过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

【目的】试验通过研究饲粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛免疫及抗氧化功能的影响,旨在为过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬在围产期奶牛饲粮中的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】选取40头健康、经产（平均胎次1~2）的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组（每组10头牛）：对照组（T_O）,基础饲粮;胆碱组（T_C）,基础饲粮＋30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱;有机铬组（T_A）,基础饲粮＋8 g/d蛋氨酸铬;混合组（T_CA）,基础饲粮＋30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱＋8 g/d蛋氨酸铬。试验处理从产前20 d至产后20 d,记录奶牛产后4周内日均产奶量,分别于产前第20、10天和产犊日、产后第10、20天,于晨饲前采集血样,测定血清抗氧化（谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD））及免疫（白介素-1（IL-1）、白介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α））功能指标。【结果】与对照组相比,3个试验组奶牛产后4周内日均产奶量均显著提高（P<0.05）;产前各组奶牛血清GSH-Px、CAT含量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但试验组奶牛血清SOD含量显著降低（P<0.05）;产犊日至产后第10天,胆碱组和有机铬组奶牛血清GSH-Px、CAT和SOD含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;产后第20天,胆碱组血清GSH-Px、CAT含量均显著低于高于对照组、有机铬组和混合组,而血清SOD含量却显著降低（P<0.05）;整个试验周期内,胆碱组奶牛血清IL-1含量显著低于对照组及有机铬组和混合组（P<0.05）,IL-6和TNF-α含量却显著提高（P<0.05）。【结论】综上所述,本试验条件下,饲粮中单独添加30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱或8 g/d有机铬可明显降低围产期奶牛机体氧化应激水平,提高产奶量和机体免疫力,改善奶牛健康状况,联合添加过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬与单独添加效果差异不明显。     

产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响

为探讨产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响,选取产前30～40 d的经产干奶牛20头,随机分为对照组和试验组。在产前21 d至分娩阶段,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组基础日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱(30 g/d);分别于预产期前7 d及产后0、7、14 d采血并分离血清,检测血清生化指标和其他代谢物浓度;于产后1～15 d记录产奶量,产后30 d时采集乳汁并分析乳成分。结果表明:产前添加过瘤胃胆碱增加了奶牛产后1～15 d的日均产奶量(P0.05),降低了血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性(P0.05),降低了血清总蛋白、球蛋白和胆固醇水平(P0.05)。上述结果表明,产前21 d至分娩时添加过瘤胃胆碱30 g/d能显著提高奶牛泌乳早期的产奶量,改善肝脏功能。     

过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪对饲喂低蛋白质饲粮滩羊生长性能、消化代谢、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪(RPF)对饲喂低蛋白质饲粮滩羊生长性能、消化代谢、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。选择健康无病、体重[(22.00±1.00) kg]相近的3月龄滩羊27只，随机分成3个组，每组9只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮+7.5 g/d过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)+4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet),试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础饲粮+2.4 g/d RPF,各组饲粮营养水平相近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明：1)试验Ⅱ组滩羊终末体重显著高于其他2组(P<0.05),各组间其他生长性能指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率较对照组和试验Ⅱ组分别极显著提高了33.59%和51.91%(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率最高，并显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。3)试验Ⅱ组胴体重、骨重、眼肌面积和骨肉比均极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组净肉重和屠宰率较对照组分别显著提高了50.27%和12.33%(P<0.05)。4)试验Ⅰ组羊肉pH<...     

芦根对热应激泌乳奶牛免疫功能及血液指标的影响

为研究饲粮中添加芦根对热应激泌乳奶牛免疫功能和血液指标的影响,采用完全随机区组试验设计,根据产奶量、泌乳时间、胎次将30头健康的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛随机分为空白对照组、芦根处理组和复方制剂处理组,其中空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,芦根处理组饲喂基础日粮+30 g/d芦根,复方制剂组饲喂基础日粮+复方制剂35 g/d,试验期34 d。结果表明:芦根能使机体免疫力增强,夏季可以通过添加芦根和复方制剂来改善奶牛的免疫力。饲喂芦根后可对肝脏有一定的修复作用,能显著增加血液Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度(P005),提高机体的抗病能力,改善其亚健康状态。因此,夏季补饲30 g/d芦根有助于缓解热应激奶牛机体代谢紊乱,从而改善奶牛的免疫机能。     

补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱及B族维生素复合物对围产期奶牛健康及生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究在干奶期至新产期阶段补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱及B族维生素复合物对围产期奶牛健康及生产性能的影响。选取预产期前60 d的经产荷斯坦干奶牛48头,随机分为3组(每组16头牛):对照组奶牛饲喂基础饲粮,试验组每头牛每天在饲粮中分别添加100和150 g过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物。试验自奶牛预产期前60 d开始,至产后30 d结束,共计90 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,补饲150 g/(头·d)过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物显著增加了产后30 d的产奶量(P=0.04),有增加产前30 d血清中白细胞介素-1含量的趋势(P=0.08),对血清中钙、磷及维生素B1和维生素B3含量无显著影响(P0.05),对奶牛体况评分无显著影响(P0.05),对奶牛妊娠时长和犊牛初生重亦无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,在干奶期至新产期阶段补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物能有效提升奶牛机体健康和产奶量,每头牛每天补饲150 g对奶牛产后生产性能较好。     

饲粮半胱氨酸水平对离乳期梅花鹿瘤胃发酵参数和氨基酸代谢的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮半胱氨酸水平对离乳期梅花鹿瘤胃发酵参数和氨基酸代谢的影响。采用单因素试验设计，将16只3月龄雄性梅花鹿仔鹿分为4组（每组4个重复，每个重复1只），组间体重差异不显著（P>0.05）。对照组（Ⅰ组）饲喂半胱氨酸水平为2.8 g/kg的基础饲粮，试验组分别饲喂半胱氨酸水平为4.8 g/kg（Ⅱ组，基础饲粮+2.0 g/kg半胱氨酸）、6.8 g/kg（Ⅲ组，基础饲粮+4.0 g/kg半胱氨酸）和10.8 g/kg（Ⅳ组，基础饲粮+8.0 g/kg半胱氨酸）的试验饲粮。试验预试期15 d，正试期30 d。结果表明，与Ⅰ组相比：(1)Ⅱ组异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度显著提高（P<0.05）；(2)Ⅱ组瘤胃游离蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和鸟氨酸浓度显著降低（P<0.05）；(3)Ⅳ组半胱氨酸的表观消化率显著提高（P<0.05）；(4)Ⅱ组血清游离天冬氨酸、氮和羟赖氨酸浓度显著降低（P<0.05）。综上，在本试验条件下，饲粮半胱氨酸水平为4.8 g/kg时有利于梅花鹿仔鹿瘤胃发酵、降低瘤胃和血清中游离氨基酸浓度。     

沙蒿多糖组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究沙蒿多糖不同组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响.选择健康、体重相近的断奶滩羊公羔60只,按体重随机分为4个组,每组15只羊.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d包被丁酸钠、5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d丁酸甘油酯和5.5...     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛产奶量以及乳成分的影响

选用16头泌乳中期奶牛,每头牛饲喂过瘤胃蛋氨酸(SmartamineTM)0、8、12和16g/d,研究其对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量以及乳成分的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,补饲12和16g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸能提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量,补饲8g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸奶牛产奶量下降5.73%;12g/d组产奶量提高0.62%,但差异均不显著;16g/d组产奶量提高10.84%,差异显著。补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸能提高乳蛋白率和乳脂率水平,但差异不显著。补饲16g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸牛奶乳蛋白量提高11.49%,乳脂肪量提高了13.11%。     

甘露寡糖对围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的甘露寡糖(MOS)对荷斯坦奶牛围产后期瘤胃微生物区系的影响.选取60头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分4组,每组15头.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,低、中、高剂量组分别在基础饲粮基础上添加5、10、15 g/(头·d)MOS.结果 显示,随着MOS添加量的增加,奶牛产后21 d瘤胃液中微生物蛋白含量、总挥发性...     

添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸、赖氨酸对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能和胴体化学成分的影响

本文旨在研究在基础饲粮中添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)、过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能和胴体化学成分的影响,探讨用RPMet和RPLys替代部分饲粮粗蛋白质的可行性。试验采用完全随机设计,选择12月龄左右,体重、体尺相近的健康奶公牛25头,随机分为5组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,4个试验组M15、L30、M15+L30、LCP组分别在基础饲粮中添加RPMet 15 g/d、RPLys 30 g/d、RPMet 15 g/d+RPLys 30 g/d、RPMet 15 g/d+RPLys 30 g/d(同时降低饲粮粗蛋白质2.20%)。预试期10 d,正试期150 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)基础饲粮中添加RPMet和RPLys对奶公牛干物质采食量无显著影响(P0.05);L30、M 15+L30、LCP组末重和平均日增重显著增加(P0.05),且均以M 15+L30组最高,但M 15+L30组与LCP组无显著差异(P0.05);M 15+L30和LCP组料重比显著降低(P0.05),以M 15+L30组最低,这2组间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)M 15+L30和LCP组奶公牛胸围和胴体中粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P0.05),这2组间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)M15+L30和LCP组奶公牛胴体中必需氨基酸苏氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸的含量显著提高(P0.05),这2组间差异不显著(P0.05),M15+L30组异亮氨酸含量显著提高(P0.05);M15+L30和LCP组奶公牛胴体中非必需氨基酸中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、脯氨酸以及总氨基酸含量显著提高(P0.05),L30和M15+L30组酪氨酸含量显著提高(P0.05),这2组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加RPMet和RPLys在一定程度上提高了奶公牛的生长性能,增加了胴体中蛋白质的合成和氨基酸沉积,且添加RPMet 15 g/d+RPLys30 g/d能够在一定程度上替代部分饲粮粗蛋白质(2.20%)。     

Effects of N-hydroxymethyl Methionine Calcium Supplementation Levels on Serum Nitrogenous Compounds and Free Amino Acids of Lactating Dairy Cows

To study the effects of N-hydroxymethyl methionine calcium (N-HMM-Ca) supplementation levels on serum nitrogenous compounds and free amino acids of lactating dairy cows. 30 lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar parities,milk yield and days in milk were randomly assigned into 5 groups. The control group was fed with basal diet,test groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.15%,0.30%,0.75% and 1.50% N-HMM-Ca,respectively. The experiment was lasted for 56 d,including 14 d of adaptation period and 42 d of experimental period. The results showed as follows:①Comparing with control group,the total protein,albumin and globulin in experimental groups were not significantly affected (P>0.05).On the 14th day,serum creatinine concentration in 1.5% level group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05);On the 42th day,urea nitrogen concentration in 1.5% level group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05),while the concentration of uric acid in 0.75% level group was extremely significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.01).②On the 14th day,the concentration of serum Glu,Ser,Arg,Leu,Ile,Lys and total free amino acids in 0.15% level group was highest,which were significantly or extremely significantly higher than control group (P<0.05;P<0.01).On the 42th day,serum Arg,Cys and the total free amino acids in 0.15% level group were the highest. And serum Glu,Ser,Tyr,Met,Val and Lys in 0.30% level group were highest,which were significantly or extremely significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05;P<0.01). In summary, adding 0.15% or 0.30% N-HMM-Ca on diet of lactating dairy had no significant effect on serum nitrogen content (P>0.05),but adding 0.15% N-HMM-Ca could increase the concentration of serum free amino acids. Considering all the facts,the recommended amount of N-HMM-Ca on diet of lactating dairy cows was 0.15%.     

过瘤胃烟酸和胆碱对围产期奶牛泌乳性能和肝脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加过瘤胃保护烟酸(rumen-protected niacin,RPN)和过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen-protected choline,RPC)对围产期奶牛泌乳性能和肝脂质代谢的影响,为缓解奶牛脂肪肝提供理论依据.本试验选用24头健康、胎次相近的中国荷斯坦围产期奶牛,根据2×2试验设计分为4组,每组6...     

过瘤胃脂肪对泌乳早期奶牛血液生化指标的影响

选取高产荷斯坦牛24头,随机分为4组,每组各6头。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中每头每天添加200g、300g和400g过瘤胃脂肪;Ⅳ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮。试验期20d。在饲喂前、饲喂后10d和20d检测试验奶牛血浆葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、尿素氮、总胆固醇和甘油三酯的水平,结果显示:与对照组比较,Ⅲ组血糖浓度显著升高(P0.05);血浆β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、尿素氮变化均不显著(P0.05)。这些结果表明过瘤胃脂肪能提高血糖水平,从而改善奶牛的能量负平衡。     

包膜甜菜碱与有机铬复合物对夏季奶牛产奶性能和血液生化指标的影响

旨在研究包膜甜菜碱和有机铬复合物对夏季奶牛产奶性能和血液生化指标的影响。选择年龄、胎次、泌乳时间和产奶量相近100头泌乳牛,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组50头,对照组饲喂原奶牛场配方日粮,试验组在每天早晨TMR日粮中添加50 g/d包膜甜菜碱和有机铬复合物。结果:与对照组相比,试验组奶牛采食量显著提高(P<0.05),牛奶中体细胞含量显著降低(P<0.05);奶牛乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量显著提高(P<0.05);磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)含量显著降低(P<0.01),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量有上升趋势,丙二醛(MDA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量有下降趋势,但差异均不显著。试验表明包膜甜菜碱和有机铬具有提高热应激期奶牛采食量、促进代谢和蛋白质合成、缓解奶牛热应激的作用。     

Effect of Amino Acid Balance Diet on Production Performance,Serum Biochemical Indexes and Economic Benefits in Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of amino acid balance diet on production performance,serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits in dariy cows.36 healthy Holstein cows in the early lactation period were selected,the average number of lactation (DIM) was (39.69±12.48) d,the average parity was 3.02±0.64.Principle of experiments using single factor randomized experimental design accroding to age,milk yield,parity identical same or similar,the 36 Holstein cows were assigned by random block design to 3 groups,and each group were 12 cows.The control group cows were fed with TMR diets only adding rumen-protected methionine (HMBi);Diets of group 1 and 2 were on the basis of control group,respectively adding two kinds of rumen-protected lysine levels in order to balance the amino acid in diet.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the feeding conversion ratio in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 10.60% and 11.26% (P>0.05),respectively,while the dry matter intake had no significantly changed (P>0.05),the 4% average daily milk yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly increased by 8.65% and 10.58% (P<0.05),respectively,and the milk fat and milk protein yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01),respectively.Adding amino acid balance diet had no significantly effects on reproductive performance and health conditions in dariy cows (P>0.05).② When feeding the amino acid balance diets for 60 days,the contents of GLU and TAA in serum of dairy cows were significantly increased (P<0.05),while the BUN content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the economic benefits of groups 1 and 2 were increased by 15.09 and 16.36 yuan/(head·d).The results indicated that feeding the amino acid balance diets could significantly improve production performance of dairy cows,and there was a tendency to improve metabolic conditions.     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取45头产奶量、胎次、泌乳日龄相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组15头。对照组饲喂不添加硒的基础饲粮,无机硒(SS)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg亚硒酸钠,有机硒(SO)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒羟基类似物。试验期91 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期84 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加硒对奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SO组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),但SS组以上指标与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05)。3)各组中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,SO组有机物、粗蛋白质及粗脂肪的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);SS组有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能没有影响,但与对照组相比,硒添加组的抗氧化性能和营养物质的表观消化率提高,而且SO组的效果明显优于SS组。     

日粮添加益生菌对干乳期奶牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响

本研究旨在评估全混合日粮添加益生菌对干乳期奶牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响.试验将体重为(440.92±3.33)kg、平均干乳期为42?d的60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型全混合日粮,处理组饲喂基础全混合日粮+200?mg/kg益生菌(枯草芽孢杆菌含量:1×106?...     

Effect of Addition Tomato Pomace on the Antioxidant Properties of Perinatal Dairy Cows

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of feed supplemented with fermented tomato pomace on the antioxidant properties of perinatal dairy cows.Sixteen dairy cows with similar physical,prenatal period,body weight,parity and lactation yield were divided into two groups with 8 dairy cows per group.The dairy cows in control group were fed TMR regular diet and that of experimental group was fed diet supplemented with fermented tomato pomace (13% in pre-partum period and 11% in post-partum period).The preliminary trial period was 14 d and trial period lasted for 60 d (30 d before delivery to 30 d after delivery). The results showed that compared with control group,the milk yield of dairy cows of experimental group in post-partum period was significantly increased (P<0.05);In the whole trail period,the activity of GSH-Px,T-SOD and T-AOC in experimental group were increased,and that in pre-partum period were significantly increased (P<0.05),while compared with pre-partum period,that in post-partum period showed a downward trend.The MDA content of experimental group in post-partum period was significantly decreased (P<0.05),there was no significant difference between pre-partum period and post-partum period (P>0.05);Compared with control group,the contents of white blood cells,hemoglobin,urea nitrogen, low density lipoprotein and Fe of experimetal group in post-partum period were significantly increased (P<0.05),and other indexes had no significant differences (P>0.05).In conclusion,diet supplemented with fermented tomato pomace had a certain improvement effect on the antioxidant properties and milk yield of dairy cows in the perinatal period.