Effect of performation and filter material on entrance resistance and effective diameter of plastic drain pipes

The flow towards drain pipes with and without filters was investigated by means of numerical solutions. Conformal mapping of the actual flow plane onto a plane with parallel flow allowed the development of a method to find the distribution of the potential around the drain pipes. Solutions for two-dimensional flow were obtained. Although in actual cases three-dimensional flow will occur, the solutions obtained may be used to find the relative influence of performation pattern, filter thickness and filter conductivity on the effectiveness of the drain. Examples of the influence of these factors on the entrance resistance and effective diameter of some drains are given. Conditions in which the filter is partly blocked by soil material were also treated.     

喷口形状对喷水推进器性能的影响

为探究不同喷口形状的喷水推进器推进性能,以一台轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,应用计算流体力学的方法针对3种不同形状(平面形、凸面形和凹面形)喷口的喷水推进器进行定常数值模拟,对比分析额定转速与高转速时其不同形状喷口内部流动特征和喷水推进器推力性能,从而寻找最优推力性能的喷口形状.计算结果表明：叶轮转速在不断变化时,平面形喷口的推力性能始终大于另外2种形状喷口的喷水推进器性能;在高于额定转速时,空化发生会影响叶轮做功能力,从而降低喷水推进器推力性能;在额定转速时,平面形和凹面形喷口推力性能较好,但平面形喷口最高轴向速度分布较多;高转速时,平面形喷口受空化影响最小,能够持续提供稳定的动力.研究结果揭示了不同喷口形状对不同转速下喷水推进器的适用性以及喷水推进效能,可为喷水推进器性能优化及设计提供一定的理论依据.     

叶片进口边穿孔对离心泵空化性能的影响

为了研究叶片进口边位置附近穿孔对离心泵非定常空化性能的影响规律,以某离心泵为研究对象,在叶片进口边同一位置设计了10种孔径大小不同的圆孔,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,分别对这10种叶轮的离心泵进行清水介质下的全流道三维非定常数值模拟,并同试验结果进行对比.研究发现,对于低比转数离心泵而言,在进口边气泡最先产生的位置进行叶片穿孔(该位置距叶片头部距离约占整个叶片长度的1/30),当穿孔直径为8 mm时,不仅扬程、效率得到提高,而且可显著地提高离心泵的空化性能;穿孔叶片将每个叶轮流道内整体的空化区截断成了2个空化区,随着孔径的增大,叶轮内低压区分布范围先减小后增大,当孔径为8 mm时,低压区的分布范围最小;叶片穿孔后叶轮内压力脉动幅值明显大于原型叶片且穿孔对流场的影响作用随着与穿孔位置距离的增大而逐渐减弱,在蜗壳内穿孔对流场的影响作用完全消失.     

叶片形状对倒伞曝气机性能的影响

为了探究直叶片和倾斜叶片对倒伞曝气机性能的影响,获得不同叶片形状倒伞曝气机驱动下氧化沟的流场特性,以1个符合几何相似、运动相似和动力相似理论的缩比双倒伞曝气机驱动下的氧化沟模型为研究对象,采用VOF自由液面模型与标准k-ε湍流模型相结合的方法,对不同叶片形状的倒伞曝气机驱动下的氧化沟内部流动进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,2类倒伞曝气机消耗的功率相近,叶片形状的不同影响着倒伞曝气机的充氧能力和推流能力:直叶片倒伞曝气机驱动下,氧化沟过轴截面的气相体积分数较倾斜叶片大0.66%;直叶片倒伞曝气机对表层水域的推动能力较强,而倾斜叶片倒伞曝气机则对底层流体有较强的推动能力,沟底死水区相较于直叶片倒伞曝气机减小0.70%,且倒伞曝气机附近的流体能以较快的速度流向壁面;在双倒伞曝气机驱动下,氧化沟内的流动呈对称分布,下游倒伞曝气机能够明显提升和加速来流速度.     

旋喷泵复合叶轮型式及性能对比

设计了两种型式的旋喷泵常用的复合叶轮,并应用CFD软件对叶轮内部流动进行了数值模拟,得到叶轮流道内压力和相对速度分布.设计时安装合适的短叶片可以减小流道的扩散程度,起到很好的分流、导流效果;通过两个模型泵的预测性能曲线对比分析表明,采用＂S＂形复合叶片,可满足旋喷泵性能的要求.但在2个＂S＂形叶片之间布置2个短叶片时,叶轮流道出现明显的旋涡,且其中一个短叶片附近有回流产生,使得水力损失增大,泵效率较低.而布置1个短叶片时泵的性能更好.     

灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动及水力特性

为了深入研究灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动与水力特性之间的联系,采用数值计算、性能试验与PIV流场测试方法,获得了灯泡贯流泵装置在大流量、小流量和最优工况下的流动和水力特性.采用RNG紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法,基于多旋转坐标系模型,计算了灯泡贯流泵内部定常流动.分析了泵装置内部流动,指出小流量工况下泵叶轮的进口有较大范围的旋涡区,出水灯泡体内流态较为紊乱;而在最优工况及大流量工况下,泵装置内未见明显回流区.研究表明,灯泡贯流泵进水流道水力损失符合传统管道内局部水力损失规律,而出水流道的水力损失表现为与泵装置运行工况相关的规律,最优工况点附近损失最小,小流量和大流量工况点水力损失均较大.计算结果与二维PIV流动测试结果均表明在小流量下进口近泵壳侧有明显的回流区,而在叶轮出口靠近轮毂处有大面积的脱流.因此,灯泡贯流泵装置优化水力设计应当重视小流量工况下叶轮和导叶处的流动特性.     

Effect of moisture level on the root pattern of Alfalfa

Summary There have been a few investigations on the effect of moisture on root development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but none have attempted to describe the relationships in a quantitative manner. Therefore, alfalfa root patterns along with yield and evapotranspiration (ET) were examined under different moisture levels, using a line-source sprinkler system. Water application ranged from 28 to 153 cm, the latter representing the potential evapotranspiration. Alfalfa root mass and yield were highest under high moisture levels, and the shoot/root ratio increased with increasing moisture level. The relationships between ET and root mass and between ET and shoot/root ratio were curvilinear. The largest percentage of root mass under all moisture treatments was found in the top 45 cm of the soil profile where the largest differences in total root mass between treatments were observed. The percentages of roots at each soil depth averaged over three ranges of moisture levels were curvilinear functions of soil depth. Although alfalfa roots were found to a depth of at least 150 cm for all moisture levels, there was a greater rooting depth with a higher moisture level. Roots were detected to a depth of 210 cm for the high moisture treatment, although root biomass was small below 170 cm where a sand layer was encountered which may have impeded root penetration. The root diameter was found to be independent of moisture level, which means that there was a greater root surface area with higher moisture levels. Root length density distribution was similar to root mass distribution.Journal article 911, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA     

叶片进口边对微型高速离心泵性能的影响

为研究叶片进口边形状对微型高速离心式冷却水泵性能的影响,在保证叶片进口断面面积相等的基础上,设计了3种不同叶片进口形式,即外凹型、半凸型、基础型.采用SST k-ω湍流模型对泵的水力特性以及压力脉动进行数值计算,将结果与试验值进行对比分析.结果表明:仿真结果较为准确地预测了泵的水力性能,具有可行性;3种方案在远离扩压管的叶轮流道内均存在旋涡;与基础型相比,外凹型方案的扬程和效率有明显提高,并且高效区范围最宽;外凹型方案叶片进口边和出口附近的湍动能分布较好、叶轮出口圆周速度最高;3种方案蜗壳内压力脉动幅值出现在叶频及其倍频处,距隔舌位置越远,脉动幅值越低.采用外凹型方案叶片能减小脉动幅值,利于泵稳定运行.研究结果为微型高速离心泵优化设计提供一定的参考.     

事故停泵水锤对压力管道的影响

介绍了大战场泵站的基本情况，对该泵站由于事故停泵水锤造成压力管道破坏的现场进行了调查．基于水锤理论并运用水锤特征线法，建立了事故停泵水锤计算的数学模型，模拟了事故停泵水力过渡过程中的水泵参数及压力变化过程，绘制了该泵站事故停泵的最大、最小水头包络线．通过计算结果及对泵站压力管道破坏情况的分析，得出此次管道破裂是由于事故停泵产生过高水锤压力，沿管线多处出现负压，管道存在质量问题等原因造成．提出的解决方法是更换破坏的管道，同时在管道凸起（3^#镇墩）K0＋075处及（6^#镇墩）K0＋201处设进排气补气阀，防止事故停泵时管道产生过大的负压．     

蜗壳断面形状及叶轮位置对蜗壳式轴流泵性能的影响

根据速度系数法设计了1种对称的“马蹄形”断面蜗壳和2种非对称的 “圆形”断面蜗壳与相同的轴流泵叶轮组合,并基于标准k-ε模型封闭的雷诺平均方程,应用 ANSYS CFX 14.5 软件,对设计的3个蜗壳式轴流泵内部的三维流动开展数值模拟.当采用“马蹄形”蜗壳时,设计流量点的扬程和效率最低,蜗壳内部压力分布不如非对称的圆形断面蜗壳均匀.选择水力效率相对较高的蜗壳,将4种轴向位置不同的叶轮与该蜗壳组合,并进行三维流动数值模拟,结果表明:叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离40 mm时,轴流泵效率最高,叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离80 mm时,轴流泵效率最低.此时,过流段和蜗壳内有明显回流和旋涡.轴流式叶轮与蜗壳的相对位置对蜗壳轴流泵的扬程-流量曲线和效率-流量曲线都有明显的影响.     

离心泵叶轮出口盖板形状对水力性能的影响

利用CFD数值模拟和试验两种方法,以Y80—100低比转速离心泵为研究对象,分析了离心泵叶轮出口盖板形状与水力性能的关系,对传统的圆弧形盖板和新型的直边型盖板进行了研究.从理论上分析了直边型盖板对离心泵性能曲线的影响.利用有限体积法对雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程进行离散,选用RNGk-ε湍流模型,压力和速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,对两种水力模型在7种不同工况下分别进行数值计算,由数值计算结果重点分析了小流量工况下两种模型内部流场的动压、静压分布情况,并绘制性能曲线,预测曲线与试验曲线基本一致.研究表明：新型的直边型盖板具有消除性能曲线驼峰,提高泵的流量、扬程的特点.研究成果有较好的实际工程应用价值.     

叶片缝隙引流对高速诱导轮性能的影响

为了研究叶片缝隙引流对高速诱导轮性能的影响,以1台带前置诱导轮的高速离心泵为研究对象,就诱导轮叶片设置5种不同缝隙下高速离心泵内部流场进行数值模拟,研究诱导轮叶片缝隙引流对其自身及高速离心泵性能的影响.对比分析了开缝后诱导轮截面内速度分布、诱导轮外特性曲线、高速离心泵空化特性曲线、诱导轮流道内空泡分布以及诱导轮沿轴向位置各截面静压分布规律.结果表明,叶片表面设置缝隙可减弱诱导轮叶顶间隙泄漏流对管道壁面的冲击,削弱叶片进口边吸力面附近的旋涡,改善该区域的流态;缝隙可改变诱导轮流道内压力的分布,从而影响诱导轮流道内的空泡的分布,且合理设计缝隙的大小可使高速离心泵的空化性能得到改善.     

生态种养模式对稻田水足迹的影响

以江苏省淮安市涟水县传统稻田、稻虾生态种养田为研究对象,提出了稻田生态种养水足迹核算方法,测算分析了不同种养模式在不同阶段的供、用、排水量,耗水规律和水足迹.研究结果表明:研究区不同种养模式下水稻的灌溉定额、生产水足迹及其组成足迹均存在差异;稻虾生态种养灌溉定额为24 922.95 m³/ha,是传统水稻灌溉定额的5.75倍;水稻生产水足迹为19.9 m³/kg,高于传统水稻生产水足迹11.9 m³/kg;传统水稻的绿水生产水足迹相比最高,而稻虾生态种养的灰水生产足迹最高,且高于绿水和蓝水生产水足迹;从水足迹角度,研究区稻虾生态种养模式的用水效率不高,应针对不同用水环节采取适宜的节水减排策略.     

陶坛在沙地渗灌中的渗水特征研究

陶坛渗灌是一种古老的节水灌溉技术,本项研究说明这项技术的特征包括如下内容;（１）陶坛的储水量为１０ｋｇ。（２）空气介质中,陶坛的渗水量随时间的变化呈现直线下降,陶坛的渗水速率室外比室内约大１／２。不论是室内还是室外,白天的渗水量大于晚上,约大１／４。（３）风沙土介质中,陶坛的渗水量随时间的变化呈现二次曲线下降;陶坛湿润的范围,横剖面大约在坛壁周围以陶坛直径所决定的环形区域的,纵剖面范围与陶坛的形状     

The effect of a tile drain on the soil moisture content of peat

Several neutron access sites were installed in a line at right angles to, and on either side of, a tile drain across a slope within a grassland improvement area. The effect of the drain on the moisture content of peat was determined and found to be negligible at distances greater than 1 m from the drain.     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

An analysis of the effect of the vertical fissuring in mole-drained soils on drain performances

Numerical solutions of the seepage equation of groundwater flow were used in an analysis of the effect on drain performance of the herring-bone pattern of vertical fissuring, with fractures fanning out from the central slit, in mole-drained soils. Drain performances were assessed from values of the dimensionless parameter $\text{W}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}\text{=}\text{2E}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}\text{qD}{}^2$, where E_m is the ‘seepage potential’ at the position of maximum water-table height when the steady rainfall is q and the drain spacing is 2D. W_m decreased with increase in the length of the fractures and, to a lesser extent, with decrease in the spacing of them, showing that the fracturing enables a mole-drainage system to cope with higher rainfall rates and to produce more rapid water-table drawdowns.     

Effect of deficit irrigation on early-maturing peach tree performance

The effects of different deficit-irrigation strategies on plant-water status and yield were studied for 5 years in early-maturing peach trees (cv. Flordastar) growing under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The deficit-irrigation (DI) treatments were continuous, regulated (RDI), partial root-zone drying and a soil water content-based treatment. Peach fruit yield was more affected by post-harvest irrigation than by pre-harvest irrigation. Deficit irrigation for this cultivar produced significant water savings but caused a yield penalty, with the RDI treatment showing the clearest manifestation of this. Deficit irrigation in general affected the number of fruits per tree more than fruit size. Average stem water potential threshold values for summer (July–August–September) should be maintained above ?0.9 MPa if yields are not to decrease by more than 10 %. The marginal water use efficiency value of 0.07 for the irrigation range studied indicates that the maximum benefit, derived from a linear production function, will always occur at the limit of the water constraint prior to maximum yield values. Decision-makers should apply the minimal amount of irrigation water that allows maximum yields. Since DI treatments decrease yield due to smaller tree sizes, it is advisable that thinning practices be adapted when deficit irrigation is imposed.     

轴向间隙对纸浆泵性能的影响规律

为研究轴向间隙对纸浆泵水力性能的影响,应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,采用标准k-ε占湍流模型及SIMPLEC算法,分别以清水和悬浮液为介质,对半开式离心纸浆泵在3种轴向间隙下,0.7Q0～1.3 Q0流量范围内进行三维湍流数值计算,得到浆泵的性能曲线.计算结果表明:介质为清水时,随着间隙的增大,泵扬程和效率下降;...