味精菌体蛋白替代豆粕对生长猪生产性能的影响

为研究味精菌体蛋白替代豆粕对生长猪生产性能的影响,选择体重30kg生长猪60头,随机分成对照组和试验1～4组,每组3重复,每重复4头,试验期30d。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1～4组分别饲喂味精菌体蛋白替代基础饲粮中20%、40%、60%和80%豆粕的饲粮。结果表明:平均日采食量整体随替代比例的增加而逐渐降低(P>0.05);平均日增重随替代比例的增加而逐渐降低,对照组和试验1组都显著高与试验3组和试验4组(P<0.05);饲料转化率随替代比例的增加而逐渐降低(P>0.05);增重耗料成本随替代比例的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势(P>0.05),试验1组和试验2组最低。建议替代比例在20%以内为宜。     

Performance of growing lambs fed processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil seed cake as partial protein supplement to soybean meal

The aim of this study was to determine whether processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil seed cake can be used as a supplement to partially replace soybean meal (SBM). Male lambs (n = 24) of uniform body weight (12.88 ± 0.15 kg) were equally allotted at random to a SBM‐based control (CON) and three test concentrate mixtures, containing detoxified solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) using three processing methods: water washing (WW), 2.5% lime (LM) and 0.4% binder (BN) treatment. The processed SKC replaced 50% nitrogen of SBM of CON. The respective concentrate mixtures were fed along with ad libitum chaffed oat (Avena sativa) straw for 196 days. Dry matter intake was significantly (p < 0.01) lower on WW, LM and BN. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients was comparable, except for total carbohydrates, which was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in LM and BN. Total gain, average daily gain and feed: gain ratio was comparable (p > 0.05) between the CON and WW diets but significantly lower in LM and BN groups. Yield of greasy wool was lower (p < 0.05) in BN group. Comparable dry matter and nutrient (crude protein and total digestible nutrients) conversion efficiency was observed on CON and WW diet but the lambs on the LM and BN diets exhibited lower (p < 0.01) conversion efficiency. It is concluded that SKC after water washing could replace 50% of SBM nitrogen in protein supplementation.     

高蛋白玉米蛋白粉替代豆粕对蛋鸡饲喂效果研究

将384只蛋鸡随机分为对照组和试验A、B、C组4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复32只鸡。预试期1周,正试期从蛋鸡第50周龄进行到第57周龄,全期合计9周。研究高蛋白含量的玉米蛋白粉以不同的比例替代豆粕对产蛋鸡各项生产性能的影响。研究结果表明:蛋白含量达69.49%的玉米蛋白粉替代20%、40%豆粕时,可提高产蛋率,增加蛋重,降低采食量、饲料成本和破软蛋率,增强抗病力,还能使鸡皮肤呈黄色,蛋黄呈金黄色。当替代量达到60%时,会降低鸡的生产性能。     

Effects of different heat treatments during processing on nutrient digestibility of soybean meal in growing swine

Four soybean meals (SBM) were prepared in a commercial solvent-extraction plant to give a much wider range in heat treatment than is usually found among commercially available SBM. The meals were designated in ascending order of heat treatment as Under, Normal, Over and Rumen Escape. The Normal meal was processed using standard operating conditions. The Under meal received less heat treatment by reducing the steam pressure and retention time in the desolventizer-toaster. Over and Rumen Escape meals received further heat treatment in an additional four-compartment toaster. The Over meal received less heat treatment than the Rumen Escape meal by reducing steam pressure and retention time in both toasters. Crude protein content was similar for the four meals, but lysine tended to decrease with increasing heat treatment. In general, urease activity, trypsin inhibitor, protein dispersibility index and nitrogen solubility index decreased with increasing heat treatment. The +a Hunterlab color values increased as heat treatment increased. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and amino acids were similar for all meals (P greater than .05); however lysine digestibility for the Rumen Escape meal was 3.3 percentage units lower than the average of the lesser-heated meals. Energy digestibilities and nitrogen balance data were also similar (P greater than .05) for the four meals, but the apparent biological value of the Rumen Escape meal was 4.5 percentage units lower than the average of the other meals. There were no differences in nutritional value among the Under, Normal and Over meals, which represent the range in heat treatment usually found among SBM. The Rumen Escape meal, which received more severe heat treatment, tended to have lower nutritional value than the lesser-heated meals.     

干番茄渣代替豆粕对肉牛瘤胃发酵和氮代谢的影响

干番茄渣可用于反刍动物的替代营养饲料。据有限的文献资料显示,用干番茄渣代替豆粕会降低瘤胃发酵和微生物合成能力。在本试验中,用装瘤胃瘘管的肉牛来验证用干番茄渣代替豆粕是否会对采食、瘤胃发酵和氮代谢造成影响。用拉丁方设计饲喂试验,受试牛分别饲喂混入3.2%、8.0%和11.2%干番茄渣的全混日粮。结果发现,用干番茄渣代替饲料中豆粕不影响采食量,但是改变了瘤胃发酵指标,即增加干番茄渣摄入量导致瘤胃pH值升高和氨浓度增加,并且呈摄入量依赖性增加,但是挥发性脂肪酸浓度和瘤胃微生物数量并未改变;饲料中添加高水平干番茄渣使血液中尿素浓度呈线性、剂量依赖性增加。很明显,胃肠道对中性和耐酸纤维的总消化率并未受番茄渣的影响。饲喂番茄渣增加了粪氮的排泄,从而降低了尿氮的排泄量。用干番茄渣代替豆粕影响肉牛瘤胃发酵和氮的代谢,但是实际上对反刍动物生产性能的影响还不能确定。     

Cottonseed meal (gossypol) toxicosis in a swine herd

Cottonseed meal (CSM) that contained a high concentration of free gossypol was inadvertently used as a protein supplement, without appropriate iron supplementation, for a swine herd in Illinois. Fifty percent of 300 grower and finishing swine died, and an additional 20% became ill during a 4- to 6-week period. Clinical signs included respiratory distress and abdominal distention. At necropsy, the hearts were diffusely pale, flaccid, and rounded because of dilatation of all 4 chambers, the livers were large and congested, and hydropericardium, hydrothorax, and ascites were evident. Histologic changes consisted of diffuse myocardial fiber atropy with perinuclear vacuolation, and multifocal myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis. Changes in the liver included marked centrilobular congestion, loss of hepatocytes, and fatty degeneration. Differential diagnoses included monensin, selenium, and gossypol toxicoses, and vitamin E/selenium deficiency. Analyzed feed samples did not contain monensin. Feed selenium concentrations ranged from 428 to 1,513 micrograms/kg, and iron concentrations from 160 to 180 mg/kg. Cottonseed meal (3 to 10%) was detected by feed microscopy. A sample of the 40% protein supplement contained 19% CSM and 1,300 mg of free gossypol/kg, whereas feed samples contained 200 to 400 mg of free gossypol/kg. The history, clinical signs, pathologic findings, and feed analyses were compatible with a diagnosis of gossypol toxicosis. Cottonseed meal, a high-protein supplement used widely in southern United States, may contain gossypol (a polyphenolic binaphthalene pigment), which in its free form is especially toxic to simple-stomached animals. If CSM is used, supplementation with ferrous sulfate is recommended at a 1:1 weight ratio with free gossypol, up to 400 mg of FeSO4/kg.     

Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth performance.Methods: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% SE-RSM.Results: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al diets.Conclusions: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.     

Fish meal as a protein supplement in finishing lamb diets

An in situ protein degradation trial and two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the use of fish meal (FM) as a protein supplement in feeder lamb diets. Finn cross and Hampshire lambs were given ad libitum access to corn diets, minerals, and water. In Growth Trial 1, four isonitrogenous (12.6% CP on a DM basis) and isocaloric (77% TDN) diets were supplemented with the following: a) 100% soybean meal (SBM); b) 70% SBM + 30% FM; c) 40% SBM + 60% FM; and d) 100% FM on a DM basis. Diets were fed to 144 lambs for 56 d in a randomized complete block (initial BW) design. In Growth Trial 2, four diets were fed to 80 lambs for 42 d in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Main effects in Growth Trial 2 were dietary CP level (13.3 or 14.9%) and source (SBM or SBM + FM). Alfalfa hay was used as the roughage part of each diet. In situ CP degradation (determined in cattle) of SBM, FM, and corn fed in both growth trials were 77.8, 52.3, and 56.8%, respectively. In neither growth trial was ADG affected (P greater than .05) by dietary CP source. Lambs gained faster (P less than .05) when the CP level was increased from 13.3 to 14.9% in Growth Trial 2. In both trials, protein efficiency ratio (grams of gain/grams of protein intake) and energy efficiency ratio (grams of gain/kilograms of TDN intake) were not different (P greater than .05) among diets. Because of the low ruminal degradation of corn protein, the relative value of SBM and FM in full-fed, high-corn diets was comparable.     

Nitrogen balance in lactating sows fed on diets containing soybean oil meal or horsebean (Vicia faba) as a protein concentrate

An experiment was carried out on multiparous sows to study the possibility of total substitution of soybean oil meal by whole horsebean in the lactation diet. Two groups of five sows were kept in metabolism crates during a 5-week long lactation, and their total excreta were collected for 5 days each week. The animals received a diet mainly composed of barley, in which the protein concentrate was soybean oil meal (“soybean” group), or whole horsebean (“horsebean” group) supplemented with d-l methionine (Table I). The two diets were isonitrogenous (14% protein). Milk production and gros composition were estimated at different stages of lactation. The amino acid content of the milk and the plasma level of free amino acids were determined around day 21 of lactation.The performance of the two groups of sows were similar (Table II): the litters were equalized at farrowing, the number of piglets weaned (8.8) and their mean weight at different stages of lactation were identical. Milk production, composition (Table III) and amino acid content (Table IV), and the output of milk constituents were similar. There was some tendancy for the apparent protein digestibility of the “soybean” diet to be higher (81.5% vs 79.6%), partly due to the greater digestibility of dry matter (82.3% vs 81.8%) caused by the lower crude fibre content of this meal. The nitrogen retention coefficient and nitrogen production in the milk were the same in the two groups of sows (Table V). The amino acid availability, estimated with the plasma level of free amino acids, did not show important differences between the diets. The similarity of the results allows the conclusion that whole horsebean supplemented with d-l methionine can be used as the sole protein concentrate in the diets of lactating sows. Moreover, the null nitrogen balances obtained during lactation with a daily intake of 700 g protein may lead to a possible lowering of the protein recommendations, while insisting on the energy supply during the same period.     

Fish meal as a protein supplement in ruminant diets: a review

Fish meal (FM) as a protein supplement in ruminant diets is presented to illustrate production responses to FM supplementation and to explain the possible factors that may affect the magnitude of these responses. Positive responses are consistently detected when FM is fed to nonruminants, but the responses when fed to ruminants have lacked consistency. Research indicates that ruminal protein degradation of FM is affected by processing factors including type and freshness of fish, addition of preservatives, stabilization of fat, type of dryer used, temperature and duration of heating, and the amount of fish solubles added back to the meal. Performance data published in the last two decades have been categorized into body weight gain and milk yield and composition. Fish meal was more effective in improving body weight gain in young than in finishing ruminants and in males than in females or castrated males. Daily gains and feed efficiencies were higher when FM supplemented medium- or poor-quality silages than when it was added to high-quality silages. No significant advantage was found for replacing protein sources that were highly ruminally degradable with FM in high-corn diets fed to growing ruminants. Milk yield and milk protein concentration were improved by FM supplementation of low-concentrate diets fed to cows in early lactation. However, milk fat percentage was negatively affected by FM supplementation. Reproduction data indicated that body gain and conception rates of high-producing cows were improved by supplementing their diets with FM during early lactation. Results suggest a significant advantage of FM supplementation to ruminant diets if the physiological status of the animal and the quality of the dietary ingredients are taken into account.     

Nutritive value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal: utilization by growing pigs of semipurified diets in which rubber seed meal partially replaced soybean meal

Thirty-six four-way cross (Chester White X Landrace X Large White X Yorkshire) growing barrows and gilts were used to investigate the effects of replacing graded levels of protein from soybean meal with equivalent levels of protein from rubber seed meal in 16% CP semipurified diets on the performance characteristics, hematocrit, plasma metabolites and N utilization of pigs. The first diet (control) was largely cornstarch-soybean meal in which the soybean meal supplied all of the CP. In other diets, rubber seed meal replaced 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively, of the protein of soybean meal in the control diet. Twenty gilts were used in a 28-d growth trial and 16 barrows were used in an 8-d digestion trial (4-d collection). There were no differences (P greater than .05) in ADG, ADF intake and in the feed:gain ratios, even though there was a trend for lower ADG and gain:feed ratio as the level of rubber seed meal increased in the diet. There were no differences in hematocrit, but plasma protein and albumin tended to be depressed when rubber seed meal provided more than 10% of the dietary protein. Apparent digestibilities of GE, DM and N were lower with rubber seed meal at 20% of the protein than with any other diet, but apparent N retained and the percent of digested N retained were not depressed significantly (P greater than .05). Although rubber seed meal protein is of poorer quality than soybean meal protein for growing pigs, at least 10% of dietary protein can be provided by rubber seed meal without adversely affecting growth and N utilization.     

Nitrogen metabolism in growing swine with special reference to the efficacy of lysine from various lysine sources

The results of measurings of N-metabolism in relation to the utilisation of the limiting amino acids are discussed on the basis of N-balance experiments with 20 growing female pigs (live weight 35-40 kg) with lysine-limited, highly digestible synthetic feed mixtures. Based on an N-utilisation model (Gebhardt, 1963), conclusions are drawn concerning the effectivity of lysine from various lysine sources. In accordance with literature, differences between synthetic lysine and microbial lysine concentrate could not be observed.     

豆粕质量与尿酶活性和蛋白质溶解度(1)

引言大豆蛋白质是家禽日粮中最重要的、也是质量最好的植物蛋白质饲料,除蛋氨酸略缺乏外,其他各种氨基酸都接近理想平衡。豆粕质量受能量、蛋白质、纤维素和氨基酸等营养素含量的影响,例如普通豆粕与去皮豆粕间在某些指标上存在较大的差别(表1)。去皮豆粕由于纤维素含量低而有较高的能量水平,但是蛋白质水平高的豆粕却不一定是低纤维、高能量的。一般而言,在去皮豆粕中纤维素含量正常达3.5%以上时,每增加1%纤维素,每千克猪饲料的代谢能下降32￣42Kcal,而每千克禽饲料则下降将近60Kcal。另一方面,受加工工艺影响,豆粕的氨基酸含量和氨基酸消…     

Nutritional value of a new source of fermented soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200) are greater than in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV). In experiment 1, 9 barrows (initial body weight: 9.17 ± 1.03 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained cornstarch and SBM-CV or Fermex 200 as the sole source of crude protein (CP), and AA were formulated. Results indicated that there were no difference between SBM-CV and Fermex 200 for SID of CP and AA. In experiment 2, 24 growing pigs (initial body weight: 14.19 ± 1.18 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to a corn-based diet or 2 diets that contained corn and SBM-CV or corn and Fermex 200. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-d adaptation and 4-d collection periods. Results indicated that the concentration of DE and ME in Fermex 200 were not different from DE and ME in SBM-CV. In experiment 3, 40 barrows (initial body weight: 11.01 ± 1.38 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 10 replicate pigs per diet. Four diets were formulated to contain Fermex 200 or SBM-CV and either 0 or 1,000 units/kg of microbial phytase. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates. Fecal samples were collected as explained for experiment 2. Results indicated that the STTD of P in Fermex 200 was greater (P < 0.01) than in SBM-CV, but the addition of microbial phytase to the diets increased the ATTD and STTD of P in SBM-CV, but not in Fermex 200 (interaction; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the SID of AA and concentrations of DE and ME in Fermex 200 were not different from values determined for SBM-CV, but the STTD of P was greater in Fermex 200 than in SBM-CV if microbial phytase was not added to the diet.     

Substitution of DL-methionine for soybean meal as a winter supplement for gestating cows grazing native range

A winter grazing study was conducted to determine whether DL-methionine could replace soybean meal as a N supplement for gestating beef cows. During two winters (Trial 1, n = 51; Trial 2, n = 60), crossbred beef cows grazed native foothill range. Three treatment groups were supplemented with either none (CON), DL-methionine (7.5 g Trial 1 and 9 g Trial 2) in .5 kg beet pulp carrier (BPM) or .4 kg soybean meal (SBM). Cows were supplemented individually every other day. Small differences were noted in cow BW, condition score and blood metabolites. Unsupplemented cows lost the greatest amount of BW (P less than .01) in both trials and lost more (P less than .05) condition during Trial 1 than cows fed BPM or SBM supplements. Blood samples were obtained on two consecutive days during each trial (45 d and 25 d prepartum) and analyzed for blood urea N, total bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein and cholesterol. A treatment x day preparatum interaction (P less than .05) was noted for blood urea. Blood urea nitrogen declined as gestation length increased for CON and SBM cows, but blood urea of BPM-supplemented cows remained low and unchanged. In situ forage digestion was measured in 12 ruminally cannulated cows (four/treatment). In both trials, in situ rate of NDF disappearance was greater (P less than .05) for SBM than for BPM. In Trial 2, a treatment x sampling hour interaction was detected for purine concentration of whole ruminal contents; SBM maintained greater purine concentrations throughout the 48-h supplementation cycle than BPM did. Principal component analysis suggested that ruminal ammonia limited the microbial growth response to DL-methionine. Therefore, alternate-day supplementation of DL-methionine plus beet pulp did not effectively substitute for soybean meal in these trials.     

The energy metabolism of growing swine in the body weight range of 10-50 kg. 2. Nitrogen and energy metabolism

Investigations were carried out about nitrogen and energy metabolism feeding rations with 17-24 and 44-47% crude protein content on maintenance and growing level to castrated male hybrid pigs of line 150. In growing periods the N deposition amounted to 10 g/animal.d (15 kg live weight), 18 g/animal.d (30 kg LW) and 21 g/animal.d (greater than 40 kg LW) on lower protein feeding level. In experiments with higher protein feeding level the corresponding results were 17, 22 and 22 g N deposition/animal.d. The partial utilization of metabolizable energy for deposition amounted to 70% for the rations with 17-24% protein content and to 59% for the rations with 44-47% protein content, without correlation to the animals development and the alternation in the protein feeding level. The results of regression analysis about maintenance requirement were 814, 775 and 806 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0.62.d in trials feeding rations with 17-24% crude protein content as well as 764, 846 and 818 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0,62.d in trials feeding rations with 44-47% crude protein content. 1,5-1,8 MJ metabolizable energy were used per MJ protein energy deposition and 1,3-1,4 MJ per MJ fat energy deposition respectively. The energy deposition per kg live weight gain amounted to values between 9 (10 kg LW) and 18 MJ (60 kg LW).     

豆粕质量与尿酶活性和蛋白质溶解度(2)

4 豆粕加热不当（不足或过度）对氨基酸利用率的影响 加热不足或过度都会使豆粕的氨基酸利用率下降。Anderson—Haferman等（1992）报道生大豆在121℃、15lb大气压的条件下加工,4种主要氨基酸的消化率提高（表10）。     

大豆分离蛋白和去皮豆粕对幼建鲤体蛋白沉积的影响

论文通过两个试验研究了大豆分离蛋白 (SPI)和去皮豆粕 (DSBM)两种蛋白源对 10～ 35g幼建鲤体蛋白沉积率的影响。大豆分离蛋白和去皮豆粕两种大豆蛋白分别替代鱼粉蛋白后 ,均可以引起幼健鲤蛋白质沉积效率下降。在总蛋白水平为 33%的条件下 ,分离大豆蛋白和去皮豆粕在10～ 35g幼健鲤饵料中代替白鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例分别为 4 0 %和 2 5 %。     

用不同粪便收集方法评估大西洋鲑对鱼粉、豆粕和细菌粉的表观消化吸收率

许多有关鱼类消化率的研究都采用间接法,用于测定消化率的粪便也可以由不同间接法获得。而研究鲑鱼最普遍的方法有从外流水中收集,以及用机械装置从肛门抽吸粪便等。