阐述了目前稻虾种养下水稻品种筛选的研究进展,探讨了不同稻虾种养模式对水稻品种特性的要求,提出了今后稻虾种养品种选育和筛选应用的发展方向,可为提高稻虾综合种养质量和效益提供参考。     

氮肥施用对米粉专用稻产量、米质及加工特性的影响

目的 为了探明氮肥施用量对不同米粉稻品种的产量、稻米品质和加工特性的影响,【方法】2018-2019连续两年以筛选出的适宜作米粉专用稻的3个品种(R0734, R2149, 嘉早66)、生产上常用作米粉加工的品种（珍贵矮）以及加工米粉未能成型的品种（R0711）作为供试材料,设置90、140、190kg/hm²三个纯氮水平。结果 1）各品种产量随着施氮量的增加而增大,但2019年R0734和R2149品种在中氮条件140 kg/hm²下产量达最高;其中米粉专用稻R2149和嘉早66极具产量优势,两者分别在140和190 kg/hm²施氮水平下达到最高。氮肥施用使有效穗数增大,而千粒重减小。2）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻直链淀粉含量显著降低,在21.4%~26.5%波动,胶稠度增长,蛋白质含量增大;最高黏度、热浆黏度和最低黏度有减小趋势,崩解值显著减小,消减值显著增大。3）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻断条率和蒸煮损失率显著增大,但均在10%以下;品种R2149和嘉早66较R0734来说,虽然对氮肥更敏感,但加工特性较佳。结论 米粉专用稻应选择直链淀粉含量在21%~27%范围的品种,24%左右则最佳,这样在实际生产中直链淀粉含量受氮肥影响不至于严重偏离适宜加工的范围;又由于施氮量的增加使米粉稻加工特性变差,因此,米粉专用稻栽培过程中,需在保证丰产同时,结合生产实际施用相对较低的氮肥;在米粉专用稻选育上,应选择直链淀粉含量适中、加工特性更佳的骨干亲本作为中间材料,培育高产米粉专用稻。     

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Yield,Rice Quality and Processing Characteristics in Rice Noodle-specific Varieties

【Objective】We aimed to investigate the influence of nitrogen application on yield, rice quality and processing characteristics in noodle-specific rice.【Method】The experiments were conducted with three rice varieties suitable for making rice noodles(R0734, R2149, Jiazao 66), one variety commonly used for making rice noodles(Zhenguiai) and one variety unable to be processed into rice noodles(R0711) at three nitrogen levels with 90, 140, 190 kg/hm2 in 2018 and 2019.【Result】1) With the increasing nitrogen application levels, the yield of each varieties increased, but for R0734 and R2149 the grain yield maximized under the medium nitrogen level of 140 kg/hm2 in 2019; noodle-specific rice varieties, R2149 and Jiazao 66, had extremely high yield advantages, achieving the highest yield at the nitrogen levels of 140 kg/hm2 and 190 kg/hm2. Nitrogen application increased the effective panicle number, while the 1000-grain weight decreased. 2) As more nitrogen was gradually applied, gel consistency and protein content increased while amylose content decreased, fluctuating between 21.4% and 26.5%, which also brought about a downward trend in peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity. Breakdown reduced significantly and setback increased significantly. 3) With the increase of nitrogen application, the broken rate and cooked loss rate of rice noodle increased significantly, but both were below 10%. R2149 and Jiazao 66 were more sensitive to nitrogen levels than R0734, but had better processing properties.【Conclusion】The amylose contents ranging from 21% to 27%(about 24% is the best) are favorable, so that the amylose content will not seriously exceeded the suitable range for processing at different nitrogen application levels in field cultivation. Moreover, due to the increase in the amount of nitrogen application, the processing characteristics of noodle-specific rice are deteriorated. Thus it is necessary to apply relatively low nitrogen in condition of its high yield level. In the breeding, the major parents with moderate amylose contents and better processing characteristics should be selected for high-yielding noodle-specific rice variety.     

Effect of various drought stresses and subsequent recovery on proline,total soluble sugar and starch metabolisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple foods in the world, however most improved rice varieties are susceptible to drought stress. A two-year study was conducted to explore the effects of various drought stresses and subsequent recovery on the accumulation and degradation of proline, total soluble sugar and starch in different rice varieties at vegetative stage. The results showed that relative water content in the leaves and sheaths of rice varieties significantly decreased under drought stresses, but not at the same rate. Under control and drought conditions, the water content in sheaths was higher than that in leaves. Interestingly, under severe drought stress in 2015, the leaf water content was higher than the sheath water content. The water distribution between leaves and sheaths might be a response of plants to protect leaf system from devastation by drought. Proline was highly accumulated under drought stress but rapidly decreased after re-watering. The drought tolerant variety DA8 expressed higher ability in accumulation of proline than susceptible varieties. In general, total soluble sugar and starch contents in leaves and sheaths of varieties decreased under drought stress conditions. Total soluble sugar and starch content of DA8 were less affected than other varieties under drought conditions. Our study indicated that metabolisms of total soluble sugar and starch in rice were affected by both environmental conditions and characteristics of varieties. Proline accumulation ability of varieties can be used as a useful indicator for drought tolerant potential in rice breeding for water-limited environments.