招引大山雀防治松毛虫的试验

大山雀(Paurs major)是林间留鸟。1982～1987年连续6年在全椒县孤山林场5.2万亩纯松林内,挂巢招引大山省防治松毛虫,获得了一些数据和较好效果。 一、巢箱制作:取厚1.5厘米木板,制成内径22×12×12厘米,巢口直径为3.5～4.0厘米的山雀巢箱。巢门活动无需盖掩。箱板内粗,外壁涂绿色保护漆, 二、挂巢时间、方法:每年2月中旬(大山雀发情交配期前),选近水源,松林郁闲度0.6以上,松毛虫发生区的阳坡中、下部,将巢箱固定在松树主干上,最适高度在林冠层以下0.5米处。巢口向南,箱距50米,按序编号。定时、定点、专人观察记载。     

草原食蝗鸟及其招引

天山北坡草原食蝗鸟类有16种以上。对其中4种中、大型食蝗鸟进行了观察。1981年在玛纳斯南山堆积大石块招引;1986年建造永久性房墙鸟窝招引,两次招引粉红椋鸟,效果都很好。     

覆膜时间与方式对山旱地春甘蓝产量和 水分利用效率的影响

以中甘21号甘蓝为试验材料,研究了覆膜时间及覆膜方式对山旱地春甘蓝产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:秋季全膜双垄沟显著提高山旱地春甘蓝定植时0～100 cm土层内和结球期0～60 cm土层内的土壤含水量,促进了甘蓝的生长;秋季全膜双垄沟的产量和水分利用效率为41 000kg·hm-2和210.61 kg·mm-1·hm-2,较秋季全膜平铺、春季全膜双垄沟、春季全膜平铺、秋季半膜平铺、春季半膜平铺(CK)分别提高14.42％～89.23％和20.67％～88.58％,差异均达极显著水平;秋季全膜双垄沟显著提高了山旱地春甘蓝的产量和水分利用效率,可作为天水市山旱地春甘蓝的主要栽培方式.     

不同覆膜方式对山旱地菜豆土壤水分及利用效率的影响

以秋季和春季半膜平覆、全膜平覆、全膜双垄沟6种覆膜方式为处理,研究了不同覆膜方式对山旱地菜豆土壤水分及其利用率等的影响.结果表明,秋季全膜双垄沟和秋季全膜平覆较春季全膜双垄沟、秋季半膜平覆、春季全膜平覆和对照春季半膜平覆在播种时0～ 100 cm土层中土壤贮水量分别提高7.62％～14.20％、7.44％～14.02％...     

棉花烂种烂根病原因浅析及防治对策

沙湾县地处北疆天山中部的依连哈比尔尕山北麓与准葛尔盆地南缘之间,棉花种植面积２．８３万ｈｍ２,占全县作物种植面积的４２．５％,成为农村经济重要组成部分,而棉花烂种烂根是历年来影响棉花生产的重要病害,因此,防治棉花烂种烂根已成为夺取棉花持续高产的重要措施。１　流行实况棉花烂种烂根在沙湾县自１９８１年以来的１８ａ中,重发生有３ａ,发病率６０％～８４％,发病面积占棉花种植面积的５０．４％～７４．１％,重种、补种和改种面积占１６．１％～３１．５％;中度发生有７ａ,发病率２０％～５５％,发病面积占棉花种植…     

粉红椋鸟鸟巢结构和迁离时间防治草原蝗虫效果分析

人工招引粉红椋鸟控制蝗害是一种生物防蝗的重要手段,鸟巢结构以及粉红椋鸟迁离时间均影响其对蝗虫的防治效果。本文通过调查新疆地区不同结构的鸟巢中粉红椋鸟数量及其对鸟巢利用率,并结合粉红椋鸟迁离时间分析其对蝗虫的防控能力。结果表明,在调查的16个蝗虫发生区内,不同结构鸟巢招引效果为砖巢 > 石巢 > 天然鸟巢,砖巢、石巢和天然鸟巢招引效果分别为74.8%、71.9%和66.5%。分析粉红椋鸟迁离时间对蝗虫种群密度影响,成鸟迁离前对蝗虫的防控效果平均达58.4%,幼鸟迁离前对蝗虫的防控效果为88.8%。本文为进一步利用粉红椋鸟防治草原蝗虫提供重要理论依据。     

黑缘红瓢虫对几种林果害虫与寄主复合体的行为反应

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了黑缘红瓢虫对几种常见林果健康无虫植株、桃粉大尾蚜和朝鲜球坚蚧虫体自身与分泌物,及植物与蚜虫复合体的定向和选择行为。结果表明：健康无虫的桃树、樱桃李、毛白杨和油松,不产生招引黑缘红瓢虫的挥发性次生物质;桃粉大尾蚜和朝鲜球坚蚧虫体自身与分泌物对黑缘红瓢虫搜索行为亦无显著影响;当寄主植物受到两种害虫为害后,桃树和樱桃李能释放招引黑缘红瓢虫的挥发性物质,而毛白杨和松树在受到蚜虫为害后所释放的挥发物对黑缘红瓢虫无招引作用。结果表明,受害植物的挥发性物质在黑缘红瓢虫搜索猎物中具有重要作用。经长时间不同食物源喂养黑缘红瓢虫,并不影响其搜索行为。     

几种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力测定

１９９６～１９９７年应用玻片浸液法测定了螨克、克螨特、三氯杀螨醇、螨死净对宁夏永宁、灵武、中卫、彭阳４县果园山楂叶螨的ＬＣ_５０,测定结果表明：２％螨克乳油、７３％克螨特乳油、２０％三氯杀螨醇乳油杀螨效果较好,５％尼索朗乳油在高浓度下对成螨有一定效果,２０％螨死净水悬浮剂效果较差。试验明确宁夏山楂叶螨对５种杀螨剂均产生一定抗性,宁夏灌区的山楂叶螨抗性是山区的１．５～２．５倍。     

非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶化蛹的影响

非洲山毛豆Tephrosia vogelii Hook丙酮提取物点滴处理菜粉蝶Pieris ropae L.5龄幼虫和蛹后,出现6种不同症状的畸形蛹。50倍丙酮提取物点滴5龄前期(蜕皮后1～8h)幼虫后,74.4％出现死亡,25.6％未死幼虫均变为畸形蛹;处理5龄中后期幼虫时,绝大多数幼虫均在化蛹时出现畸形。     

蠹虫对寄主的选择机制

蠹虫在侵入寄主前并无明显选择.一旦蛀入寄主树内,便利用寄主散发的外源性首体在后肠部位合成释放信息素招引同类群集,不仅能克服树木的抗性,而且能和寄主保持密切联系.     

小嘴乌鸦繁殖习性的初步观察

小嘴乌鸦(Corvus corone orientalis Eversmann)是北方农村和城郊较常见的鸟类,与人类经济活动关系密切。目前国内尚无小嘴乌鸦生态习性方面的研究报道。笔者于1988年4月至1990年10月在新疆霍城、尼勒克、哈巴河和沙雅等地的农区、林区进行了调查。现就其繁殖习性报告如下。 1.营巢及巢新疆北部的小嘴乌鸦喜集群营巢,置巢于阔叶乔木林中,一棵树上最多15个巢,多位于树的中部或上部。树种以杨、桦、榆、槭树等为主,偶然也有在檐洞或崖洞中营巢的。而在新疆南部的沙雅则较少见到集群筑巢,且置巢于胡杨树上。     

红嘴蓝鹊的饲养、驯化及防治松毛虫的效果研究

红嘴蓝鹊是天目山区的留鸟,食性杂,能捕食30多种昆虫,食虫量大,棚养鸟每天能吃虫50～60克,约松毛虫幼虫70～80条。每只蓝鹊每年可控制30亩松林的害虫。该鸟有一定的群居性,易驯化,在浙江地区是驯养、治虫的最佳鸟种,且观赏性好。     

Nutrient Return to the Soil Through Litterfall and Throughfall Under Beech and Pine Stands of Sierra de la Demanda,Spain

The present work was within a general study on nutrient cycling in two forest ecosystems in the Sierra de la Demanda: a climax beech forest (Fagus sylvatica L.) and a reforested plantation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on land suitable for beech. The work aimed at estimating bioelement return to soil through the litterfall and throughfall with a view to defining their role in the soil and, more generally, in ecosystem bioelement dynamics. It was concluded that nutrient return to the soil by the litter was higher under beech compared to pine for all analyzed elements (P : 0.23¨0.11 kg ha -1 a -1 ; Ca: 17.4¨12.8 kg ha -1 a -1 ; Mg: 4.0¨2.0 kg ha -1 a -1, and K : 11.5¨5.7 kg ha -1 a -1) except N (19.8¨23.3 kg ha -1 a -1). Annual differences were due to different amounts of plant organs produced, especially fruits and owers. Approximately 64% of the water reaching the soil was accounted for by throughfall in the beech forest while in the pine stand this was 51.6%. Stemflow accounted for 6.5% in the beech forest and 0.5% in pine forest. Interception represented 30.0% and 47.9%. These values fluctuated monthly, depending on the characteristics of the rainfall.     

Control of the Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni Tams) with Diflubenzuron

During 1973-76 trials were carried out to control the pine processionary caterpillar with Dimilin (25% diflubenzuron WP), and commercial treatments with this compound in the forest were followed up until 1978/79. Total mortality of the 1st-3rd instar larvae was obtained in 8-16-year-old Aleppo pine plots after an aerial spray of Dimilin at the rate of 300 g (75 g a.i.) in 50 liter water/ha; 500 g (125 g a.i.)/ha was required to kill all 3rd and 4th instar larvae. A ground spray with Dimilin at a concentration of 0.003% (0.00075% a.i.) in water of 6-year-old Aleppo pine trees infested by 1st-3rd instar larvae gave similar results. The period Dimilin persisted on the sprayed needles in the forest was up to 27 days, even after 91 mm of rain.     

云南锦斑蛾 Achelura yunnanensis 生物学特性及发生规律的初步研究

云南锦斑蛾Achelura yunnanensis是近几年在云南樱花Cerasus serrula上发生的一种食叶性害虫。本文通过林间调查和人工饲养相结合的方法,首次明确了云南锦斑蛾的生活史和发生规律。云南锦斑蛾在昆明地区一年发生1～2代,以老熟幼虫越冬。翌年4月下旬成虫陆续羽化,将卵散产于寄主植物树干的树皮缝或皮孔处,卵期15～17 d,6月上旬幼虫孵化,幼虫多为8龄(44%)、9龄(47%),少数10龄(9%)。低龄幼虫食量较小,高龄幼虫食量大增,有吐丝下树转移为害的习性。9月下旬老熟幼虫在小枝或枯枝落叶层结茧越冬,越冬期长达6个月。成虫飞翔能力弱,具有较弱的趋光性。     

云南松树伞滑刃线虫种类鉴定

 2000~2001年从云南省34个县/市调查采集到病松树样本161份,鉴定出伞滑刃属线虫3个种即拟松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)、霍夫曼伞滑刃线虫(B. hofmanni)和赫列尼库斯伞滑刃线虫(B. hellenicus)。后2种为我国新记录种,其寄主分别是华山松(Pinus armandii)和云南松(P. yunnanensis),为该2种线虫的世界新寄主记录。目前云南省没有发现松材线虫,但在16个县/市发现拟松材线虫。     

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)感染松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的研究

 1987-1988年在江苏南京-镇江松材线虫疫区内采(征)集143份自然枯死或濒死马尾松样本,在94份(65.7%)样本中查见松材线虫。有关林分中马尾松的病枯情况不一,在句容桥头一下蜀一线、江宁汤山和六合方山等处有过相当多的马尾松发病死亡。表明松材线虫是当地马尾松自然枯死的主要原因。人工测定了无黑松林区5年生浙江富阳马尾松苗及混栽黑松林区4-5年生江苏马尾松苗对两种松材线虫分离物的反应,结果指出,供试松苗都表现中度感染或高度感染,并有20%或70-80%的病枯株。接种林间马尾松,初步证实马尾松对松材线虫的抗性随树龄变化。1-2年生马尾松苗高感松材线虫,病枯株率高达85.7%;树龄25年以上的成材树病枯株率约30%;而10年左右的幼树则无一发病死亡。     

几种无公害技术对褐梗天牛的防治效果

褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus（L.）是松柏类等林木的重要害虫,近年来在山东泰安、威海等地发生严重。本文利用引诱剂诱杀、饵木诱杀和释放管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu与花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire等无公害技术对褐梗天牛进行了室内外防治研究。Ⅱ号引诱剂诱捕效果最好,30 d平均诱捕量为69头。饵木诱杀每个样木平均诱捕量为63头。管氏肿腿蜂防治褐梗天牛幼虫的室内效果最高达71.00%,不同蜂虫比之间的防治效果差异不显著;林间释放管氏肿腿蜂对直径为10～15 cm被害木中的天牛幼虫的寄生率最高,为8.43%。利用花绒寄甲防治效果较好,室内当花绒寄甲成虫和天牛幼虫量为5:1时的寄生率最高,为80.02%;林间每株树释放20头花绒寄甲成虫的寄生率最高,达58.80%。结果表明,这几种防治技术都对褐梗天牛有良好的防治效果,可在防治中综合应用。     

Influences of Post-fires on Subsequent Population of Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetles,Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Masson Pine Forests

[Objective] Both fire and insect outbreaks are considered as important natural disturbance factors in manyforest ecosystems, yet few studies have addressed the effects of fires on subsequent insect outbreaks. [Method] In this paper, tree mortality, larval density and vertical distribution were measured through field investigation and sampling method to evaluate the short-term response of Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope to Masson pine, Pinus massoniana Lamb. in the second year after the fire in Jiangxi Province, China. [Results] compared with unburned Masson pine forest, burned Masson pine forest suffered from higher tree mortality and more pine trees were attacked by M. alternatus. Burned Masson pine tended to harbor much higher larval density further up along the trunk than unburned pine trees, and most individuals distributed in the middle section and middle-lower section of the trunk. [Significance] The results confirmed that Masson pine forest after being damaged by non-lethal fires were more susceptible to attacks by Japanese pine sawyer beetles, displaying higher population density and higher vertical distribution position. The study will provide an important guideline for the managers of Masson pine forests suffering from fires and pest invaded areas.