有效氯对青年鸡生产性能的影响和致病作用

在饮水中添加０．１７８％，０．３５６％和４．４５％的有效氟，对青年鸡进行了为期２１天的中毒试验。结果表明，鸡每天每千克休重摄入有效氯０．０９７６５克，０．１３６３５克和０．０５９８１克，与对照组相比较，鸡群的摄食，饮水均有不同程度的减少，生长速度分别降低３２．４％，９５．６％和１２４％，饲料报酬分别降低１６．７６％，６８７．３％和呈负比率并有不同程度的临床表现和死亡，表明鸡摄入大量有效氯在体内可蓄     

消毒威对鸡生长及血清尿酸浓度的影响

在饮水中添加０．５％、１％、２％、饱和度（约２５％）等４种不同浓度的消毒威，对鸡进行了为期２１天的试验，结果表明鸡每天每公斤体重摄入消毒威０．３１９ｇ、０．５４４ｇ、０．７７ｇ，与对照组相比较，饲料转化率分别低１．５９％、３６．５％、７５９．７％；生长速度分别低４．３５％、５０％、１２７１．４％；血清尿酸含量分别高２．２４％、２９．８％、３９．９％。饮水中消毒威达到饱和度，鸡摄入药量为０．３２ｇ／ｋｇ／日，引起负增长，血清尿酸含量较对照组高３４．１３％。同时，除试验１组（０．３１９ｇ／ｋｇ／日）没有明显的临床病变和死亡外，其余都表现出不同程度的中毒症状并有死亡。这说明消毒威（其有效氯）在体内可蓄积并对机体产生慢性中毒。     

两种效果显著的鸡群消毒方法

近10年蛋鸡饲养实践的体会：鸡群饮水消毒和鸡舍地面消毒效果显著，方便易行，节省用药费用。这两种消毒方法在养鸡和其他畜禽养殖中值得广泛推广，具体方法和注意事项如下。1饮水消毒1．1饮水消毒的优点饮水消毒可以消毒饮水系统的器具，可以杀死饮水中的各种病原微生物，特别是大肠杆菌。鸡饮到含消毒剂的水，在嗉囊中和饲料混合，又可对饲料消毒。试验证明，鸡产蛋期坚持饮水消毒，全期死淘率可降低8％－10％，每只鸡可节省治疗费0．80元左右，而且大大降低因患病而影响的产蛋数量。实践中，饮水消毒又被很多养鸡场户所忽略。1．2消毒剂…     

三黄肉鸡对氯化钠的耐受性试验

选择平均体重1．5kg的三黄鸡100只，按每组20只随机选取分成5组，给相应的组别分别选择1％、1．5％、2％和3％4种不同浓度的氯化钠盐水以连续或不连续的方式饮用48h，观察其反应。通过试验看到1％、1．5％两种浓度的3个试验组鸡出现不同程度的腹泻，但未出现严重中毒症状。2％、3％浓度的2个试验组的鸡全部出现腹泻症状，而且有20％和25％的鸡只出现严重中毒症状。3％浓度组有1只鸡发生死亡，占该组试验鸡的5％。通过试验发现在一定时间内引起鸡只严重中毒与鸡只从饮水中摄取的氯化钠质量多少无明显正相关关系，而与氯化钠盐水浓度有正相关关系，即氯化钠浓度越大，引起中毒程度就越严重。     

雏鸡复方敌菌净中毒及解毒试验

本试验选用90只海兰蛋鸡研究复方敌菌净中毒及解毒。试验鸡随机分成A、B、C三组，每组30只，分别饲喂含0．1％CoDVD全价日粮、0．1％C oDVD的全价日粮和饮用0．5％NaHCO3水以及不含药品的全价日粮，结果表A、B组鸡分别在第4、8天出现中毒现象，C组鸡正常，0．5％NaHCO3水对CoDVD仅有一定的解毒作用。     

雏鸡食盐中毒的诊断报告

在鸡饲料中一般添加0．35％-0．37％的食盐,保证鸡群正常生长的需要。但食盐摄入过多则会引起中毒（雏鸡对盐水的最大耐受浓度为0.4％）,表现为饮水增加、水肿、肌无力、站立困难、痉挛甚至死亡.笔者在临床上诊断了一起鸡食盐中毒病例．现报告如下,以期引起广大养殖户的重视。     

鸡群消毒3种方法效果好

1饮水消毒水质好坏直接关系着鸡体健康,很多疾病可通过饮水传播,甚至直接来源于水中。饮水消毒不仅可以消毒饮水系统的器具,杀灭饮水中的各种病原微生物,而且鸡饮到含消毒剂的水后,又能和饲料混合,可对饲料起到消毒作用。氯制消毒剂对鸡体不产生副作用,残留时间短,不影响生长,除具有消毒作用外,兼有除臭作用,如在鸡群暴发或流行鸡白痢、大肠杆菌病、沙门氏杆菌病等时,将抗毒威(按0.01%)、消毒灵(100kg水中加原粉10g)等氯制消毒药物加入饮水中,可起到显著的防治效果。2带鸡消毒带鸡喷雾消毒首先能全面有效地杀灭隐藏于舍内的病原微生物,又能…     

壳聚糖微生物饲料添加剂对湘黄鸡生长性能及抗病效果的影响

本研究以壳聚糖微生物饲料添加剂（金壳素制剂）为试验因子，以饮水中添加0％、0．5％、1．0％和1．5％该制剂为因子水平，以无免疫接种、无保健或临床用药为前提条件，选择300羽湘黄鸡进行了为期44d的饲养试验，以研究金壳素制剂对湘黄鸡生产性能及抗病效果的影响。结果表明：试验组中日增重、采食量和成活率、全净膛率等性能指标比对照分别提高了9．32％、2．43％和7．01％、4．91％，但试验组平均料肉比为2．05，比对照组的2．07提高率不足1％。表明该制剂可提高肉鸡食欲、增强抗病力和促进生长，但同时发现该制剂对于试鸡的饲料转化率与生长速度的作用不尽一致，其原因有待进于一步探讨。     

中药"促长散"对肉鸡生长及血清激素的影响

选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡300只，分为10组，分别以0．5％、1．0％、2．0％的剂量添加中药复方“促长散”方Ⅰ、方Ⅱ和方Ⅲ，进行肉鸡饲养对比试验，于第1、14、28、42、55d测量各组鸡体重和消耗饲料量；于第28、56d测量血清激素水平。结果表明：中草药添加剂各组方都不同程度地提高了肉鸡生长速度，降低了料肉比，血清生长激素水平低于对照组，三碘甲腺原氨酸和四碘甲腺原氨酸水平高于对照组；促生长效果最好的为方12．0％添加组。     

中药"促长散"对肉鸡生长及血清激素的影响

选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡300只，分为10组，分别以0．5％、1．0％、2．0％的剂量添加中药复方“促长散”方Ⅰ、方Ⅱ和方Ⅲ．进行肉鸡饲养对比试验。于第1．14．28．42．56天测量各组鸡体重和消耗饲料量；于第28．56天测量血清激素水平。结果表明：中草药添加剂各组方都不同程度地提高了肉鸡生长速度，降低了料肉比．血清生长激素水平低于对照组．三碘甲腺原氨酸和四碘甲腺原氨酸水平高于对照组；促生长效果最好的为方Ⅰ2．0%添加组。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein