Comparative effects of chemical amendments on salt and NA leaching

Summary Efficiency of sodic soil reclamation is thought to vary with types of chemicals used. This study examined the effects of five inorganic (H₂SO₄, CaCl₂ · 2H₂O, CaSO₄ · 2H₂O, FeSO₄, Al₂(SO₄)₃) and two organic compounds (polyacrylamide, and trihydroxy glutaric acid) on the rate and the extent of salt and Na leaching in moderately Na-affected saline soils: Saneli silty clay loam (Vertic Torrifluvents, ESP=17.5%) and Glendale silty clay (Typic Torrifluvents, ESP=13.5%). Air-dry soil samples (<2mm) were packed in columns, and chemicals, except H₂SO₄, were incorporated into the surface 5 cm of the soils, and in selected cases, to 30 cm. H₂SO₄ was surface-applied. Application rates of the inorganic chemicals were 3.57 and 10.7 mmol(+) kg^-1 (2.5 and 7.5 Mg ha^-1 in gypsum equivalent weight) in the silty clay loam, and 8 and 24 mmol(+) kg^-1 in the silty clay, and the organic compounds were applied at rates of less than 620 kg ha^-1. The soils were then leached with simulated Rio Grande water (EC = 1.1 dS m^-1, SAR = 3.5) under continuous ponding. The tested inorganic compounds removed approximately equivalent amounts of exchangeable Na after approximately 35 cm of water application. However, the rate of water percolation (consequently the rate of salt leaching) from CaCl₂ treated columns, became progressively slow after about 20 cm of water intake. The combined effect of rapid electrolyte leaching and insufficient replacement of Na in the surface layer seemed to be responsible for the flow reduction. Gypsum and H₂SO₄ treatments provided lower ratios of sodicity to salinity in percolating solutions and relatively uniform hydraulic gradients throughout the soil depth. Incorporation of chemicals to the surface 30 cm did not alter performance, except in CaCl₂ treatments where water intake rates became even slower. The tested organic amendments improved initial water infiltration, but neither increased subsequent percolation rates nor improved salt and Na leaching. The fastest reclamation may be attained when chemicals are chosen and applied to yield an electrolyte concentration that is high enough to overcome Na effects at any depth of soil profiles throughout the leaching period.Contribution from Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Texas A & M University System. This project was supported in part by the Binational Agricultural Research and Development (BARD) Fund and the Expanded Research Area Fund of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.     

滴灌条件下山区典型土壤水分运移规律分析

在广西山区选择沙土、壤土和黏土等3种典型土壤,并开展滴灌在这3种土壤条件下的土壤水分运移规律研究。试验结果表明:1在地埋黏土、壤土和沙土以及0.10 MPa工作压力条件下,滴灌管的单米流量为4.17、5.92和6.10 L/h,为地表自由出流的67.58%、95.05%和98.87%;2滴灌在黏土的水分运移形状基本为圆形,在沙土和壤土的湿润形状为上小下大的椭圆形;3同等条件下,水分在沙土的水平和垂直向下运移速率最大,壤土次之,黏土最小;4在土箱相同位置,黏土的土壤含水率最大,壤土次之,沙土最小;5根据滴灌的土壤水分运移规律,提出滴灌管在广西山区沙土、壤土和黏土的适宜埋深分别为10、15和20 cm;6滴灌应用在山区条播作物时,在黏土、壤土、沙土的适宜滴孔间距应为35、30和25 cm。     

容重对土壤水氮垂直运移特性影响

为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm³的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好.     

Long-term salinity development in a lysimeter experiment

Over a period of 6 years, various crops were grown in tanks, filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with water of three different levels of salinity. A combination of soil water sampling, salt balance and salt model was used to study the change in the composition of the soil water and the development of soil salinity. After 3 years an equilibrium was attained in the exchange between soil water and adsorption complex. Precipitation of a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonate occurred during the whole experimental period. During the last two cropping periods the average chloride concentration of the soil profile obtained from soil water sampling was about twice as low as that obtained from the salt balance, due to preferential flow through macropores attaining the porous cups. Model calculation indicated a bypass fraction of a about 0.15. The steady-state leaching model of USSL could be used to estimate the long-term chloride concentration of the soil profile.     

分形在土壤空间变异性评价中的应用研究

针对土壤空间变异性问题,研究了分维数和土壤空间变异性的关系。应用Green-Ampt入渗模型模拟出十种土壤的下渗湿峰深度值,它们的大小依次是:壤质砂土、沙壤土、沙质黏壤土、壤土、粉砂壤土、砂质壤土、黏质壤土、粉砂黏壤土、黏土、粉砂黏土,然后计算出十种土壤随机组合构成的100种土壤剖面的湿峰形状分维数,用这些分维数来描述土壤空间变异性。同时用反距离加权法和相邻两参数平方均值法算出土壤区域属性值,并与分维数进行比较,再通过对土壤空间变异性(用土壤饱和水力传导度来表示)的统计分析和分维数关系的分析,得出湿峰的分形维数与KS具有较明显的分带关系,而且这种关系在实际流域中会更明显。总的来说,土壤空间变异性越大,分形维数df越大。因此可以看出,用分形来评价土壤空间变异性是可行的,并取得了不错的效果。     

Monitoring water and NO3-N in irrigated maize fields in the Sorraia Watershed, Portugal

The Sorraia Watershed has a long history of continuous irrigated maize. Imprecise water and fertiliser management has contributed to increase nitrate in the groundwater. Solving this problem requires the identification of problem sources and the definition of alternate management practices. This can be performed by an interactive use of selective experimentation and modelling. This paper presents the experimentation phase, where the field experiments were conducted under the irrigation and fertilisation management commonly found in the watershed. Two different soil representatives of the watershed were selected, presenting different water and solute transport properties. One is a silty loam alluvial soil, with a shallow water table, and the other is a sandy soil with a very low water retention capacity. The various terms of the water (consumption, drainage, soil storage) and nitrogen balance (plant uptake, mineralisation and leaching) were obtained from intensive monitoring in the soil profile up to 80 cm, corresponding to the crop root zone. The results showed that in the alluvial soil, up to 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was produced by mineralisation. Current fertiliser management fail in that it does not consider the soil capability to supply mineral nitrogen from the organic nitrogen stored in the profile at planting. This leads to a considerable amount of NO₃-N stored in the soil at harvesting, which is leached during the winter rainy season. In the sandy soil, the poor irrigation management (45% losses by deep percolation), leads to NO₃-N leaching during the crop season and to inefficient nitrogen use by the crop.     

毛细节水灌溉条件下蔗区土壤水分运移规律研究

毛细节水灌溉作为一种类似滴灌的新型灌溉技术逐渐得到关注。在室内模拟了毛细管水分在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土中的运移情况。通过室内试验和HYDRUS-3D建模分析表明:土壤类型对土壤各方向入渗有明显的影响,水分运移速度和土壤各方向湿润范围顺序为:沙土壤土黏土;3种土壤含水率等值线变化规律基本一致,同样湿润位置土壤含水率顺序为:黏土壤土沙土。根据毛细管的水分在沙土、壤土和黏土运移规律,提出毛细管在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土的合理埋深应为40、30和20cm。     

3种土壤灌溉后通气小白菜的水分及养分利用特性

选取3种河南省典型土壤(郑州黏土、洛阳粉壤土和驻马店砂壤土),以小白菜为供试作物,采用地下滴灌供水,设置常规灌溉为对照组(CK)、灌溉后通气(MV)为试验组开展盆栽试验,研究灌溉后通气对小白菜水分和养分利用的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,处理MV显著地提高了3种土壤小白菜根系活力、根干质量和净光合速率.处理MV显著提高了小白菜蒸腾速率,其中,黏土、粉壤土的分别提高了20.61%和15.98%.黏土在处理MV时,小白菜产量和水分利用效率分别提高了38.08%和52.70%;小白菜氮、磷、钾吸收效率分别增大了61.65%,66.54%,104.83%.粉壤土在处理MV时,小白菜磷、钾吸收效率分别增大了50.60%,73.65%.砂壤土在处理MV时,小白菜磷、钾吸收效率分别增大了40.84%,26.19%.以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).综上,黏土灌溉后通气处理对小白菜水分、养分利用及产量的提高效果最为显著.     

Hydraulic conductivity and clay dispersion as affected by application sequence of saline and simulated rain water

Summary Saturated hydraulic conductivity HC, and degree of clay dispersion DD, were determined for a sandy loam and a clay loam soil with waters of different combinations of sodium adsorption ratios SAR (5, 15, 30 and 45 mmol^1/2l^–1/2) and total electrolyte concentration TEC (15, 30, 60 and 90 me l^–1) followed by distilled water to simulate rainwater. Increase in SAR and decrease in TEC of leaching water increased DD and decreased HC of soils. The HC values were more highly correlated with SAR than TEC. The critical ratio of TEC/SAR of water below which the relative HC is less than the hreshold value (i.e. 0.75) was 3.82 and 2.01 for clay loam and sandy loam, respectively taking the HC of initial soil with good quality water (SAR = 0.5, EC = 0.3dS m^–1) as the reference. Drastic reductions in conductivity were observed even at SAR = 5 (60–83%) when saline water was displaced by rainwater, sensitivity being greater for the sandy loam than for the clay loam; recovery was negligible when the saline water was again applied. Data of EC and clay content of the effluent on application of distilled water suggested that clay dispersion, its movement and lodgement into conducting pores, may be the major cause of HC reduction in sandy loam, whereas in clay loam, surface sealing is the major cause. With distilled water application HC values were governed by SAR rather than TEC of initial water used. The study thus suggests that existing water quality criterion may underestimate the real soil permeability hazards from saline-sodic waters during rainfall infiltration in monsoon season.     

不同淋洗条件下黄河三角洲盐渍土脱盐规律研究

【目的】探索黄河三角洲地区盐渍土在不同淋洗条件下土壤脱盐规律。【方法】通过室内土柱淋洗脱盐模拟试验,设置2种淋洗方式(连续淋洗和间歇淋洗),分析了在连续淋洗和间歇淋洗条件下土壤淋洗耗水量、淋洗滤液的矿化度随时间、滤液累积量的变化规律和滤液的脱盐速率,同时分析了0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的电导率、SAR(钠吸附比)的变化过程。【结果】①不同淋洗方式条件下,土体脱盐共有3个过程,分别为盐分峰值初步形成过程、盐分峰值向下移动过程和土柱底层土体盐分峰值消失过程;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗土柱为达到一般农作物(计划湿润层为0～60 cm)生长所需淋洗水量为472.70 mm和411.60 mm,间歇淋洗较连续淋洗省水14.8%。②连续淋洗和间歇淋洗滤液矿化度随时间均表现为幂函数关系;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗的滤液脱盐效率分别为18.45 g/L2和28.49 g/L2,连续淋洗的滤液脱盐效率为间歇淋洗的64.7%。③连续淋洗土柱和间歇淋洗土柱淋洗后含盐量是淋洗脱盐前的11.89%和8.39%(以40～60 cm土层为例),间歇淋洗土柱中各层pH值增量均小于在连续淋洗土柱中pH值的增量,并且在间歇淋洗后各层土壤pH值虽有增加,但是还在一般植物生长的允许范围内;间歇淋洗土柱中SAR减小量大于连续淋洗土柱中SAR的减小量,RSC增量小于连续淋洗土柱中RSC的增量,SAR和RSC均在一般植物生长的允许范围内。【结论】盐渍土经过淋洗脱盐可以达到植物生长的要求,同时,间歇淋洗明显比连续淋洗节约水,在生产实践中采用间歇淋洗土壤脱盐效果更好。     

Effects of fixed partial root-zone drying irrigation and soil texture on water and solute dynamics in calcareous soils and corn yield

Water dynamics and salt distribution in the soil were studied under Fixed Partial Root zone Drying irrigation (FPRD) conditions in corn fields in Northern Greece. FPRD irrigation technique was applied without deficit treatment in two calcareous soils, a sandy clay loam and a sandy loam. Soil water content was recorded in the vertical profile of 0.6 m with the use of capacitance sensors in the row and interrow positions of plants. Salt built-up was monitored to the depth of the root zone, bi-weekly, by measuring electrical conductivity (EC_e) and the concentrations of soluble cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ of the saturation extract on irrigated and non irrigated interrow positions. Soil moisture distribution and salt built-up in soil were used to evaluate the potentials and constraints of FPRD efficiency to sustain plant growth and crop production as a low cost drip irrigation technique. The results indicated that FPRD application on both soils was capable of supplying sufficient amounts of water on plant row. Soil analyses showed that salts accumulated to high levels in the soil surface and decreased in depth at the non irrigated interrow positions. Spatial and temporal variability of salt movement and distribution in the soil profile of 0.6 m were ascribed to soil textural differences. The development and yield of corn plants for both soils reached the usual standards for the area with a minor decrease in the sandy loam soil.     

滴灌点源入渗湿润锋影响因子的研究

以试验为基础,针对重壤土、中壤土、砂壤土研究滴灌点源入渗的湿润锋运移规律,分析土壤种类、土壤容重、土壤初始含水率、滴头流量、灌水量等主要因子对湿润锋运动的影响。通过试验发现,除了土壤质地和灌水量对湿润体形状有明显影响外,土壤容重和初始含水率的变化也将造成湿润锋和滴灌效果的不同。另外,滴头流量对湿润锋水平运移影响很大。     

土壤质地对坡地土壤水分运动与转化特征的影响研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了杨凌塿土、安塞黄绵土和神木绵砂土的水分迁移特征。结果表明,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,坡面产流开始时间提前,坡地平均径流系数、径流量和泥沙量呈增加趋势,入渗率和累计入渗水量呈减少趋势。3种土壤降雨入渗率均可用Kostiakov公式拟合,塿土、黄绵土和绵砂土坡地的平均入渗率分别为0.32、0.83和0.88 mm/min。湿润锋运移速度应该与土壤砂粒百分含量和土层含水量的增量呈正相关关系。为了提高雨水利用率,减少水土流失量,建议加强塿土坡地的保护性耕作措施。     

不同矿化度咸水造墒对棉花出苗及幼苗生长的影响

采用坑栽土培试验和桶栽土培试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水造墒对3种土壤质地(粘壤土、壤土和沙壤土)条件下棉花出苗率和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,矿化度低于3 g/L的微咸水造墒对棉花出苗率及幼苗的生长影响不明显,有时甚至表现为促进作用,但随着造墒水矿化度的进一步增加,棉花的出苗率、出苗时间以及株高、干物质累积等都受到不同程度...     

Distribution of water and salt in soil under trickle and pot irrigation regimes

An ellipitical clay pot was buried vertically in the centre of a lysimeter as a means of supplying water to the soil. The distribution of water and salt in the soil emerging from the pot source was compared with that under trickle irrigation. Five hundred milliequivalents of calcium chloride was applied to the soil by both methods. Calcium chloride was subsequently leached by applying 50 l of tap water. The soil solution was sampled periodically using suction cups. Soil samples were also taken for measurements of water content and chloride ion concentration. Water applied at the rate of 130 ml/h by the pot moved the salt to a radial distance of 41.5 cm in 390 h, but applying water by trickle at the rate of one l/h moved the salt 42 cm in 52.5 h. For an equal amount of water applied, salt moved deeper in the profile at the lower application rate. More salt spreading was observed from the trickle source with higher application rate. After 72 h of redistribution, the wetted volumes were approximately equal for trickle and pot irrigation regimes.     

Obtaining soil physical field data for simulating soil moisture regimes and associated potato growth

Soil moisture regimes under potatoes were monitored during two growing seasons in a sandy loam and a silty clay loam soil in The Netherlands. Measured moisture contents were used to validate those calculated using the simulation model SWATRE. The model requires hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, rooting-depth and soil cover data, which were obtained in this study. Measured groundwater levels formed the lower boundary condition and precipitation and potential evapotranspiration the upper boundary condition of the model flow system. Calculated moisture contents agreed well with measured values, but only when in situ moisture retention curves were used and when the effects of cracking in the silty clay loam soil were expressed by modifying the ?-θ function. The moisture supply capacity of the sandy loam soil was highest, particularly in the first growing season and this was interpreted as a major reason for the corresponding higher yields. Simulation can be used for predicting the soil moisture supply capacity in the context of land evaluation, when soil-cover and rooting depth are standardized, for example by simulating growth of a grass crop.     

Soil water depletion in irrigated mature pecans under contrasting soil textures for arid Southern New Mexico

Relationship between plant water stress and soil water depletion (SWD) is not investigated thoroughly for irrigated pecans of southern New Mexico. In this study, transient soil water contents, rootzone SWD, and midday stem water potential (SWP) were monitored in mature pecan orchards in sandy loam (Site 1) and silty clay loam (Site 2) soils near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Corresponding to transient variations of soil water content at different depths, daily SWD varied with soil depth but not spatially. The SWD within the rootzone (0–80 cm) was higher in the shallow depths (0–40 cm) where root length density (RLD) was also higher than in the deeper depths (40–80 cm). The SWD at Site 1 was higher compared to Site 2 due to the higher clay content of the latter. The SWD patterns at outside the tree driplines were similar to those under-canopy locations because of similar RLD at the shallow depths. At both pecan orchards, differences in SWP at 2.5, 4.5, and 7.6 m tree heights were evident particularly 10–14 days after irrigation. This was due to the stress caused by decreasing soil water contents at different depths, which were generally significantly correlated with SWP. Midday air temperature was as useful as midday atmospheric vapor pressure deficit for interpreting SWP. Combined influence of soil water content (0–40 cm) and air temperature on midday SWP was significant at both orchards, which can be used as an adjunct for the clear interpretation of SWP to help refine irrigation scheduling.     

The transport of chloride and non-diffusible solutes through soil

Summary The mean velocity at which water flowed through large undisturbed cores of soil was determined from the breakthrough of surface-applied Cl^–, using a transfer function based on the normal distribution of the logarithm of cumulative drainage. For soils ranging in texture from sandy loam to silty clay loam, mean pore water velocities varied from 7 to 30 cm h^–1 for an input rate of 2 cm h^–1. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli applied to the soil surface appeared to be transported through large pores only (> 10–15 m diameter), and the relative concentration in the effluent (C/C₀) did not change significantly with effluent volume. Mean C/C₀ values for E. coli in these soils, which ranged from 0.003 to 0.94, could be predicted from the mean pore water velocity derived from Cl^– transport.     

基于水稳定同位素技术的生物炭对土壤持水性影响分析

以不同生物炭配比的土壤样品为研究对象,通过低温真空抽提和稳定同位素光谱技术,进行不同抽提时间下的土壤水稳定同位素分析,采用绘制土壤抽提曲线和计算抽提贡献率的方法,探讨生物炭对土壤持水性的影响。结果表明,低温真空抽提下,砂土的最短抽提时间(T_(min))为30 min,壤土为45 min,粘土为60 min。土壤持水性的变化会导致抽提过程中水稳定同位素值、T_(min)和抽提贡献率发生变化,通过分析不同生物炭配比下土壤的T_(min)、水稳定同位素分馏情况以及计算贡献率可得出,生物炭显著影响砂土持水性,且与生物炭添加量呈线性正相关;而对壤土和粘土的持水性有一定影响,但过量或过少则不明显,壤土对生物炭更为敏感。     

Estimating in situ soil–water retention and field water capacity in two contrasting soil textures

A priori knowledge of the in situ soil field water capacity (FWC) and the soil-water retention curve for soils is important for the effective irrigation management and scheduling of many crops. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the in situ FWC using the soil-water retention curve developed from volumetric water content (θ), and water potential (ψ) data collected in the field by means of soil moisture sensors in two contrasting-textured soils. The two study soils were Lihen sandy loam and Savage clay loam. Six metal frames 117 cm × 117 cm × 30 cm high were inserted into the soil to a depth of 5–10 cm at approximately 40 m intervals on a 200 m transect. Two Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) sensors were installed in the center of the frame and two Watermark (WM) sensors were installed in the SW corner at 15 and 30 cm depths to continuously monitor soil θ and ψ, respectively. A neutron probe (NP) access tube was installed in the NE corner of each frame to measure soil θ used for TDR calibration. The upper 50–60 cm of soil inside each frame was saturated with intermittent application of approximately 18–20 cm of water. Frames were then covered with plastic tarps. The Campbell and Gardner equations best fit the soil–water retention curves for sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Based on the relationship between soil ψ and elapsed time following cessation of infiltration, we calculated that the field capacity time (t _FWC) were reached at approximately 50 and 450 h, respectively, for sandy loam and clay loam soils. Soil-water retention curves showed that θ values at FWC (θ _FWC) were approximately 0.228 and 0.344 m³ m⁻³, respectively, for sandy loam and clay loam soils. The estimated θ _FWC values were within the range of the measured θ _FWC values from the NP and gravimetric methods. The TDR and WM sensors provided accurate in situ soil–water retention data from simultaneous soil θ and ψ measurements that can be used in soil-water processes, irrigation scheduling, modeling and chemical transport.