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作为维持哺乳动物生命活动重要的"生物工厂",乳腺利用从流经血液中摄取的氨基酸等营养物质为底物合成乳蛋白。研究证实,氨基酸还可作为一种信号因子,通过乳腺内多种信号级联传导通路,调控乳蛋白基因的转录及翻译过程,从而影响乳腺中乳蛋白的合成。酪氨酸蛋白激酶-信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK-STAT)信号通路和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)信号通路是乳蛋白基因转录和翻译过程中的主要调控路径。本文综述了乳腺JAKSTAT和m TOR信号通路的分子机制及氨基酸通过这些通路调控乳蛋白合成的研究进展,旨在进一步阐明氨基酸调控乳蛋白合成的作用机理。 相似文献
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氨基酸转运载体(AAT)是一类介导氨基酸从细胞外转运到细胞内的重要蛋白,也是一类能介导氨基酸相关的信号通路的重要营养物质感受分子,在机体的生长代谢、营养健康等方面具有重要作用。动物机体中存在多种类型的AAT,它们能感知机体内相关氨基酸水平的变化,介导细胞氨基酸感知信号通路——哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mTORC1)和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2(GCN2)的激活,从而引起通路下游发挥作用。在不同组织细胞中,发挥主导作用的AAT存在差异,表明AAT具有组织特异性,同时,AAT也受多种因素的影响,比如动物机体本身、营养物质水平、激素水平等。作者主要从AAT的类型及转运机制、介导营养信号启动及对mTORC1通路和GCN通路的影响、在不同组织中的作用及AAT表达的调控4个方面进行综述,从宏观方面介绍了AAT,旨在为AAT的研究提供一些参考。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医》2020,(3)
氨基酸转运载体(AAT)是一类介导氨基酸从细胞外转运到细胞内的重要蛋白,也是一类能介导氨基酸相关的信号通路的重要营养物质感受分子,在机体的生长代谢、营养健康等方面具有重要作用。动物机体中存在多种类型的AAT,它们能感知机体内相关氨基酸水平的变化,介导细胞氨基酸感知信号通路——哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mTORC1)和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2(GCN2)的激活,从而引起通路下游发挥作用。在不同组织细胞中,发挥主导作用的AAT存在差异,表明AAT具有组织特异性,同时,AAT也受多种因素的影响,比如动物机体本身、营养物质水平、激素水平等。作者主要从AAT的类型及转运机制、介导营养信号启动及对mTORC1通路和GCN通路的影响、在不同组织中的作用及AAT表达的调控4个方面进行综述,从宏观方面介绍了AAT,旨在为AAT的研究提供一些参考。 相似文献
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乳蛋白中含有大量人体所需的必需氨基酸,其组成平衡、含量丰富,是一种具有极高营养价值的蛋白质,而乳中 90%以上的蛋白质是乳腺利用氨基酸从头合成的,因此氨基酸对奶牛乳蛋白合成发挥着重要的作用。此外,氨基酸不仅是合成乳蛋白不可或缺的前体物质,而且还是重要的信号调控因子,通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 信号通路调控乳蛋白的合成。基于此,作者就影响奶牛乳腺氨基酸供应、摄取、利用的因素及氨基酸的信号传导作用的研究进展进行综述,以期为提高乳蛋白的合成提供一定的理论基础。 相似文献
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营养物质和内分泌虽能影响奶牛乳蛋白的合成,但至今这种调控作用的分子机制仍未完全阐明。本研究的目的是测定营养物质和激素是否是通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标(mTOR)信号通路调控乳蛋白合成。试验从泌乳奶牛乳腺组织中分离乳腺腺泡,用含有氨基酸(AA)、葡萄糖和乙酸(GA)或催乳激素(HIP)以其混合物的培养基处理腺泡,然后测定乳蛋白合成速率和mTOR信号通路中各元件的磷酸化状态。结果发现,培养基添加AA后可使乳蛋白合成率提高50%,而单独添加GA或HIP不影响乳蛋白合成。HIP可以增强AA调控乳蛋白合成,但GA没有增强AA的这种作用。HIP可诱导蛋白激酶B发生磷酸化,而且当AA或GA存在时,HIP能增强这种磷酸化作用。AA和HIP对乳蛋白合成的促进作用与mTOR的底物磷酸化有关,即与p70核糖体蛋白S6激酶-1和真核起始因子4E(eIF4E)结合蛋白-1(4E-BP1)的磷酸化有关。结果表明,营养物质和激素可能通过mTOR信号通路调控乳蛋白合成。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究乳腺内局部分子适应以调控乳蛋白的合成。研究假设氨基酸和产能底物通过系统和局部机制组合独立调控乳腺内氨基酸的代谢和乳蛋白的合成。试验选用6头具瘤胃瘘管的初产泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随即分配到4个处理组中。试验采用重复的不完全4×4拉丁方试验设计。试验期间,试验动物的基础日粮组成(17.6%粗蛋白质和6.61MJ/kg泌乳净能)相同。泌乳奶牛限饲采食量至70%并通过蠕动泵连续36h分别灌注水、酪蛋白(0.86kg/d)、淀粉(2kg/d)和淀粉与酪蛋白的混合物(2kg/d淀粉+0.86kg/d酪蛋白)。整个试验期间测定乳产量和乳成分组成;灌注的最后8h每20min采集动脉和静脉血浆样品,用于测定乳腺对氨基酸的吸收率;每期灌注末采集乳腺组织样品,用于评定调控乳蛋白合成的细胞内信号分子磷酸化位点。结果显示,灌注酪蛋白组增加了动脉血浆中氨基酸的浓度,提高了乳腺从血浆中摄取氨基酸的效率,但对氨基酸的清除率和乳蛋白的产量没有影响。灌注淀粉组增加了乳产量和乳蛋白产量,提高了乳腺血浆流量,但降低了动脉血浆中氨基酸的浓度,同时,提高了乳腺对氨基酸的清除率和乳腺对氨基酸的净吸收量。灌注淀粉组同时提高了血浆中葡萄糖、胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1的浓度,核糖体蛋白S6的磷酸化和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶含量也随之提高并伴随着乳蛋白产量和血浆流量的变化。灌注酪蛋白和淀粉的混合物处理组提高了哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标的磷酸化。结果表明,不同的营养素刺激,乳蛋白合成调控的细胞信号分子机制反应不同。试验过程中,由于灌注酪蛋白对乳蛋白合成的影响不明显,未发现试验假设的酪蛋白和淀粉对动物代谢和细胞信号传导的独立效应。 相似文献
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LI Ying XIANG Ai-li ZHENG Bai-qin ZHOU Xiao-qiao QIAO Jia-yun LIU Jing-xi WANG Wen-jie 《中国畜牧兽医》2016,43(7):1774-1779
Milk proteins have great nutritional value,rich contain and balanced profile of amino acid,which provide nearly all the essential amino acids for the human body.However more than 90% of milk proteins are synthesed by the amino acids in the mammary gland.Furthermore,the amino acid is not only funcion as the substrates of milk protein synthesis,but also as the signaling molecules to regulate milk protein sysnthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways.It is essential to further study milk protein synthesis regulated by amino acids in the mammary gland and the molecular mechanism in dairy cows.The paper reviewed the supply of amino acids,metabolism of amino acids by mammary gland,factors affecting amino acid utilization and signal pathway for amino acid regulation in milk protein synthesis. 相似文献
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The cellular uptake of branched-chain amino acids in mammary tissue is important for understanding their role in milk synthesis in the sow. This study characterized the kinetic properties and substrate specificity of the valine uptake system in the porcine mammary gland. Mammary tissue was collected from lactating sows at slaughter and tissue explants were incubated in media containing isosmotic salt and amino acids of interest, plus [3H]valine tracer. Valine uptake was time-dependent and was dependent on the presence of sodium, as indicated by a reduction in uptake when sodium in the medium was replaced by choline. The valine transport system in porcine mammary tissue had a Km of 0.64 mM, a Vmax of 1.84 mmol-kg cell water(-1) 30 min(-l), and a Kd (diffusion constant) of 1.16 L x kg cell water(-1) x 30 min(-1). Valine uptake was inhibited by leucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and by high concentrations of L-alanine, L-lysine, cycloleucine, L-glutamine, and L-methionine, but not by 2-(methyl-amino)-isobutyric acid. This transport system is the primary system responsible for uptake of valine, and probably other branched-chain amino acids, in lactating sow mammary tissue. Physiological concentrations of valine in the blood are below the Km of the specific valine transport system and well below the diffusion uptake capabilities. The kinetic parameters of this valine transport system should not be limiting to valine uptake for milk protein synthesis. However, competition of valine uptake with branched-chain amino acids, as well as with other amino acids, may affect valine uptake in lactating tissue. 相似文献
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In dairy cows amino acids may be required for four processes: maintenance; as precursors for the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis); for protein deposition in muscle or associated with foetal growth; and for the synthesis of milk protein.Estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance are often conflicting and seem far from accurate. Estimates of the ratio in which essential amino acids are required for maintenance are not yet available.Requirements of amino acids for gluconeogenesis are difficult to estimate. It seems rather unlikely that essential amino acids will be used in significant quantities for gluconeogenesis, even at high milk yields.Protein requirements for pregnancy and muscle growth in dairy cows are relatively low. The ratio in which essential amino acids are supplied in the blood seems adequate for both processes.Amino acid requirements for milk protein synthesis are somewhat higher than the net protein output. This is particularly true for essential amino acids of which, in the mammary gland, a surplus of some 50% needs to be extracted from the blood. The ratio in which essential amino acids are supplied to the mammary gland seems reasonably adequate for milk protein synthesis. 相似文献
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旨在研究乳腺对不同水平大豆小肽的吸收利用情况.试验选用8只带有十二指肠瘘管和颈动脉、乳静脉血插管的泌乳奶山羊(体质量38 kg±k2 kg),采用交叉设计,分别向十二指肠灌注大豆小肽0、60、120和180 g·d~(-1),连续灌注14 d.结果表明:通过小肽的灌注,(1)提高了乳蛋白产量与乳蛋白含量,而且乳蛋白产量显著提高(P<0.05).乳脂产量与乳脂含量随着灌注量的升高呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05).(2)乳腺血浆流星有轻微的提高,但不显著(P>0.05).与对照组相比,各处理组血浆流量/产奶量出现下降,但只有120 g·~(-1)灌注组下降显著(P<0.05).(3)与对照组相比,大部分游离氨基酸在60和120 g·d~(-1)灌注组吸收量增加,而在180 g·d~(-1)灌注组出现下降趋势.除了PB-Ile,大豆小肽的灌注增加了所有肽结合必需氨基酸的乳腺吸收.但PB-Val、PB-Leu、PB-Phe、PB-Thr、PB-Met和PB-Lys均在120 g·d~(-1)灌注组吸收率最高.非必需氨基酸中,小肽的灌注提高了PB-Ser、PBTyr、PB-Pro的吸收(P<0.05),而PB-Gly的吸收却出现了下降(P>0.05).(4)除了Lys,处理组中所有必需氨基酸的乳中分泌量都高于对照组,从0~120 g·d~(-1)试验组,这些氨基酸乳中分泌量随着小肽灌注量的升高而呈增加趋势(P<0.05);在180 g·d~(-1)灌注组,大部分必需氨基酸的分泌量增加不显著(P>0.05),且低于120 g·d~(-1)灌注组.(5)小肽的灌注明显促进了APN基因的表达.灌注60、120和180 g·d~(-1)小肽后,氨肽酶N(APN)的表达分别是对照组的13.55、18.69和10.01倍.结论:乳腺组织能够吸收动脉血液中的小肽,大豆小肽的灌注提高了乳蛋白产量显示乳腺组织可以将吸收的小肽用于乳蛋白的合成.但当乳腺所需的氨基酸达到饱和以后,再增加氨基酸的浓度会出现吸收抑制.APN表达变化与乳腺小肽吸收增加相一致,这可能因为APN是调控小肽乳腺吸收利用的主要酶类之一. 相似文献
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Kinetic properties and substrate specificity of the lysine transport system in porcine mammary gland were studied using mammary tissue explants from nine lactating sows. Sodium dependence of lysine uptake was determined by replacing sodium in the medium with choline. Kinetic parameters of lysine uptake were determined using lysine concentrations from 5 microM to 5.12 mM. Competition of lysine uptake by other amino acids was determined using the cationic amino acids, arginine and ornithine, and using other essential amino acids. Transport of lysine was time-dependent and was unaffected by replacing sodium with choline. Lysine uptake occurred by a transport mechanism with a Km of approximately 1.4 mM and a Vmax of 7.9 mmol x kg cell water(-1) x 30 min(-1). Lysine uptake was inhibited by arginine and ornithine and by high concentrations of L-alanine, L-methionine, L-leucine, cycloleucine, and D-lysine, but not by 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid. This transport mechanism is the primary system responsible for uptake of cationic amino acids in lactating sow mammary tissue. The relatively high Km, compared with physiological blood concentrations of lysine, indicates that the kinetic properties of the lysine transport system should not be limiting to milk protein synthesis. Transmembrane transport of lysine by lactating sow mammary tissue should be a direct function of plasma concentrations. However, interactions of other amino acids with the uptake system may affect lysine uptake. 相似文献
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