Effect of land surface uniformity on some economic parameters of irrigation in sodic soils under reclamation

Summary The effect of levelling uniformity measured in terms of mean deviation from the desired plane and designated as levelling index (L.1.), on some irrigation quality parameters, such as water application and distribution efficiencies, and economic factors, including the cost of levelling and crop yield, has been investigated in sodic soils irrigated by graded borders. Increases in L. I. which reflects decreases in levelling quality, resulted in higher system water application depth, the values being 4.2 cm and 9.5 cm at L.1. values of 0–1.5 cm and 6.0–7.5 cm, respectively. Higher application depths were associated with low water application efficiencies and the relationship was logarithmic in nature. Higher application depths in poorly levelled plots not only resulted in reduced irrigation frequencies, but also caused water inundation over the field surface because of the low infiltration rates in sodic soils. With wheat grain yield of 3,128 kg/ha at L. I.=0-1.5 cm as compared to only 2,246 kg/ha at L.1.=6–7.5 cm, the effect of levelling quality on crop yield appears to be significant. The reduction in crop yield may be attributed to low irrigation frequencies which were associated with higher system water application depth that caused waterlogging. The results show that crop yields were likely to decrease for a depth of infiltration of 40 cm or more, which is indicative of surface water inundation for longer duration. The economic analysis of income from crop production and levelling cost at different L.I. values showed that improving the levelling quality to a fairly high uniformity level was profitable in sodic soils of the Indo-Gangetic plain.     

Impact of sustained deficit irrigation on spearmint (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha spicata</Emphasis> L.) biomass production,oil yield,and oil quality

Crop response to deficit irrigation is an important consideration for establishing irrigation management strategies when water supplies are limited. This study evaluated the response of native spearmint to water deficits applied using overhead sprinklers in eastern Washington, US. Five levels of irrigation were applied ranging from full irrigation (100%) to 5% of weekly averaged full crop water needs. Soil water monitoring with soil water balance was used to estimate soil water deficits for irrigation scheduling and soil water use. Mint oil yields, oil components, dry matter production, and the water-use efficiency of the spearmint were assessed. There was significant reduction in fresh mint hay (harvested biomass) yield with increasing water deficit. However, spearmint oil yields remained generally uniform across irrigation treatments at the first cutting but decreased at the driest plots during the second harvest due to a loss of plant stand. The wet harvest index and water-use efficiency improved significantly for both harvests with increasing water deficit. Hay yield, oil yield, wet harvest index, and water-use efficiency are pooled across sides and replicate blocks to provide trends with changes in maximum evapotranspiration. The three major monoterpenes show changes suggesting less mature oil yields. The study demonstrates the feasibility of sustaining native spearmint yields under managed deficit irrigations for deficits not lower than 0.5 ETc.     

灌水处理对冬小麦生理生长特性等的影响研究

通过对冬小麦不同生育期进行有限灌溉的大田试验,研究不同水分处理对冬小麦的土壤水分变化、株高、叶面积指数、光合特性、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:①灌水量越大,含水量变化的土层深度越大;并且土层深度越大,含水量的变化越小。②开花期灌水对缺水处理叶面积指数和株高的补偿效应明显。③各处理的光合特性日变化趋势一致,蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化趋势均是双峰曲线,光合速率日变化趋势均是单峰曲线,均有"午休"现象。④开花水有利于籽粒的形成,只灌开花水也可获得较高产量。但产量与总灌水量之间呈抛物线关系。⑤单叶和产量水平的水分利用效率均随灌水量的不同而不同。总灌水量越大,叶片水分利用效率越大,灌溉水利用效率越低,水分利用效率越低。⑥综合考虑,全生育期只灌1次75 mm开花水的处理最合理。     

极端干旱区滴灌葡萄适时控制灌溉试验研究

以常规滴灌为对照,研究了适时滴灌条件下监测点土壤含水率、葡萄生长过程及产量的特征。结果表明,粘壤土条件下,与40cm和60cm监测点土壤含水率相比,20cm深度监测点土壤含水率具有代表性好、灵敏性高、达到设计土壤含水率下限的时间间隔比较合理的优点,可作为该地区葡萄适时控制灌溉的理想深度;适时滴灌条件下,葡萄的叶面积指数、地上净生物量、叶片生理指标和产量均略低于常规滴灌,但水分利用效率高于常规滴灌。     

不同灌溉控制指标对冬小麦生长及耗水特性的影响

【目的】探究冬小麦适宜的计划湿润层深度和土壤含水率控制下限的组合模式,为冬小麦田间用水管理及自动灌溉控制决策提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,采用大田试验,设置3个土壤含水率控制下限(L:40%,M:50%,H:60%)和3个计划湿润层深度(60、80、100 cm),共9个处理(T60L、T60M、T60H、T80L、T80M、T80H、T100L、T100M、T100H),研究了不同计划湿润层深度与土壤含水率控制下限对华北地区冬小麦生长发育和水分利用的影响。【结果】计划湿润层深度及土壤含水率控制下限的不同改变了处理间灌水定额及灌水次数,计划湿润层深度过高或土壤含水率控制下限过低均不利于冬小麦植株的生长发育。随着计划湿润层深度(60~100 cm)和土壤含水率控制下限(40%~60%)的增大,冬小麦花前及花后的干物质累积量呈先增大后减小的趋势。产量随土壤含水率控制下限增高呈增加趋势,当计划湿润层深度为80 cm时,产量相对最高,同时耗水量也越多,而计划湿润层深度为60 cm时耗水量最少。计划湿润层深度越低,土壤含水率控制下限越高,冬小麦水分利用效率则越高。T60H处理的水分利用效率最大,为19.96 kg/(hm²·mm),比最小值T100L大21.0%。【结论】本试验条件下,计划湿润层深度为60 cm,土壤含水率控制下限设置为土壤有效含水率的60%时,冬小麦节水高产效果相对最优。     

工业番茄适宜土壤含水率下限研究

为研究新疆不同土壤含水率下限对工业番茄生长、耗水量产量及水分生产率的影响,以工业番茄为研究对象,进行测坑试验,开展了膜下滴灌模式下的工业番茄试验。试验表明:工业番茄的灌水次数和总灌水量随着土壤含水率下限的增大而变大。在计划湿润层设置为固定的40 cm深时,灌水定额随土壤含水率下限的降低而增加。工业番茄的株高、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量在生育期内呈先增后减的变化趋势,工业番茄生理指标适宜的土壤含水率下限为65%,对应的耗水量为405.0 mm,灌水次数为7次,灌水定额为57.8 mm。     

Response of wheat to saline irrigation and drainage

The response of wheat (Triticum aestiuum L.) to varying depths of irrigation, quantity of water applied and to the drainage conditions was studied in 2 m × 2 m × 2 m size lysimeters filled in with a sandy loam soil. Saline water with an electrical conductivity of 8.6 dS m⁻¹ was used for irrigation. The treatments included four irrigations of 5 cm depth, four irrigations of 7 cm, and three irrigations of 9 cm, scheduled on the basis of cumulative pan evaporation, while the drainage conditions were represented by the drained and undrained lysimeters. Another treatment, using good quality water for irrigation, represented the potential yield of the crop. The growth parameters, as well as the yield, showed an improvement with larger irrigation depth increments in the drained lysimeters. But, in contrast, in the undrained lysimeters, the yield was reduced with larger irrigation depth increments, mainly due to a sharp rise in water table depth during the irrigation cycles. The rise and fall in water table showed a high sensitivity and were also highly disproportionate to the irrigation and evapotranspiration events. The yield tended to be higher with a smaller depth of water applied more frequently in the undrained lysimeters. But, in view of the limitations of conventional surface irrigation to apply water in smaller depth increments, an improved drainage is imperative for cropping in shallow saline water table conditions.     

Soil matric potential-based irrigation scheduling to rice (Oryza sativa)

About half of the total fresh water used for irrigation in Asia is used for rice production. Decreasing water resources and increasing water costs necessitates increasing water use efficiency for rice. The most common method of irrigation in northwestern India is through alternate wetting and drying with a fixed irrigation interval, irrespective of soil type and climatic demand resulting in over-irrigation or under-irrigation under different soil and weather situations. Soil matric potential may be an ideal criterion for irrigation, since variable atmospheric evaporativity, soil texture, cultural practices and water management affect rice irrigation water requirements. A 4-year field study was conducted to assess the feasibility of rice irrigation scheduling on the basis of soil matric potential and to determine the optimum matric potential so as to optimize irrigation water without any adverse effect on the yield. The treatments included scheduling irrigation to rice with tensiometers installed at 15–20 cm soil depth at five levels of soil matric suction viz. 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240±20 cm, in addition to the recommended practice of alternate wetting and drying with an interval of 2 days after complete infiltration of ponded water. The grain yield of rice remained unaffected up to soil moisture suction of 160±20 cm each year. Increasing soil matric suction to 200 and 240±20 cm decreased rice grain yield non-significantly by 0–7% and 2–15%, respectively, over different years compared to the recommended practice of the 2-day interval for scheduling irrigation. Irrigation at 160±20 cm soil matric suction helped save 30–35% irrigation water compared to that used with the 2-day interval irrigation. With a soil matric potential irrigation criterion the total amount of irrigation water used was a function of the number of rainy days and evaporation during the rice season.     

不同灌水量和矿化度对小麦生长影响的试验研究

通过在西北旱区石羊河流域开展的田间小麦咸水灌溉试验,研究了咸水灌溉对小麦生长指标及产量的影响。试验设置2个因素,灌水量3个水平W1、W2、W3(355、280、205mm),灌水矿化度4个水平S1、S2、S3、S4(0.7、3.0、5.0、7.0g/L)。试验结果表明:在相同灌水量条件下,随灌水矿化度的增加,株高降低2.7%~16.0%,叶面积指数降低9.65%~28.28%、产量降低1.81%~27.02%、干物质减少15.66%~34.42%;在相同灌水矿化度条件下,随灌水量的减少,株高降低1.37%~11.67%、叶面积指数降低14.07%~20.45%、减产7.31%~27.33%、干物质减少10.26%~49.04%。在充分灌溉(355mm)处理下,与0.7g/L相比3.0g/L处理对小麦各生理指标影响差异较小,株高相差小于1cm、叶面积指数减少7.6%、减产1.81%、干物质减少7.1%。因此,灌水量355mm和矿化度3.0g/L可应用于该地区小麦灌溉。     

Water-use efficiency of dwarf-green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) orchards in northeast Brazil

Field experiments were conducted in a tropical region to determine the water-use efficiency (WUE), yield (Y) and evapotranspiration (ET) of a 6-year-old dwarf-green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) orchard. Three water levels were applied in plots with nine palms. The irrigation treatments denoted as T:50, T:100 and T:150 received 50, 100 and 150 L/plant/day, respectively. The actual evapotranspiration was obtained by the soil water balance (SWB) method. Yield and water-use efficiency were assessed in terms of bunches per plant, fruits per plant and water volume per fruit. The application of the SWB resulted in mean daily ET values of 2.5; 2.9 and 3.2 mm/day for irrigation treatment of T:50, T:100 and T:150, respectively, while the cumulative ET varied from 900 to 1100 mm as irrigation treatment increased from T:50 to T:150. Results also showed that ET values were higher in the beginning and end of the year and lower in the middle of the experimental period. The application of a high irrigation water volume does not necessarily resulted in high coconut fruits yield. Evapotranspiration, fruits yield and water-use efficiency were strongly affected by irrigation water volume in coconut palms. WUE values decreased with increasing irrigation water level for all productivity parameters.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和小麦产量的影响

在石羊河流域中游开展田间灌溉试验,试验设置3种灌水量,灌溉定额分别为355,280,205 mm(W1,W2和W3);4种灌水矿化度0.7,3.0,5.0和7.0 g/L(S1,S2,S3和S4),共12个处理,每个处理3组重复.研究结果表明:淡水灌溉条件下,土壤积盐率不超过15%,当灌水矿化度在3.0 g/L以上时,土壤剖面盐分积累峰值在20~40 cm层,灌溉水带入的盐分有40%~80%积累在60 cm深度.当灌水矿化度为3.0 g/L时,盐分胁迫造成春小麦减产在10%以下;灌水矿化度为5.0 g/L和7.0 g/L时,春小麦减产严重,最高可达28%.相同灌水矿化度条件下,与充分灌溉(W1)相比,W2和W3分别减产10%和15%左右.拔节期-灌浆期是春小麦需水关键期,灌水要及时,3种灌水量均可以保证春小麦根区含水量维持在田间持水量的60%~80%.因此,3.0 g/L的微咸水灌溉不会造成春小麦大幅减产,合理调控灌水时间,灌水量为205~355mm可以保证春小麦土壤含水量维持在适宜的水平.     

毛乌素沙地地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿生长指标的影响

通过研究毛乌素沙地地埋滴灌不同参数对紫花苜蓿生长指标的影响,确定最优的滴灌带埋深和灌水定额,进行了不同滴灌带埋深、不同的灌水定额对紫花苜蓿株高和产量的影响试验,得出滴灌带埋深20cm时相同灌水定额的紫花苜蓿的株高高于埋深10和30cm;灌水定额30mm滴灌带相同埋深处株高高于灌水定额15和22.5mm时的株高。滴灌带的埋深对紫花苜蓿的产量影响不大,埋深20cm处最高比10cm最低仅高产5.8%;灌水定额对产量影响较大,22.5比15mm增产30.4%,30比22.5mm增产18.4%。由此建议毛乌素沙地地埋滴灌滴灌带埋深应为20cm,灌水定额为22.5mm,在节水的同时达到增产的效果,有助于该地区水资源可持续利用。     

Evaluation of water-use in traditional irrigation: An application to the Lemos Valley irrigation district,northwest of Spain

The approval of the National Irrigation Plan (NIP) in Spain in 2001 accelerated the improvement and modernisation of the irrigated areas. The first step towards the implementation of performance of the actions envisaged in the plan is to analyse water-use in traditional irrigation. Moreover, the social impacts of irrigation on rural areas must be evaluated, and the common irrigation practices must be determined. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the Lemos Valley irrigation district (NW of Spain). Irrigation evaluations were conducted in nine trial sites, representing the existing soil types. A sample of irrigation users were interviewed to gather information about water-use, land tenure and irrigation socioeconomics. This irrigation district is characterised by low water-use efficiency, significant losses in the distribution network, fragmented land ownership and a poor use of the available infrastructure. Yet, water availability and an important distribution network render the modernisation of this traditional irrigated land a challenging task that must be faced.     

Yield,water use and root distribution of wheat as affected by pre-sowing and post-sowing irrigation

Irrigation water is a limited resource, and therefore irrigation practices must be rationalized for high water-use efficiency. Little is known about the influence of stored water in deep soils on the water needs and the post-sowing irrigation requirements of crops. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of light and heavy pre-sowing irrigations with two post-sowing irrigation regimes on yield, root growth, water use and water-use efficiency of wheat on a deep alluvial sandy loam soil. Post-sowing treatments consisted of (i) five 75-mm irrigations at five growth stages, and (ii) irrigations based on pan evaporation, i.e. at IW/PAN-E ratio of 0.75 (75 mm of irrigation water were provided as soon as the open-pan evaporation minus rainfall since previous irrigation was 100 mm).The latter regime required 175 mm less water than that with irrigation at growth stages. Profile water utilization was inversely related to post-sowing irrigation water. Where pre-sowing irrigation was light, post-sowing irrigations based on pan evaporation yielded significantly less than those based on growth stages. With heavy pre-sowing irrigation, irrigation based on the pan evaporation yielded as much as five irrigations at growth stages. The former decreased the mean water application by 153 mm and increased the water-use efficiency by 26%. Irrigation based on pan evaporation stimulated greater utilization of stored water by increasing the rooting density in deeper layers.It is indicated that for higher water-use efficiency and yield, wheat should be sown after a heavy pre-sowing irrigation, and post-sowing irrigation should be based on 0.75 pan evaporation.     

微喷补灌对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

[目的]提高夏玉米用水效率.[方法]2018—2019年设置4个微喷补灌处理,分别以0～10(W10)、0～20(W20)、0～30(W30)和0～40(W40)cm为目标湿润土层,补灌的目标土壤含水率为相应土层的田间持水率,补灌时期均为夏玉米播种时、拔节期开始时和抽雄期开始时;以传统畦灌模式(CK)为对照,研究了不同...     

Water use and water-use efficiency of wheat and barley in relation to seeding dates,levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

Response of timely and late seeded wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to three levels of irrigation and four rates of nitrogen was investigated under pre-seeding irrigation. Water extraction pattern and water use of these crops varied markedly. Barley outyielded wheat by 27 and 9%, but used 9 and 21 mm less water, when one and two irrigations were given at critical stages, respectively. These results indicate the possibilities of considerable saving of water (100 mm) for barley without any decrease in grain yield and increased water-use efficiency (WUE) of wheat and barley by irrigating at critical stages as compared to irrigation at 75% depletion of available soil water (ASW). In general WUE decreased with increase in irrigation frequency and delay in seeding.Nitrogen fertilization with marginal additional water use (4–9%) increased yield linearly (45–98%) and thus increased WUE of wheat and barley. This additional water was extracted from below 60 cm depth at tensions ? 1.5 MPa and particularly in maximum growth and reproductive stages. These results suggest that barley should be preferred to wheat under medium to severe water stress and late seeding conditions.     

Irrigation of lucerne with saline groundwater on a slowly permeable,duplex soil

Summary Lucerne was irrigated for three years on a slowly permeable, duplex soil, with saline water up to 2.4 dS m^–1 without significant yield decline. Irrigation water of 4.5 dS m^–1 significantly reduced yield. Lucerne yield was most closely related to the soil ECe of the 0–15 cm depth, rather than the total rootzone, and was described by; Relative yield=100–6.5 (ECe-2.1). While lucerne roots reached depths of at least 150 cm, approximately 80% of total root length was located in the 0–60 cm depth.Increasing salinity increased the plant concentrations of sodium and chloride, however, these changes were not closely related to changes in yield.Soil salinity increased with increasing salinity of the applied water. However, during the irrigation season water penetration and the accumulation of salt within the profile was predominantly restricted to the 0–60 cm depth. No portion of the applied irrigation water was available as a leaching fraction. Any leaching of salts to the watertable, particularly below 120 cm, was due to winter rainfall rather than the application of summer irrigation water.Ripping the soil to a depth of 75 cm increased water infiltration and resulted in increased crop yields, but did not significantly affect the crop relative yield-soil ECe relationship.From the results it is proposed that on the slowly permeable duplex soils, when watertable depth is controlled, management strategies for lucerne irrigated with saline water should be based on controlling the salinity of the shallow soil depths, to 60 cm.     

微润灌溉技术下大棚小葱生长动态试验研究

将微润灌溉技术应用于大棚种植试验中,设置了5种不同的处理来探究微润灌溉条件下微润管埋深与压力水头对小葱株高、产量以及土壤水分分布的影响。其中,常规浇灌作为对照,当做一组处理。结果表明:在小葱生长期内,各处理日均用水量和株高都随生育期的进行先增大后减小;微润管埋深对土壤水分分布影响较大,而压力水头对水分分布影响较小;微润管的埋深和压力水头对小葱生长、产量有较大的影响,且埋深比水头对小葱生长状况的影响更为明显;微润管埋深为4 cm的处理在长势与产量方面优于埋深为7 cm的;微润灌溉条件下,小葱的长势与产量较优于常规浇灌;微润灌溉较常规浇灌略微节水。     

不同深度滴灌对苹果幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

地下滴灌是节水灌溉的一种重要模式。以一年生‘红盖露’苹果幼苗为试材,设表层滴灌、中层滴灌(7cm)、深层滴灌(14cm)3种灌水处理,在灌水量一致的情况下,研究了不同深度滴灌对其生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:处理周期内,深层滴灌与表面滴灌相比苹果幼苗的光合特性和根系活力降低,而根冠比和水分利用效率升高;中层滴灌与表面滴灌相比苹果幼苗的光合特性升高,根系活力未发生显著变化而水分利用效率降低。总之,三种滴灌深度中层滴灌植株生理状态良好灌水利用效率高,是比较理想的埋管深度。     

Water-use efficiency of sorghum and groundnut under traditional and current irrigation in the Gezira scheme, Sudan

In the Gezira irrigation scheme in central Sudan, serious symptoms of water waste have been identified in the last two decades, especially in sorghum and groundnut fields. To quantify losses, water-use efficiencies and related parameters were obtained for these two food crops under the traditional attended daytime water application and the newly evolved unattended continuous watering method. In this on-farm research, the neutron scattering method was used to determine the actual soil water deficits of the two crops. A simple Penman equation was used for approximating reference crop evapotranspiration and evaporation losses from standing water and wet soil surface. An updated approach using the Penman-Monteith equation was additionally applied. The study revealed wastage of irrigation water in both irrigation methods but at different rates and also differently for each crop. In the attended field, the average seasonal over-irrigation, which is the difference between average application depth Q and average soil moisture deficit SWD, was observed to range between 0.4 and 1.5 of SWD (0.3 and 0.6 of Q) and the corresponding values in the unattended field were 0.6 and 3.2 of SWD (0.4 and 0.8 of Q). Higher values are shown by the groundnut subplots, which crop also suffers from excess water, and by the drier year as well as in the unattended fields. A first approximation is given, still including readily available water at harvest, of minimum water requirements in attended watering for maximum yields. In the drier year, when more irrigation water was applied, an amount equal to 30-50% of these minimum water requirements was lost in evaporation from standing water/wet surface, which is the main unproductive water. More frequent land levelling aiming at minimum standing water in better attended irrigation and farm management (e.g. weeding) are priority measures proposed. The quantitative on-farm water waste determinations represent the innovative content of this paper. Knowing precisely how large the problem is and being able to quantify its components will contribute much to the arguments of those who wish to take the proposed measures.