马铃薯连作障碍的研究进展

采用文献检索、内容归类分析的方法,对连作后马铃薯的形态与生理的变化、连作时间与土壤微生态结构的变化、连作障碍发生的机理与调控措施等问题进行研究。结果表明,连作可引起马铃薯形态与生理,马铃薯土壤水分与养分、马铃薯土壤酶、马铃薯土壤微生物等因素发生显著变化。国内马铃薯连作障碍的研究起步晚、成果少,起点高。目前的研究成果多属于单因素试验,多因子特别是土壤微生态因子与连作障碍相关性的研究有待深入。     

不同年限黄金桂茶树土壤的自毒潜力分析

正连作障碍(自毒作用)现象普遍存在于农业、林业、园艺生产中,国外众多学者在连作障碍上已做了大量的研究,而我国对连作障碍的研究起步较晚。连作易导致农作物产量下降,品质降低和病虫害加剧,已成为影响农业生产持续健康发展的重要问题。茶树是多年生作物,是否存在连作障碍?茶园土壤自毒潜力高低还鲜有报道。本研究以不同年限黄金桂茶园土壤为材料,探讨了不同年限茶园土壤的自毒潜力。     

消减大豆连作障碍的养分调控技术研究进展

为明确不同养分调控技术对大豆连作障碍消减的作用,本文阐述了大豆连作障碍的发生与危害。从提高肥料养分供应能力、改善土壤理化性状和优化土壤微生物环境3个方面分别综述了针对大豆连作障碍中不同危害的解决方案。通过改变施肥方式、时间、数量等方式解决大豆长期连作导致土壤中养分偏耗和影响大豆生长发育的问题;通过使用不同改良剂针对性地解决土壤酸化、板结、保水保肥能力下降的问题;在大豆连作土壤中接入有益微生物,从而降低有害微生物及病原菌的活性,最终达到改善土壤微生物环境的效果。最后总结得出,消减大豆连作障碍过程中尚待解决的问题以及养分调控技术的研究方向,为大豆连作障碍的发生发展机理的研究、养分调控技术的优化改良提出建议和展望。     

黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯连作对农田土壤生化性质及产量的影响

为探究黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯连作对农田土壤化学、生物学及产量的影响,以‘陇薯7号’马铃薯品种作为试验材料,共设5个处理(撂荒,CK_1;小麦/豌豆/马铃薯轮作,CK_2;连作2年马铃薯;连作4年马铃薯;连作6年马铃薯),分析不同处理对农田土壤化学、生物学及产量的影响。结果表明,轮作较连作处理显著增加了土壤有效磷和全氮的含量,且与连作2年、连作4年处理差异显著。各处理土壤总有机碳积累量为5.38～9.97 g/kg;0～20 cm(撂荒除外)土层土壤总有机碳积累量显著高于其他层次。随着连作年限的增加土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶3种土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子均呈极显著正相关。土壤微生物的数量大致由大到小排序依次为细菌放线菌真菌,细菌是土壤中的优势菌,数量占95%以上。有机质、碱解氮与马铃薯产量呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而全氮则与马铃薯产量呈显著正相关(P 0.05)。土壤化学、生物学因子的综合变化可能是导致甘肃中部干旱半干旱地区马铃薯连作障碍形成的重要原因。     

潍坊地区马家沟芹菜-紫色马铃薯-半结球白菜设施高效栽培模式

潍坊市设施栽培面积大,为克服土壤连作障碍,提高土地利用率和经济效益,在多年生产实践基础上提出了马家沟芹菜-紫色马铃薯-半结球白菜一年三茬的设施栽培模式,包含作物茬口安排、田间种植管理、病虫害防控、采收上市等技术要点,为适宜地区设施轮作栽培提供了参考.     

影响胡椒连作主要因素与防控措施

结合海南胡椒主产地区,胡椒连作表现生长弱、病虫害严重、产量下降等现象,探讨影响胡椒连作的主要因素,提出胡椒连作可能存在的障碍及防控措施,为胡椒连作生产持续健康发展提供参考。     

短季棉与马铃薯连作轻简化栽培关键技术

短季棉与马铃薯连作是湖北棉区一种新型棉田高效种植模式。通过棉花与马铃薯的轻简化生产的实践,提出了湖北棉区应用短季棉与马铃薯连作高效种植模式的品种、播期、密度、播种全苗、简化施肥、化学除草、化学调控、机械收获等主要关键技术措施,并对应用效果进行评价。     

马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病田间主要识别特征及病原学研究

马铃薯是我国粮食生产体系中十分重要的粮食作物.近年来,马铃薯病害的发生流行逐年加重,已成为限制我国马铃薯产业健康发展的主要障碍之一.马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病是马铃薯种植过程中危害最为严重的2种病害,该文总结了马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病田间主要识别特征、病原菌特征及生物学特性,为2种马铃薯病害的综合防控提供理论基础及技术参考.     

马铃薯晚疫病综合防治措施

由致病疫霉引起的马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产的毁灭性病害,主要侵染马铃薯的块茎和茎叶。多年来,中国多个地区都遭受了严重的晚疫病害,极大影响了中国马铃薯产量和品质。为此,寻求行之有效的晚疫病防治措施至关重要。目前,马铃薯晚疫病的防治措施主要有化学防治、生物防治和农业防控,但是各项防控措施均存在一定的局限性。对这些防控措施的优缺点及最近发展进行综述分析认为,化学防治成效快,但成本高、污染环境,不科学施用容易导致药剂失效;生物防治具有成本低、绿色无污染、应用范围广泛等优点,但其有效性也会随外界气候和生态环境变化及病原菌的演化而改变;农业防控措施尤其是抗性品种的选育和使用,仍然是控制马铃薯晚疫病最经济、有效、环保的手段,但其对晚疫病的防控效果也会随病原菌的不断演化而丧失。建议在进化（达尔文）植物病理学的框架下,根据致病疫霉菌的致病性和马铃薯抗病性的互作特点,综合使用各种有效的方法,以实现马铃薯晚疫病防控的社会、经济和生态效应最大化。     

马铃薯黑痣病综合防控技术的集成

近年来,由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的黑痣病已成为内蒙古西部地区马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,但目前还没有有效防控马铃薯黑痣病的综合措施。试验于2013年在内蒙古对马铃薯黑痣病综合防控技术进行了田间试验和优化集成。结果表明,底肥增施碳酸氢铵、碳酸氢钾,木霉菌浸种阴干后再用甲基硫菌灵拌种,播种时沟喷20%甲基立枯磷或25%嘧菌酯的综合处理对马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果显著。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.