5-(2-呋喃基)-1,3-环己二酮衍生物的合成及除草活性

为了研究环己三酮类除草剂结构与活性的关系,以2-呋喃甲醛为起始原料,经过与丙酮的羟醛缩合(aldol condensation)反应、与丙二酸二乙酯的迈克尔加成反应、以及分子内的羟醛缩合环化反应,最后与酰氯发生重排反应合成了一系列新的5-(2-呋喃基)-1,3-环己二酮衍生物,所有目标化合物的结构均经过核磁共振氢谱、碳谱及高分辨质谱的确证。初步除草活性测定结果表明,与天然的AB5046A相比,2-苯甲酰基-5-(2-呋喃基)衍生物的活性明显降低,而2-乙酰基和丙酰基衍 生物则显示出更高的除草活性,如化合物 T3 在100 μ g/mL下对油菜生长的最高抑制率达82.9%。     

2-杂环基-1,3,4-噁二嗪酮类化合物的合成及其除草活性

以取代杂环羧酸为起始原料,在1,3,4-噁二嗪-5-酮的2-位上分别引入呋喃环、吡啶环及氯代噻吩环,合成了31个未见报道的2-杂环基-1,3,4-噁二嗪酮化合物,其化学结构经核磁共振氢谱和元素分析确证。初步的生物活性测定结果表明,该类化合物具有良好的除草活性,如在质量浓度200 mg/L时,化合物 E14、E16、E20、E21 对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis的抑制率大于90%,化合物 E06、E07、E10、E14、E16、E20 对苋菜Ambrosia tricolor的抑制率也大于90%。     

2-(4-芳基噻唑-2-基)-3-羟基丙烯腈类化合物的合成及其生物活性

为了寻找新的含2-噻唑基丙烯腈结构的先导化合物,利用2-(4-芳基噻唑-2-基)乙腈与酰氯在吡啶或氢化钠存在下反应,合成了9个2-(4-芳基噻唑-2-基)-3-羟基丙烯腈类化合物,其中8个为新化合物,利用1H NMR、MS和元素分析对其结构进行了表征。初步的生物活性测定结果表明,部分化合物在供试浓度下具有一定的杀虫、杀菌活性,其中化合物 5f 在100 mg/L下对棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporium的抑制率超过90%,化合物 5e 在250 mg/L下对蚕豆蚜Aphis fabae的致死率达95%。毒力测定结果表明, 5e 对蚕豆蚜的活性优于对照化合物2- -3-羟基-3- 丙烯腈( 6 )。     

N-氰基甲基-[(苯甲酰基)(2-氯噻唑-5-基甲基)氨基乙基]砜亚胺类化合物的合成及杀虫活性

为了寻找和发现高效、广谱、低毒、低生态风险并与现有杀虫剂无交互抗性的新型杀虫剂,以2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑为原料,经多步反应制得10个新型N-氰基甲基 砜亚胺类化合物,其结构均经核磁共振氢谱、元素分析确证。室内生物活性测试结果表明,目标化合物对桃蚜Myzus persicae具有一定的杀虫活性,其中化合物 7-1 在质量浓度为10 mg/L下对桃蚜的致死率达到80%。     

2-[5-(4-甲氧基苯基)-(1,3.4)-噻二唑基-6-异丙基]胺基甲基苯酚的一锅法合成工艺

根据拼合原理,将1,3,4-噻二唑基引入羟基苯甲醛设计成新颖结构的胺基甲基苯酚,并研究其合成工艺。寻求制备具有杀菌活性的化合物2-[5-(4-甲氧基苯基)-(1,3. 4)-噻二唑基-6-异丙基]胺基甲基苯酚。以邻异丙基水杨醛和2-氨基-5-(4-甲氧基)-苯基-(1,3. 4)噻二唑为起始原料,经过缩合、还原反应一锅法制得目标化合物2-[5-(4-甲氧基苯基)-(1,3. 4)-噻二唑基-6-异丙基]胺基甲基苯酚。在优化的条件下,反应总收率为75. 8%,纯度为99. 1%。该工艺简单经济,条件温和,一锅法合成工艺减少了溶剂的用量和废物排放量,收率较高。     

N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈的合成及生物活性

为了发现农药活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为原料,通过亲核取代、肼解和成环等反应,设计合成了一系列N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈目标化合物( 5a ~ 5t ),所有化合物的结构均得到核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物具有一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物 5h 对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的抑制率为60.07%,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(58.21%)。杀虫与杀螨活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus雌成螨具有一定的杀虫和杀螨活性,但均低于对照药剂虫螨腈(100%)。杀线虫生物测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物表现出优异的杀线虫活性,其中化合物 5k 、 5r 和 5s 对秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的LC₅₀值分别为0.0918、0.0733和0.0810 mmol/L,优于对照药剂噻唑膦(0.2798 mmol/L)。本研究所合成的目标化合物具有一定的杀菌、杀虫、杀螨和杀线虫活性,可为溴代吡咯腈衍生物的设计和合成提供参考。     

玉米大斑病菌毒素结构的确定及几种类似物的毒性比较

 通过对玉米大斑病菌Ht-毒素组分1与标准5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛核磁共振¹H谱比较,进一步明确了组分1的化学结构。用玉米离体叶浸渍法及离体根冠细胞致死生测法对Ht-毒素组分1、5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛、呋喃甲醇、呋喃甲醛、呋喃甲酸进行毒性和致病活性比较,结果表明,Ht-毒素组1、标准样品及几种毒素类似物在供试浓度范围内对寄主玉米均有高度的生物毒性,其中以呋喃甲酸毒性最大。从TLC扫描光谱和色谱来看,5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛确为Ht-毒素的一种主要毒性组分,而且该化合物在体内外随着不断氧化,生物毒性逐渐提高。     

3'-烷基- α -三联噻吩的合成及其杀线虫活性

以3-溴噻吩为原料,以Kumada偶联反应和Suzuki偶联反应为关键步骤合成了9个3'-烷基- α -三联噻吩类化合物 8~16,其中5个为新化合物,其结构经1H NMR、MS和元素分析的表征和确证。采用光照法首次测定了9个合成化合物对全齿复活线虫Panagrellus redivivus的杀伤率。结果表明:除化合物13外,其余目标化合物在50 μg/mL、照度为2 000 lx、光照时间为72 h条件下对全齿复活线虫的杀伤率均在85%以上。     

2-硫代-1,3-噻唑烷-3-甲酸酯的合成及生物活性

为了寻找新的含噻唑杂环的先导化合物,利用2-硫代-1,3-噻唑烷与氯甲酸酯在三乙胺存在下进行缩合反应,合成了11个2-硫代-1,3-噻唑烷-3-甲酸酯类化合物,并利用1H NMR、IR、 MS及元素分析对其结构进行了表征;通过X-ray单晶衍射测定了2-硫代-1,3-噻唑烷-3-甲酸苯酯( 3i )的晶体结构,证实反应产物为硫酮式而非硫酯式结构。 初步生物活性试验结果表明,在试验浓度下部分目标化合物具有一定的杀菌和杀虫活性,其中 3c、3f、3h、3k 在500 mg/L下对棉红蜘蛛Tetranychus urticae的致死率均在70%以上。     

5-(2-乙基亚环己基)-2-取代氨基咪唑啉酮类化合物的合成及其杀菌活性

以2-乙基环己酮和2-硫代乙内酰脲为起始原料,经Knoevenagel缩合反应制得5-(2-乙基亚环己基)-2-硫代咪唑啉-4-酮(1),化合物1在乙醇钠-乙醇体系中与碘甲烷反应得到5-(2-乙基亚环己基)-2-甲硫基咪唑啉-4-酮(2),化合物2再与相应的取代苄胺在冰醋酸体系中回流制得新化合物3a～3f,其化学结构均经1H NMR、IR和MS确证。初步生物活性测定结果表明:在50 μg/mL下,部分目标化合物对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia scleotiorum显示出良好的抑制活性,其中3a、3c、3e和3f的EC50值分别为12.10、8.73、10.11和7.67 μg/mL。     

Benzpyrimoxan: Design,synthesis, and biological activity of a novel insecticide

Benzpyrimoxan (5-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy}pyrimidine, NNI-1501) was discovered as a novel insecticide structurally characterized by a pyrimidine derivative substituted with 1,3-dioxanyl and 4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy groups. The compound showed remarkable activity against nymphs of rice planthoppers, including strains resistant to existing insecticides. Furthermore, benzpyrimoxan had low adverse effects on pollinators and beneficial arthropods. Because of these features, benzpyrimoxan is expected to be a suitable part of an integrated pest management strategy. In this report, the history of the discovery to reach benzpyrimoxan and details of the structure–activity relationships are described.     

β-1,3-Glucanase, chitinase, and peroxidase activities in tobacco tissues resistant and susceptible to blue mould as related to flowering, age and sucker development

Tobacco becomes naturally resistant to blue mould caused by Peronospora tabacina as it ages. This age-related resistance is correlated to the time of normal floral development and the senescence of lower leaves: however, it is dependent on neither. β-1,3-Glucanase, chitinase and peroxidase activities increase in tobacco with age. These increases correlate with the development of age-related resistance to blue mould and were independent of floral development. Additionally. β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and peroxidase activities were higher in leaf tissue from the main stalk resistant to blue mould) as compared to leaf tissue from suckering stems (susceptible to blue mould) on the same plant. Isozyme patterns of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in all resistant tissues are typical of those of tissues systemically protected by either stem injection with Peronospora tabacina or foliar inoculation with TMV.     

Diffusion and emissions of 1,3-dichloro propene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture, organic matter amendment and plastic cover (a virtually impermeable film, VIF) on diffusion and emissions of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in microplots of Florida sandy soil (Arredondo fine sand). Upward diffusion of the two isomers in the Arredondo soil without a plastic cover was greatly influenced by soil-water content and (Z)-1,3-D diffused faster than (E)-1,3-D. In less than 5 h after 1,3-D injection to 30 cm depth, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in air dry soil had diffused to a 10 cm depth, whereas diffusion for the two isomers was negligible in near-water-saturated soil, even 101 h after injection. The diffusion rate of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in near-field-capacity soil was between the rates in the two water regimes. Yard waste compost (YWC) amendment greatly reduced diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D, even in air-dry soil. Although upward diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in soil with VIF cover was slightly less than in the corresponding bare soil; the cover promoted retention of vapors of the two isomers in soil pore air in the shallow subsurface. More (Z)-1,3-D vapor was found initially in soil pore air than (E)-1,3-D although the difference declined thereafter. As a result of rapid upward movement in air-dry bare soil, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D were rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere, but emissions from the near-water-saturated soil were minimal. Virtually impermeable film and YWC amendment retarded emissions. This study indicated that adequate soil water in this sandy soil is needed to prevent rapid emissions, but excess soil water slows diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D. Thus, management for optimum water in soil is critical for pesticidal efficacy and the environment.     

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of imidacloprid-related diaza compounds with various ring sizes and their insecticidal activity against Musca domestica

Fifteen 5-substituted 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-2-nitromethylene-1,3- diazacyclohexanes and three other related compounds having a five- or seven-membered ring were synthesized and their biological activities were measured in vivo and in vitro. The insecticidal (in vivo) activity was evaluated against houseflies Musca domestica L under synergistic conditions with propargyl propyl phenyl phosphonate and piperonyl butoxide. The binding activity of each compound to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in vitro was measured using [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin. The insecticidal activities of the unsubstituted diazacyclohexane analogues were slightly higher than those of the imidazolidine analogues, but the enlargement of ring size to diazacycloheptane lowered the activity. Substitution of 1,3-diazacyclohexane or imidazolidine rings was not generally favourable for the activity, but the unsubstituted 1,3-diazacyclohexane analogue showed the highest binding activity. Ring substitutions and ring enlargement decreased the activity 100-30,000-fold.     

Inhibition of Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea seedling root elongation by chiral 1, 3, 5-triazines in the dark

2-z-Substituted benzylamino-4-substituted-amino-6-chloro-1,3, 5-triazines are herbicidal compounds showing leaf-burning and/or growth inhibition with concomitant greening and stunting. Effects of chiral 1,3,5-triazine compounds in a light-independent seedling root elongation test with Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea Wight demonstrated an interaction between chirality and root growth inhibition. The test compounds inhibited root growth, and this inhibition was due to interference with a system or systems other than photosynthesis. 4-(R)-sec-butylamino-2-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)amino-6-chloro-1,3, 5-triazine showed the highest inhibitory activity, and 4-methylamino-2-(R)-a-methylbenzylamino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine was second. The chiral requirement for a strong inhibition of root growth was the (R)-configuration, contrasting with the requirement for the (S)-configuration for an inhibition of photosystem II.     

A monitoring programme for 1,3-dichloropropene and metabolites in groundwater in five EU countries

BACKGROUND: 1,3 Dichloropropene (1,3-D) is a preplanting soil fumigant for the control of cyst and free-living nematodes and is currently undergoing a resubmission under Annex 1 listing of Directive 91/414/EEC. The characteristics of 1,3-D are such that the risk of it or its soil metabolites leaching through the soil profile cannot be excluded. As such, groundwater monitoring programmes were established in five EU countries representing a wide range of agricultural, climatic and hydrogeological situations, covering a range of groundwater vulnerability scenarios. All monitoring was conducted in areas where there has been historical use of 1,3-D. RESULTS: Over 5000 groundwater samples were analysed for the presence of 1,3-D and its metabolites over a 2 year period. Almost all analyses (for parent and metabolites) yielded concentrations of <0.1 microg L(-1). There were just two detections of >0.1 microg L(-1) (0.12 microg L(-1) and 0.4 microg L(-1)) for the 3-chloroacrylic acid metabolite in shallow groundwater samples of the alluvial gravels of the River Tiétar in the Caceres region of Spain. CONCLUSION: Groundwater monitoring programmes have been conducted in the EU in five countries. These have demonstrated that there is negligible contamination of groundwater with 1,3-D or its metabolites across a range of agroclimatic regions where 1,3-D is known to have been used for a number of years. Local scientific knowledge of geological features, hydrology, agricultural practice and specific local issues was essential to the conduct of the study.     

螺旋毛壳ND35 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的诱导、性质及其抑菌作用

 以病原菌Rhizoctonia solani的细胞壁为诱导物,模拟毛壳菌自然的重寄生过程,研究了内生真菌螺旋毛壳(Chaetomium spirale) ND35 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的产酶条件、性质,尤其是不同碳源的调控作用。结果表明,不同种类的真菌细胞壁及几丁质和昆布多糖,均可诱导产生β-1,3-葡聚糖酶,而作为分解代谢产物的葡萄糖则抑制产酶。经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose阴离子交换层析及Phenyl-Sepharose疏水层析,并通过SDS-PAGE鉴定,纯化了一种分子量约为73 kDa的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶GLUC73。其最适反应温度为55℃,在40℃以下较稳定;最适pH值为5.5,在pH 5-9范围内均很稳定;酶活性受Hg²⁺、Fe³⁺、Zn²⁺、Mg²⁺等金属离子不同程度的抑制,Mn²⁺和Co²⁺对酶有激活作用;以昆布多糖为底物时,该酶的米氏常数K_m为0.412 mg·mL^-1,最大反直速度V_max为3.876 U·mL^-1。粗酶液同时具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性,离体抑菌试验表明,对苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、杨树腐烂病菌(Valsa sordida)、苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)的菌丝生长和孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用。通过对β-1,3-葡聚糖进行免疫细胞化学标记和超微结构观察,间接证明了β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在螺旋毛壳重寄生过程中的作用。     

The algaecidal activity of some substituted 1,3-diphenylureas, 1-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)ureas and the corresponding thioureas

Twelve ureas and thioureas with 1,3-diphenyl- and 1-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl) were tested as potential herbicides in a simple screen against two species of algae Chlorella fusca and Anabaena variabilis. Several were shown to inhibit growth at 100 mg litre^?1 but only 1-[2,4-bis(azidosulphonyl)phenyl]-3-(2-pyridyl)urea and 1,3-bis(4-isopropyl- idenehydrazinosulphonylphenyl)thiourea showed any activity at 1 mg litre^?1. This compares with the well-established urea herbicide diuron which, in identical tests, gives similar inhibition of growth at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg litre^?1.