Changes in vitreous humor associated with postmortem interval in rabbits.

Concentrations of serum and vitreous humor constituents at time of death, and concentrations of vitreous humor constituents at time of death and at 7 postmortem intervals were compared in 70 domestic, female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Urea nitrogen concentration was significantly (P = 0.0094) different, but was linearly correlated in serum and vitreous humor at time of death and at the 4- and 8-hour postmortem intervals. Concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase were not significantly different in serum and vitreous humor at time of death, nor were concentrations significantly different in vitreous humor at time of death and at the 4-hour postmortem interval. The vitreous humor concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, cortisol, and IgG were neither similar to nor predictive of serum constituents. Vitreous humor can be used as a source for estimates of serum urea nitrogen and gamma-glutamyltransferase up to 8 and 4 hours after death, respectively.     

Postmortem magnesium concentration in bovine vitreous humor: comparison with antemortem serum magnesium concentration

The range for postmortem vitreous humor Mg2+ concentration in 97 healthy cattle was 1.8 mg/dl to 2.72 mg/dl at 23 C for a 48-hour postmortem interval. The postmortem vitreous Mg2+ concentration closely paralleled the antemortem serum Mg2+ concentration at 23 C. Low environmental temperature (4 C) had no effect on postmortem vitreous concentration. However, high environmental temperatures (30 C) significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced postmortem vitreous Mg2+ concentration at the 36-hour postmortem interval. It was concluded that postmortem vitreous humor Mg2+ determination could be a useful diagnostic aid in cattle for detecting Mg2+ imbalances for at least 48 hours after death, provided the postmortem environmental temperature did not exceed 23 C after 24 hours.     

Changes in urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in the vitreous humor of cattle after death

The mean urea nitrogen concentration in vitreous humor (VUN) in 97 healthy steers after death was 15.7 mg/dl. The mean serum urea nitrogen concentration in the same cattle was 20.0 mg/dl. The mean vitreous creatinine (VC) concentration was 0.7 mg/dl, and the serum creatinine value was 1.5 mg/dl. The VUN and VC were both significantly lower than serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, respectively, but varied in a consistent, predictable manner. In tests with 10 cows, postmortem intervals as long as 36 hours and ambient temperatures up to 30 C had no significant effects on VUN and VC. Evaluation of 8 animals with uremia confirmed that the vitreous humor is a stable fluid compartment after death, usable as an indicator of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine.     

青藏高原不同生长期牦牛15项指标的测定

对同一海拔地区不同生长期牦牛的几项矿物质离子、总蛋白、尿素、尿素氮、总胆红素、直接胆红素含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(GOT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(GPT)活性进行测定.结果表明,血清K与Na含量在年龄组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);1日龄和1月龄血清Ca含量显著高于6月龄和成年组,1月龄血清Fe含量显...     

Evaluation of biochemical analytes in vitreous humor collected after death in West Indian manatees

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biochemical analytes in vitreous humor collected after death in West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 73 West Indian manatees of various ages and both sexes. PROCEDURE: The condition of manatee carcasses submitted for routine postmortem examination was categorized as fresh, moderately autolyzed, or severely autolyzed. The eyes were removed, frozen for shipping, and thawed on arrival at the laboratory. Vitreous humor was extracted, and various biochemical analytes were measured. Values for each analyte were compared with published reference ranges for corresponding biochemical analytes in serum. Values were also compared among the carcass condition groups. RESULTS: Creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations in vitreous humor were significantly higher in severely autolyzed carcasses than in fresh carcasses. Potassium concentrations in vitreous humor were significantly higher in moderately autolyzed carcasses than in fresh carcasses but were highly variable in severely autolyzed carcasses. These data were consistent with those reported in other species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that measurement of biochemical analytes in vitreous humor of manatees is feasible and has potential for assisting in the postmortem diagnosis of certain metabolic, renal, and nutritional diseases; determining severity of autolysis at time of necropsy; and determining the time of occurrence of human-induced trauma.     

Equine vitreous humor chemical concentrations: correlation with serum concentrations, and postmortem changes with time and temperature.

Samples of equine vitreous humor were analyzed for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium concentrations. Fresh vitreous chemical concentrations were compared to corresponding serum concentrations and expressed as a vitreous to serum ratio. The effects of postmortem time and temperature on the stability of the chemical concentrations were determined by incubation of the samples at 4 degrees C, and 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Chemical concentrations were generally more stable at lower temperatures and shorter incubation times.     

Chemical analysis of bovine and porcine vitreous humors: correlation of normal values with serum chemical values and changes with time and temperature

Vitreous humors collected from cattle and swine at time of death were compared with serum samples collected before these animals were slaughtered to determine whether vitreous chemical constituents were stable after death occurred. Vitreous humor from 1 eye and serum were obtained from each of 120 cattle and 120 swine at slaughter. The second eye from each animal was enucleated and incubated at 4 C, 20 C, and 37 C for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, and then vitreous humor was obtained from the incubated eye. Serum and the fresh and incubated vitreous samples were analyzed for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphorus concentrations. In the incubated vitreous sample, stability varied for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations, but the values were generally more stable with samples incubated at lower temperatures and for shorter incubation periods. Potassium and phosphorus concentrations increased with time and temperature of incubation of the samples.     

不同盐分类型胁迫对豌豆幼苗离子吸收、累积及运输的影响

为了探究不同类型盐分(NaCl、混合Na盐和混合Cl盐)胁迫下3个品种(‘银豌1号’、‘S5001-1’和‘737’)的豌豆幼苗对离子吸收与运输的生理机制,采用水培方法对3个品种的豌豆幼苗的盐分离子吸收、分布、累积特性进行了研究。结果表明,1)3个品种的豌豆幼苗在NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,地上部和根系Na⁺ 含量较对照均显著增加,而K⁺、Ca²⁺含量则显著降低;混合Cl盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部和根系Na⁺ 含量较对照均无显著差异,而Cl^-、K⁺、Ca²⁺ 和Mg²⁺含量均显著高于NaCl处理和混合Na盐处理。2)3个品种的豌豆幼苗在正常生长条件下均优先吸收并富集K⁺,其次是Ca²⁺;在NaCl和混合Cl盐处理下优先吸收并富集K⁺,其次是Na⁺ 和Cl^-;混合Na盐处理下则优先吸收并富集Na⁺ 和K⁺,其次是Ca²⁺,但不同处理下离子的分布和累积状况在不同品种的豌豆幼苗间有所不同。3)NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,3个品种的豌豆幼苗的离子选择性吸收系数SA_K,Na、SA_Ca,Na和SA_Mg,Na显著升高,而在混合Cl盐处理下显著降低。同一处理下,3个品种的豌豆幼苗间的离子选择性运输系数也表现不同,NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,‘S5001-1’的ST_K,Na和ST_Ca,Na较对照显著升高,而‘银豌1号’的ST_K,Na和ST_Ca,Na在混合Na盐和混合Cl盐处理下较对照显著降低,3个品种的豌豆幼苗间的ST_K,Na在混合Cl盐处理下无显著差异。以上结果说明,NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的累积量明显下降,同时为了应对盐分胁迫,根系对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及运输能力则显著增强;在混合Cl盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及累积量较其他两种盐分处理明显增加,但根系对于Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及运输能力则显著低于其他两种盐分处理,而且品种间差异显著。本结果对于阐明不同盐分类型胁迫下植物对离子吸收与运输的生理机制提供一定的理论依据。     

The blood composition of different breeds of bulls undergoing beef performance tests

Blood samples taken on three occasions from each of 66 bulls undergoing beef performance tests were analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose, haemoglobin, serum albumin, urea nitrogen, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe and total iron binding capacity. The bulls were individually fed and situated at two centres, one accommodating Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds and the other, Hereford. Significant differences between the Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds were observed in concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, total iron binding capacity (P less than 0.001), Ca (P less than 0.01), Na and Cu (P less than 0.05). There were no significant correlations between the growth rates of individual bulls and their blood composition.     

The evaluation of postmortem ocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid in sows

This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of postmortem ocular fluid analysis in estimating the antemortem status of various serochemical constituents. Chemical values of serum and aqueous and vitreous humors were compared following different procedures. A blood sample and the 2 eyes were collected from each of 100 sows at a nearby abattoir. The results obtained from immediate centrifugation of ocular fluids after sampling were compared with those samples in which centrifugation was delayed by 2 hours. Two different postmortem intervals were used for sampling ocular fluids, 2 and 24 hours. Concentrations of urea, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and chloride were determined from serum and humors. Delayed centrifugation did not affect chemical values of ocular fluids nor the relationships between serum and humors. Phosphorus and potassium values increased significantly with the postmortem interval in both aqueous and vitreous humors. The relationships between chemical values of ocular fluids and serum were determined using simple linear regression. There was a poor correlation between ocular fluid and serum values for all electrolytes; a significant correlation was found only for urea concentrations in both humors.     

双氯芬酸诱导雏鸡痛风的病理学观察

100只13日龄白来航雏鸡随机分为5组,每组20只鸡,第1～4组为试验组,第5组为对照组,通过口腔灌服途径,给试验组鸡不同剂量的双氯芬酸(2.5 mg/kg、3.5 mg/kg、4.5 mg/kg、7.5 mg/kg体重),喂药后24 h、48 h、72 h观察鸡的临床症状、病理组织学变化及临床病理学指标(血清尿酸(UA)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清K+、Na+、Ca2+、Cl和pH值等)检测,以阐明双氯芬酸的毒性作用.结果表明:给予7.5 mg/kg体重剂量的药物对雏鸡产生毒性作用,20只鸡中有4只鸡发生死亡,剖检发现有明显的内脏型痛风的病理变化,显微镜观察,肾小管内有尿酸盐沉积、肾小管坏死等病理变化,在肾、肝和脾脏中可见痛风石形成.在喂药后24 h,鸡血尿酸水平显著升高,BUN浓度也升高.其他试验组没有明显的变化.结论:双氯芬酸通过对肾脏的损伤作用,诱导鸡发生内脏型痛风.     

施氮和刈割对盐角草生长及盐分累积的影响

为了研究施氮与刈割对盐角草盐分累积规律及其生长的影响。本试验在大田种植情况下,研究刈割处理和4个氮水平(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)对盐角草的生长、钾钠钙镁含量及其累积量的影响。结果表明,施氮能够增加盐角草生物量,提高钾钠钙镁的累积量,但施氮对盐角草体内盐分离子含量的影响与离子种类、生育时期及刈割有关。随施氮量递增,盐角草体内4种阳离子浓度变化趋势发生转变,但方向与拐点存在差异。刈割能够增加鲜物质量,减少干物质累积量。刈割能够提高盐角草体内钾离子浓度及其累积量;钠钙变化与施氮量有关;镁的浓度主要与刈割时期相关。随施氮量增加,刈割处理中钠含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,拐点在150～300 kg/hm²;未刈割相反。刈割盐角草体内钙含量随着施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,拐点出现在300 kg/hm²处;未刈割反之,但拐点出现在150 kg/hm²处。花果期的镁浓度随着施氮量增加而降低;收获期镁浓度随着施氮量增加呈逻辑斯谛增长模式。本试验条件下,施氮刈割能够促进盐角草生长及提高盐渍土的生物改良效果。     

不同盐碱化草地对菊芋离子分布的影响

以轻度、中度和重度盐碱化草地上种植的菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)为试验材料,通过测定其不同生育期的离子分布,以期了解和揭示菊芋在不同盐碱胁迫下K⁺,Na⁺变化机制。结果表明:随土壤盐度的增加,菊芋植株Na⁺含量显著增加,K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值显著下降(P<0.05),不同器官K⁺/Na⁺值的变化顺序为:叶片>茎>根系。随土壤盐碱度的增加,根系K⁺,Na⁺的选择性吸收比率AS_K,Na升高;中度盐碱胁迫下菊芋现蕾期茎和叶片的选择性运输比率TS_K,Na升高,而在重度胁迫下则下降。同一盐碱程度胁迫下,叶片TS_K,Na>茎TS_K,Na,地上部K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值大于地下部,而Na⁺含量小于地下部;不同生育期相比,在现蕾期菊芋中Na⁺含量较低,K⁺下降幅度小,K⁺/Na⁺值最高。     

Effects of intravenous infusion of high levels of potassium and sodium on mineral metabolism in sheep

A metabolism trial was conducted with 18 crossbred (Finn x Dorset x Suffolk) wethers, fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and abomasal and ileal cannulas, to determine the effects of high levels of i.v.-infused K and Na on mineral metabolism. The wethers (40 kg) were fed 800 g daily of a 60% concentrate diet in two equal portions at 0800 and 1900. Six wethers were infused randomly with 19 g K+, six with 10.6 g Na+ (chloride salts) and the other six with physiological saline solution (1.2 g Na) per day. Potassium chloride or NaCl infusion had no effects on apparent absorption, retention, flow or partial absorption of Mg, Ca and P in the digestive tract compared with physiological saline infusion. With all treatments, Mg and Ca were absorbed proximal to the abomasal cannula. Magnesium was secreted into, whereas Ca and P were absorbed from, the small intestine. Phosphorus was secreted both in the stomach and large intestinal regions of the digestive tract. Major sites of K and Na absorption were the small and large intestines, respectively. Infusion of K increased (P less than .05) retention of K compared with Na infusion. Infusion of Na increased (P less than .05) excretion and retention of Na compared with K infusion. Serum minerals were not changed by K or Na infusion compared with saline. The results of this experiment indicate that the depressing effects of K on Mg absorption are not attributable to high levels of absorbed K, but rather to K present in the digestive tract prior to the small intestine.     

NaCl胁迫对苜蓿幼苗生长及不同器官中盐离子分布的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下(盐浓度处理为0,0.1%,0.3%,0.5%,0.7%,0.9%)苜蓿不同器官的生长情况(存活率、根长、茎长、叶片数),以及不同器官中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的含量,并分析了K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na值的变化。结果表明,存活率、根长、茎长与盐浓度呈负相关,且当NaCl≤0.1%时,有利于苜蓿的生长。除根茎叶中Na⁺含量、根中Ca²⁺与盐浓度呈正相关,茎叶中的Ca²⁺与盐浓度相关性不明显外,根茎叶中K⁺、Mg²⁺、K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na均随盐浓度增加而显著下降,且盐处理与对照差异显著(P＜0.05)。另外从离子角度讨论了盐对苜蓿的毒害以及耐盐的原因。     

盐胁迫对枸杞属两种植物幼苗离子吸收和分配的影响

以枸杞属2种植物(黑果枸杞和宁夏枸杞)幼苗为试验材料,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液进行胁迫,对其不同器官中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Cl^-6种离子的吸收与分配情况进行研究。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,黑果枸杞和宁夏枸杞各器官中的Na⁺和Cl^-相对含量均显著高于对照,且随着盐浓度的增加,其含量也逐渐增加,尤以叶片中积累最多;K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺在盐处理组各器官中的相对含量比对照降低或无差异。同时,各器官中的K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺及Si⁴⁺/Na⁺均随盐浓度增加而呈逐渐下降的趋势。盐处理组中,黑果枸杞各器官中K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺和Si⁴⁺/Na⁺离子比值均显著高于同浓度胁迫下的宁夏枸杞,且高盐胁迫下黑果枸杞各离子比值相对于对照下降的幅度远小于宁夏枸杞,说明黑果枸杞比宁夏枸杞有较强的耐盐能力。     

狗尿对3种冷季型草坪草的损伤研究

在测定狗尿液主要成分的基础上,对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的幼坪和成熟草坪,喷施含有狗尿液成分中不同物质的溶液,通过测定草坪草的坪观质量和草坪损伤程度,以探究狗尿对草坪产生损伤的主要物质。结果表明:狗尿主要由含氮有机物(尿素等)、有机酸(乳酸、肌酸等)及无机盐(K、P、Na、Ca、Mg等)3类物质组成。其中含乳酸(0.035g/L)和尿素(698.8mmol/L)处理对3种草坪草的幼坪和成熟草坪均能产生损伤,而含肌酸(浓度36.25mmol/L)的处理不会对草坪产生损伤。乳酸对3种草坪草的损伤要显著高于尿素。狗尿中的尿素不是对草坪产生损伤的唯一物质,乳酸也会对草坪产生损伤。     

Postmortem eyefluid analysis in dogs, cats and cattle as an estimate of antemortem serum chemistry profiles.

This study was carried out to determine the diagnostic usefulness of postmortem eyefluid analysis in estimating antemortem concentrations of serochemical constituents. A total of 31 cattle, 18 dogs and 22 cats were selected from routine elective euthanasia submissions to a diagnostic laboratory. For all cases, a biochemical profile, including determinations for electrolytes, glucose, urea, creatinine, enzymes, cholesterol, bilirubin, protein and osmolality was performed on antemortem serum, and postmortem aqueous and vitreous humors at 0 and 24 h incubation periods. The association between serum and postmortem eyefluid chemistry values was examined using simple linear regression. A strong correlation between serum and postmortem eyefluid urea and creatinine concentrations was demonstrated in the three species examined over a 24 h postmortem interval. We concluded that an accurate estimate of antemortem serum urea or creatinine can be made from the analysis of aqueous or vitreous fluid at necropsy. An estimation of antemortem serum electrolytes (including calcium in cattle) cannot be made with a high degree of accuracy due to the amount of variability in the relationship between serum and eyefluid electrolyte values. For large molecules such as proteins, enzymes, cholesterol and bilirubin there was very poor correlation between serum and eyefluid values.     

Electrolyte composition of mink (Mustela vison) erythrocytes and active cation transporters of the cell membrane

Red blood cells from mink (Mustela vison) were characterized with respect to their electrolyte content and their cell membranes with respect to enzymatic activity for cation transport. The intra- and extracellular concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined in erythrocytes and plasma, respectively. Plasma and red cell water content was determined, and molal electrolyte concentrations were calculated. Red cells from male adult mink appeared to be of the low-K+, high-Na+ type as seen in other carnivorous species. The intracellular K+ concentration is slightly higher than the extracellular one and the plasma-to-cell chemical gradient for Na+ is weak, though even the molal concentrations may differ significantly. Consistent with the high intracellular Na+ and low K+ concentrations, a very low or no ouabain-sensitive Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity and no K(+)-activated pNPPase activity were found in the plasma membrane fraction from red cells. The Cl- and Mg2+ concentrations expressed per liter cell water were significantly higher in red cells than in plasma whereas the opposite was the case with Ca2+. The distribution of Cl- thus does not seem compatible with an inside-negative membrane potential in mink erythrocytes. In spite of a steep calcium gradient across the red cell membrane, neither a calmodulin-activated Ca(2+)-ATPase activity nor an ATP-activated Ca(2+)-pNPPase activity were detectable in the plasma membrane fraction. The origin of a supposed primary Ca2+ gradient for sustaining of osmotic balance thus seems uncertain.     

外源2，4-表油菜素内酯对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗光合特性及离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导紫花苜蓿幼苗抗盐性的效果及其可能的生理调节机制,采用营养液水培法,以紫花苜蓿品种‘中苜3号’和‘陇中苜蓿’为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对紫花苜蓿幼苗光合色素含量、气体交换参数及离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明,1)150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗叶片的光合色素含量显著降低,光合能力及地上、地下生物量显著下降,苜蓿幼苗体内无机离子的吸收、运输和分配等代谢过程失调。2)NaCl胁迫下,施用0.1μmol/L外源EBR后,苜蓿幼苗叶片的Chla、Chlb、Chla+b、Chlx·c含量及Chla/Chlb显著提高,Chl/Car显著降低,Pn、Tr、Gs、WUE均显著提高,光合能力增强,促进了地上、地下生物量的积累。苜蓿幼苗不同器官(叶片、茎秆、根系)中的Na~+、Cl~-含量及Cl~-/Na~+显著下降,K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量及K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、Mg~(2+)/Na~+显著升高,体内无机离子的运输比及阳离子的运输选择性比率得到有效调控。3)说明外源EBR能够有效缓解盐胁迫对苜蓿幼苗造成的光抑制,增强有机物的合成和积累,促进对无机离子的选择性吸收和运输,维持体内的离子代谢平衡,提高苜蓿幼苗的耐盐性。