解磷微生物有机肥对冬小麦产量形成的影响

为给解磷微生物有机肥在农业生产中的应用提供依据,通过田间试验,研究了施用堆肥(MB)、解磷微生物有机肥(PSB)对冬小麦产量、光合、叶面积的影响.结果表明,PSB和MB相对于当地习惯施肥对冬小麦均具有增产效应,增产幅度分别为14.2％和8.7％.两种有机肥均能增加植株磷含量,并明显提高返青期光合速率和抽穗期叶面积,促进干物质向小穗的运输,有利于分蘖成穗及增加穗粒数.相比而言解磷微生物有机肥的肥效更高.     

Genomovars of Burkholderia cepacia Complex from Rice Rhizosphere and Clinic in China

Burkholderia cepacia is regarded as a genetically distinct but phenotypically similar bacteria group referring to Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which is found not only in clinic but also in rice growing environment. It is very important in microbial safety of rice for us to understand the genomovar status of Bcc. Genomovar analysis was performed among 87 Bcc isolates by means of Hae Ⅲ-recA RFLP assays and species-specific PCR tests. Three genomovars were found from the rice rhizosphere includingⅠ, ⅢB and Ⅴ, and genomovar Ⅴ was predominant. GenomovarsⅠ, ⅢA and ⅢB existed in the clinical samples, and genomovar ⅢA was the most popular. It showed that genomovar composition was different between the Bcc strains from the rice rhizosphere and clinical environment. Simultaneously, the results revealed the genetic diversity of Bcc strains from the rice rhizosphere, and genomovar Ⅲ referred as virulent species in clinic also existed in the rice rhizosphere.     

穗期喷施叶面肥对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过在水稻穗期喷施不同种类的叶面肥来研究不同叶面肥对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期筛选出效果好、性价比高的叶面肥用于水稻生产。结果表明,磷酸二氢钾、含氨基酸水溶肥料、生化素植物多糖等7种叶面肥在水稻穗期喷施,可以通过提高结实率和千粒质量来增加产量,其中,含氨基酸水溶肥料处理增产22.10 kg/667 m^2,润垦磷酸二氢钾处理增产19.91 kg/667 m^2,生化素植物多糖处理增产16.32 kg/667 m^2;同时,穗期喷施叶面肥可以提高精米率和整精米率,提高稻米的加工品质,其中生化素植物多糖、高效腐植酸和微量元素水溶肥处理还可降低垩白粒率。从产量和效益方面综合考虑,水稻穗期喷施叶面肥增产增效最多的是润垦磷酸二氢钾,然后依次为含氨基酸水溶肥、禾丰磷酸二氢钾、14-16-12硫酸钾型水溶性化成肥料、高效腐植酸、生化素植物多糖、微量元素水溶肥。     

Rhizosphere Bacteria for Biocontrol of Bacterial Blight and Growth Promotion of Rice

Several bacterial strains were isolated from different rhizospheres. Among these, strain PDY7 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) by the laboratory dual plate assays. The antibacterial property of the strain PDY7 was further investigated for the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), which amplified a characteristic of 629-bp DNA fragment by PCR-based screening method using phlD primers. The application of phlD positive strains was carefully evaluated for disease control and growth promotion of rice plants under field conditions. The selected strain PDY7 suppressed the rice BB by 58.83% and 51.88% under glass house and field conditions, respectively. In addition, the strain PDY7 showed significant two-fold increase in root length (18.08 cm), shoot length (29.81 cm), and grain yield (96.07 g). Strain PDY7 promoted the growth of rice plants by production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Our findings suggest that PDY7 belongs to the P. fluorescens group and can serve as potential biocontrol of BB as well as biofertilizer agent for growth promotion of rice.     

水稻细菌性谷枯病病原菌的分离鉴定

经多年的病原菌分离监测, 于2006年从2份浙江省稻种(来自海南的健康籼稻)上分离到6株病原细菌,经25项主要生理生化特性、菌落形态、致病性、Biolog、脂肪酸分析和RAPD PCR鉴定,发现这种病原细菌为Burkholderia glumae, 是引起水稻细菌性谷枯病的病原菌。此外,实验证明“健康稻种”也可能存在水稻细菌性谷枯病菌。     

不同缓控释肥对新垦水田水稻生长和产量的影响

在化肥总养分减量18%的前提下，比较2种不同缓释肥在新垦水田水稻上的应用效果。结果表明，在新垦水田上施用缓控释肥对水稻产量影响不大，但可大幅提升化肥偏生产力，化肥减量效果明显。与常规施肥（施用45%三元复合肥）相比，施用缓释肥可增加水稻生长前期叶绿素含量，增加每穗实粒数，提高千粒重，弥补了有效穗数的不足，达到稳产的目标。相比较而言，有机缓释肥的施用效果较掺混肥料要好，较常规施肥增产1.1%、增效350.4元/hm²、化肥偏生产力提升23.2%。建议可将“好乐耕”有机缓释肥作为余杭地区主要水稻缓控释肥品种之一推广应用。     

氮肥配比对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

在相同施氮水平下,研究了基肥、蘖肥、穗肥、粒肥的不同配比对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥配比对水稻分蘖、成穗率、株高、干物质积累、每穗粒数、结实率、产量等方面的影响差异达到显著或极显著水平,并在不同品种上表现不一致,耐肥高产品种当穗粒肥比例达到总氮量的40%时有利于高产的形成,而基蘖肥比例达到总氮量的70%时更适合优质水稻品种栽培。     

干湿交替灌溉方式下水稻节水增产机理研究

采用盆栽试验,以常规淹水灌溉处理为对照（CK）,研究了水稻在适度水分亏缺（TR1）和较严重水分亏缺（TR2）2个间歇灌溉处理中灌浆前期复水前、后及灌浆后期的部分生理指标变化,以探讨干湿交替灌溉的节水增产机理。结果表明,TR1处理产量显著高于CK及TR2处理;与CK比较,TR1处理在灌浆前期复水前硝酸还原酶（NR）活性较低,IAA氧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量较高;复水后NR活性及颖花蒸腾强度均明显提高并高于CK,而IAA氧化酶活性迅速下降并低于CK,说明水稻在适度水分亏缺后复水可增强灌浆前期的生理活性,有利于籽粒灌浆和获得高产。     

基于养分专家系统的水稻磷肥减施潜力研究

为探究养分专家系统推荐施肥下磷肥用量的减施潜力,进而为不同肥力水平稻田磷肥减施提供理论依据,在高、中、低肥力稻田上,通过在养分专家系统推荐施肥基础上增减15％、30％、45％磷肥用量开展双季稻田间试验,并分析磷肥用量与水稻产量的量化关系.结果表明,在高、中、低肥力稻田上,养分专家系统推荐施肥处理的早、晚稻产量均呈高肥力...     

Rice Uptake and Recovery of Nitrogen with Different Methods of Applying 15N-Labeled Chicken Manure and Ammonium Sulfate

Abstract

The effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using ¹⁵N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

施磷量对超级稻南粳44产量和品质的影响

 以超级稻南粳44为材料,研究施磷量对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,大田基施磷肥(P2O5)  0.0~225.0  kg/hm2,单位面积穗数、每穗粒数随着施磷量的增加而降低,结实率、千粒重则先升后降。各品质指标值与施磷量的相关均未达到显著水平,但施磷能提高糙米率、整精米率、垩白面积、垩白度,降低峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、冷胶黏度和回复值,而精米率、垩白米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、起始糊化温度、消减值和到达峰值黏度时间对磷素的反应不明显。施磷主要是增加垩白面积从而增加垩白度,对垩白面积、垩白度、消减值影响较大,而糙米率、到达峰值黏度时间和起始糊化温度基本不受影响。综合产量和品质性状,水稻生产中应适量施磷(在土壤营养中等或偏上土壤上施85.7 kg/hm2为宜),过量施用不仅低产低效,还会加重生态污染。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻植株干物质积累和产量的影响

氮肥运筹是影响水稻生长发育、物质生产及其产量的重要栽培措施。为探明双季稻区不同氮肥运筹模式对水稻植株干物质积累及产量的影响,设计5种施氮模式:早稻和晚稻均不施氮肥(N_0,CK),早稻施N120 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N210 kg/hm^2(N_120+210)、早稻施N150 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N180 kg/hm^2(N_150+180)、早稻施N180 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N150 kg/hm^2(N_180+150)、早稻施N210 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N120 kg/hm^2(N_(210 + 120)),比较研究5种氮肥运筹模式下早稻和晚稻植株干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)N_150+180处理植株分蘖数下降幅度平缓,其分蘖数多、成穗率较高;(2)早稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_180+150> N_150+180> N_(210 + 120)> N_120+210> CK,晚稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_150+180> N_120+210> N_180+150> N_(210 + 120)> CK;(3)分蘖期至成熟期,早稻和晚稻植株的根系干重分别以N_(210 + 120)、N_120+210处理最高,茎、叶干重分别以N_(210 + 120)和N_150+180处理最高,穗干重均以N_150+180和N_180+150处理最高,且均显著高于CK;(4)各处理水稻的穗总粒数和千粒重均无显著性差异;(5)早稻和晚稻产量均以N_150+180处理最高,分别比对照增加1849. 5和1879. 5 kg/hm^2。因此,早稻施用纯氮150 kg/hm^2和晚稻施用纯氮180 kg/hm^2的施肥模式,有利于增加水稻植株干物质积累,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。     

施用锌、铁、镧肥对香稻米质和产量的影响

以杂交香稻组合培杂软香和常规香稻品种桂香占为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了施用锌、铁、镧肥对香稻米质和产量的影响。结果表明,氯化锌基施和喷施及氯化镧基施处理均能显著地提高培杂软香和桂香占的整精米率,6个锌、铁、镧肥施用处理均能显著地增加桂香占的整精米率而降低其垩白粒率,氯化铁基施和喷施处理亦能显著地降低培杂软香的垩白度;氯化锌喷施处理能显著地提高培杂软香和桂香占的结实率和产量,氯化镧和氯化铁喷施处理亦能显著提高桂香占的产量。     

4 种缓控释氮肥的养分释放特征及肥效

水田氮肥利用率通常不到旱地的一半,施用缓控释氮肥是提高水田氮肥利用率的有效措施。以常规施肥为对照,通过动力学模拟,研究水稻田 4 种缓控释氮肥[植物油包膜尿素（PCU）、树脂包膜尿素（JZd）、脲甲醛（UF）、硫包衣尿素（SCU）]的养分释放特征,分析不同缓控释氮肥下水稻的氮素累积吸收量和氮肥利用率。结果表明：（1）4 种缓控释氮素肥料 28 d 的养分累积释放率：JZd（94.5%）＞PCU（63.5%）＞SCU（52.6%）＞UF（22.0%）,在 0~56 d,4 种缓控释氮肥的养分累积释放率均迅速增加;在 70 d 后养分累积释放率趋于稳定;（2）4种不同缓控释氮肥氮素释放符合 Elvoich 方程,氮素的释放速率为：JZd＞PCU＞SCU＞UF;（3）PCU 的氮肥利用率最高,达到 56.8%,比常规施肥处理高 15.2%;其次是 JZd,氮肥利用率最低的是 UF,仅为 33.7%;（4）PCU的产量最高,较常规施肥显著提高了 17.4%。PCU 的氮肥利用率及产量最高,对水田来说是一种较为合适的施肥方式。     

Isolation and Identification of Burkholderia glumae from Symptomless Rice Seeds

A survey on isolation and detection of the casual organism of bacterial grain rot of rice was conducted during 1997–2006. In 2006, six pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from two symptomless seed samples of rice (Oryza sativa L.) originally produced in Hainan Province and then planted in Zhejiang Province, China. They were identified as Burkholderia glumae which is the causal organism of bacterial grain rot of rice by physiological characteristics, colony morphology, pathogenicity test, Biolog, fatt...     

水分管理对免耕抛秧水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明,干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响,水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌,增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。     

水稻根围和人体洋葱伯克氏菌的基因型比较

洋葱伯克氏菌是一组表型相似但基因型不同的细菌群（Burkholderia cepacia complex, 简称Bcc）,它存在于水稻生境和医院中,了解水稻根围Bcc菌株基因型的地位对水稻微生物安全性具有重要的意义。以recA基因的HaeⅢ RFLP技术和基因型特异性PCR扩增为主要方法对来自水稻根围的78株和来自医院的9株Bcc菌株进行了基因型分析。研究表明水稻根围存在Bcc菌株Ⅰ、ⅢB和Ⅴ基因型, 其中Ⅴ型为优势菌;而在医院来源的Bcc菌株中,存在Ⅰ、ⅢA和ⅢB型,以ⅢA型菌株最多。这表明我国水稻根围和医院中的洋葱伯克氏菌基因型构成存在差异。同时研究发现水稻根围的Bcc菌群具有明显的遗传多态性,且存在致病力强的Ⅲ型菌株。     

再生稻肥料管理对不同品种产量和品质的影响

【目的】探明肥料管理、品种及其互作对再生稻头季和再生季产量和品质的影响,为再生稻高产优质育种和栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以4个华中地区主推的再生稻品种为材料,设置4种肥料管理方法,分别测定水稻的产量和产量构成因素、稻米品质(加工品质和外观品质)、干物质生产及相关农艺性状等。【结果】相比推荐施肥对照(CK),全生育期施用再生稻专用缓释肥(SRF)使两季施肥的次数从5次减少到3次,而且产量在头季和再生季分别达8.86和6.39 t/hm ²,较CK仅降低了6.2%和9.1%。SRF在头季减产主要归因于较低的结实率,而在再生季减产是每穗颖花数和总颖花数共同下降的结果。促芽肥施与不施对再生季产量没有影响。再生稻两季的加工品质和外观品质主要受品种的影响,肥料处理及其与品种的互作影响很小。相比其他3个品种,甬优4949的头季和再生季产量最高,加工品质和外观品质最好。【结论】施用专用缓释肥和省施促芽肥均能够在不大幅损失稻谷产量的同时减少施肥次数促进再生稻轻简化栽培。     

水稻不同基肥应用效果试验

为了验证施用不同基肥对水稻产量的影响,为科学施肥提供理论依据,红旗岭农场选用7种有机生物复混肥进行对比试验。通过2 a试验,结果表明:施用有机生物复混肥对水稻生育期、产量均有较好影响,其中以施用"哈维多特"生物有机无机三元复混肥增产效果最为明显,且抗水稻鞘腐病性有所增强。