西双版纳热带次生林林窗近地层温度时空分布特征

因林窗的发生而导致的环境异质性 ,对林窗内物种分布、种群动态及物种多样性所产生的影响以及对森林演替和更新所起的重要作用乃是人们广泛关注的问题。本文以西双版纳热带次生林林窗 8个方位 (从林窗中央到林内 )不同季节的地表温度和 1 5m高度气温水平空间多点观测为基础 ,探讨了林窗温度效应的时空分布特征。结果表明 :在西双版纳由于区域性天气现象 (雾 )、太阳高度和林窗边缘树木的共同影响 ,形成不同季节林窗区域温度效应在时空上的明显差异一高值区的时空位移及空间不对称性现象 :林窗温度最高区域并非出现在林窗中央 ,而是林窗某一侧 ,其位置、强度随时间和季节不同而存在差异 ;另外 ,林窗内不同介质间 (空气、地面 )热量传递方向随时间和季节的不同而各异 ,特别是在干热季的中午 ,林窗不同区域气地温差符号的不同 ,引起热量传递方向截然相反。如此的温度分布状况和热量传递的不同 ,将导致林窗的环境异质性差异 ,进而影响到林窗区域种于萌发、幼苗生长、发育 ,植物种群分布等 ,最终影响到森林的更新     

热带森林林窗湿热季气温分布特征的初步研究

林窗是群落演替的起始地，其本身的特征影响着环境因子，进而影响森林的结构、物种组成、种群动态等.利用西双版纳湿热季次生林林窗的实测气温资料，探讨该林窗气温的分布特征.结果表明热带次生林林窗4个方位不同位置的气温日变化具有2～3个峰值；日平均气温的高低顺序是林窗边缘＞扩展林窗边缘＞林内；林窗内气温日较差较小；林窗内不同位置相对林窗中央具有增加低温和降低高温的效应，这种增温效应(0.4～0.6℃)较降温效应(-1.4～-1.5℃)弱.其结果可为林窗小气候形成机制及森林群落的演替与更新等提供科学依据.     

冰砬山区天然次生林内外温湿度差异分析

依据辽宁冰砬山森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站2014—2016年天然次生林内2m层空气温湿度及林外1.5m层空气温湿度观测数据,分析冰砬山区林内外空气温湿度差异。结果表明:冬季林内气温高于林外,夏季林内低于林外;林内气温日较差低于林外;白天林内气温低于林外气温,夜间林内高于林外;林外月平均空气湿度高于林内;林内空气湿度日较差低于林外;白天林内空气湿度高于林外,夜间林内空气湿度低于林外。森林调节空气温湿度的作用具有规律性。     

热带季节雨林林窗不同热力作用面的热力特征

利用热带季节雨林林窗区域小气候要素的观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域不同热力作用面的热力特征.在西双版纳雾凉季,热带季节雨林与次生林相似,其林窗边缘壁面具有不可忽视的热力作用,是林窗区域除林冠面、林窗地表面和林内地表面之外的新的热力作用面.由于林窗边缘树木高度的影响,其东侧、北侧林缘壁面热力效应最大区域出现位置高于次生林林窗,而热力效应强度小于次生林林窗.其结果可为进一步研究林窗小气候形成机制提供研究基础,为研究林窗更新及生物多样性影响提供科学参考.     

林窗对大兴安岭南段杨桦次生林林下更新特征的影响

研究杨桦次生林不同林窗大小对林下物种更新特征的影响,为人为近自然模拟林窗干扰更新提供理论依据和参考。以内蒙古大兴安岭南段杨桦次生林为研究对象,按海拔梯度将6hm~2大样地分为坡上、坡中及坡下,每个坡位划分为4个林窗面积等级,每个等级内选择3个不同面积林窗,作为3个重复,每个坡位选择林窗36个,在每个林窗内设置更新苗调查样方5个。同时设置相同面积的对照样方(CK)36个。共调查林窗更新苗样方180个,林内对照更新苗样方180个。结果表明,林窗具有使原先锋物种(蒙古栎)更新密度下降的趋势;林窗内蒙古栎均为主要更新物种,从坡下到坡上,蒙古栎更新苗密度分别占总更新密度的61.19%,50%,39.86%;林窗中更新苗都以低矮植株(60cm)为主,更新苗在不同坡位、不同林窗面积中均表现为随高度级的增加,更新苗数量降低。不同坡位不同高度级内更新苗数量基本呈现出大林窗多于小林窗;坡位及林窗面积均对蒙古栎更新苗基径影响显著(P0.05);林窗能够显著促进蒙古栎更新苗粗生长,在林窗面积为80～100m~2达到最大;林窗内坡上及坡下蒙古栎更新苗基径均大于林内,坡中没有如此表现。总的来看,林窗能够显著促进林下物种更新与生长,并且具有使原有先锋物种(蒙古栎)更新密度下降的趋势。     

华北石质山区刺槐人工林的土壤呼吸

2006年1-12月,利用Li-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统及AR5土壤温度湿度自动观测系统观测土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度及湿度,分析华北石质山区35年生刺槐林土壤呼吸速率时间变化规律及其影响机制.结果表明:1)刺槐林土壤呼吸速率日内变化特征不明显,但日际及季节变化明显,全年呈现出单峰变化趋势,且与土壤温度的日际及季节变化趋势基本一致.具体表现为: 1-3月土壤呼吸速率较低,日际变化略有波动,从4月开始逐渐上升 ,直至7月达到最大值,而后开始逐渐下降,直至11月约降低至1-3月时的水平,并保持到1 2月.全年土壤呼吸速率平均值为2.50 μmol·m-2s-1,主要生长季(4-10月 )土壤呼吸速率明显高于非主要生长季(1、2、11及12月),二者分别为3.63与0.90 μmo l·m-2s-1 .2) 刺槐林地土壤呼吸速率与表层0 cm、地下5、10、15和20 cm 深度处土壤温度都存在极显著的指数相关关系(p<0.01),且与土深20 cm处温度的相关性最好.上述不同深度处的Q10值分别是2.20、2.28、2.34、2.40和2.48. 3)刺槐林地土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率的相关关系不明显.     

广西大青山土壤水热特征及其对气象要素的响应

利用广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站自动气象站的观测数据,分析了广西大青山地区土壤水热的变化特征及其与气象要素的统计关系,结果表明:(1)土壤温度的年内变化特征与气温一致,呈"单峰型",最低值出现在1月,最高值在7月,但存在滞后期,滞后时间随土层深度增加而增加。(2)土壤水分年内变化复杂,受各月气温、降水的影响而呈现出一定的波动性,1—4月份土壤含水率较高,4月下旬土壤含水率迅速降低,至7月底处于全年较低值,变化幅度随土层深度加深而减小。(3)影响土壤温度的主要气象要素为大气温度,土壤水分主要受降水和饱和水汽压影响。月尺度上这些气象要素对土壤水热的影响更加显著。(4)土壤温度和土壤水分为显著的负相关关系。研究结论为土壤水热对气候变化的响应提供参考资料,也为本区域森林经营管理提供科学依据。     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗土壤甲烷通量研究

以海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林因2012年左右台风干扰形成的林窗样地为研究对象,开展土壤甲烷通量的原位观测试验,测定林窗和林下凋落物质量、土壤温度、土壤含水量、酶活性及其他土壤理化指标,运用最佳结构模型研究土壤甲烷通量与环境因子的关系,分析林窗土壤甲烷通量变化特征、影响因素及其与林下的差异。结果表明:海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林表现为甲烷吸收,林窗和林下的年平均甲烷通量分别为(-0.37±0.26)和(-0.36±0.24)nmol·m^-2·s^-1,林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量月变化特征无显著差异(P>0.05),呈现旱季高雨季低的特征。土壤甲烷通量的最佳结构模型表明,全年和旱季的林窗与林下土壤甲烷的主要调控因子均为土壤含水量,但雨季土壤甲烷调控作用最强的因子是土壤温度。结果表明,因台风形成的6个林窗短期对土壤甲烷通量没有显著影响,但林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量具有旱季大于雨季的季节变化特征。     

喀斯特原生乔木林和次生林土壤呼吸研究

研究喀斯特森林土壤呼吸对探索陆地生态系统碳循环有重要意义。对喀斯特原生乔木林和次生林土壤呼吸速率的非生长季动态变化及对温度变化的响应和不同凋落物处理下土壤呼吸的变化进行了研究,结果表明:喀斯特次生林和原生乔木林土壤呼吸速率非生长季动态变化与土壤温度、林内温度变化总体一致;两演替群落土壤温度能解释95.1%~96.8%,91.3%~92.8%的土壤呼吸变化。去除、添加凋落物处理对土壤呼吸影响有显著差异(P<0.05),分别使土壤呼吸降低了21.29%~54.03%和增加了13.79%~98.41%。不同土壤深度土壤呼吸的Q10值次生林为4.62~4.71、原生林为4.01~4.31。随着土壤深度的增加而增加,去除和添加凋落物处理引起土壤呼吸的Q10值不同,从大到小均表现为去除、对照、添加。两演替群落比较,土壤呼吸因小生境、森林植被不同而存在差异,次生林土壤呼吸速率高于原生乔木林,次生林呼吸速率与土壤温度的相关程度略高于原生乔木林,次生林土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性更强。     

林窗效应研究综述

森林群落常发生一些小规模的内源干扰,从而形成林窗。林窗的形成对推动森林群落的演替更新和生态系统发展至关重要。林窗面积的大小与树木的倒伏方式和林冠冠幅及大小有关。林窗面积及林窗内位置的不同,导致其小气候和土壤理化性质等环境因子发生改变,进而影响到林窗内树种更新和物种组成、林窗植被的物种多样性及其微生物和土壤动物的种类、数量等方面。未来林窗研究重点应该放在次生林和人工林的林窗效应,林窗对森林生态系统碳储量影响机制,林窗凋落物分解因子间的相互关系、作用机理和养分循环,不同树种的林窗与最适更新面积的关系,林窗的边缘效应,林窗的土壤动物和微生物动态及过程。     

Microclimate regimes following gap formation in a montane secondary forest of eastern Liaoning Province, China

In order to improve the understanding of the role of a canopy opening/gap on the physical environments in a secondary forest in Northeastern China, a case study was conducted in and around a small irregular gap in a montane secondary forest. The secondary forest, which was severely disturbed by human beings about 50 years ago, was dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus rhynchophyllaan. Temporal variation in photosynthetic photon flux density （PPFD）, air temperature （TA） at 10 cm above the ground, soil temperature （Ts） and soil water content （SWC） at top-layer （0-15 cm） and sub-layer （15-30 cm） were measured from May to September after the second year since the formation of the small gap （the ratios of gap diameter to stand height were less than 0.5） in 2006 respectively. Results indicated that the highest value of PPFD occurred at the northern edge of the gap, particularly at the beginning of the growing season in May. On sunny days, the highest value of PPFD appeared earlier than that on overcast days. Maximum and mean values of TAwere higher in the northern part of the gap, and the minimum values of TAwere at the southern edge of the gap. Soil temperature varied obviously in the gap with the range from 1 to 8 ℃. Maximum values of Ts occurred at the northern part of the gap, which was significantly correlated with the maximum values of TA （R = 0.735, P〈0.05）. SWC was higher in the top-layer （0-15 cm） than that in sub-layer （15-30 cm）, but the difference of them was not significant （p〉0.05）, which might be attributed to the small gap size and the effects of aboveground vegetations. From these results, the maximum of PPFD in the study area occurred at the northern part of the gap, which was consistent with the results observed in north hemisphere, but the occurrence time varied with the differences of the latitudes. The highest values of air and soil temperatures also occurred in the northern part of the gap because they were affected by the radiation. However     

阔叶红松混交林不同大小林隙土壤含水量的时空异质性

在小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)混交林林隙及其周围郁闭林分内,通过网格法布点,于2010年7—9月使用TDR200测定中、小林隙I III层的土壤含水量。运用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析各土层土壤含水量的基本特征及同一林隙各样点土壤含水量的差异性,利用surfer 8.0软件进行克立格空间局部插值,并绘制各土层土壤含水量空间分布图,分析林隙土壤含水量的时空异质性。结果表明:中、小林隙I III土层土壤含水量均呈中等程度变异。随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量提高,土壤含水量的斑块连接度增大。土壤含水量最大值出现在林隙中心和近中心区域,并呈现出随土层深度增加面积扩大并向中心靠拢的变化趋势;土壤含水量最小值出现在扩展林隙及其郁闭林分内。中、小林隙中心与边缘土壤含水量的差异均为II层较I和III层大。7—9月土壤含水量均值呈单峰型变化,最大值出现在8月,且中林隙土壤含水量较小林隙的大;9月I和II层土壤含水量较8月大幅度减小,但III层与8月相比差异较小。     

不同林型天然红松混交林林隙大小和枯叶分解对土壤微生物碳的影响

[目的]分析凉水国家级自然保护区不同林型天然红松混交林林隙大小、凋落物放置位置和采样时间对土壤微生物碳(SMBC)的影响,揭示影响本地区SMBC变化的因素,为天然红松混交林生态系统碳循环的研究提供基础数据。[方法]在天然红松混交林3种林型的大、中、小林隙内不同位置的土壤表层放置装有红松、椴树、枫桦枯叶的分解袋,并以各自的郁闭林分为对照,在2012年植物生长季的6—9月,每月采集枯叶分解袋下0 10 cm土层土样,采用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4浸提法测定SMBC。[结果]在椴树红松混交林(TP)内,林隙大小对SMBC的影响依次为小林隙大林隙中林隙;在云冷杉红松混交林(PAP)内,依次为中林隙大林隙小林隙;在枫桦红松混交林(BP)内,依次为大林隙中林隙小林隙。3种林型下,采样时间(月份)对SMBC均有显著的影响(P0.05);林隙大小对其影响均不显著(P0.05);枯叶分解袋放置位置对大、中、小林隙内SMBC的影响均不显著(P0.05)。[结论]不同林型下林隙大小对SMBC的影响排列顺序不同;枯叶分解袋放置位置对天然红松混交林3种林型大、中和小林隙内SMBC的影响均未达到显著水平。     

Gap evapotranspiration and drainage fluxes in a managed and a virgin dinaric silver fir–beech forest in Slovenia: a modelling study

The monthly water balance in gaps in a managed Dinaric silver fir–beech forest and a virgin forest remnant located in SE Slovenia was modelled using a capacity water balance model for two growing seasons. Two gaps of different size (ca. 0.07 and 0.15 ha) were selected in each forest and plots for soil moisture monitoring were established in each gap (2–4) and in the surrounding forest (2–3). We report on the modelled actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and drainage fluxes (DF) from the rooting zone at the plots. Precipitation over the 2001 growing season (May–October) was considerably drier than average and that for 2002 growing season was wetter than average. Modelled AET for the 2001 growing season varied between 88% and 96% of PET for the managed forest plots and between 90% and 100% for the virgin forest plots. The values for the gap plots varied between 87% and 100% at the managed forest site and between 92% and 96% for the gaps in the virgin forest site. Monthly AET values declined to 57–59% of PET at plots in the centre of the gaps in the managed forest site and to 63–74% in the gaps in the virgin forest site (July), indicating that the highest drought stress occurs in gap centres. For 2002 growing season, AET for all plots was 100% of PET. Modelled DF values in 2001 were 13–35% of rainfall for plots in the gap centres and 12–16% for plots in the forest at the managed forest site. On an average, gap DF values were 20% (154 mm) higher than the forest plot values. DF values in 2002 were similar for all plots at the managed forest site, 31–33% of rainfall. At the virgin forest site, 2001 growing season, DF values varied between 12% and 30% of rainfall at the forest plots and between 12% and 32% at the gap plots. In 2002, DF values for all plots in the virgin forest site varied between 24% and 38% of growing season rainfall. The varying development of vegetation and forest in the gaps of the virgin forest remnant resulted in more variable evapotranspiration and DF during the drought year 2001, with values not as clearly related to distance from the gap centre as in the managed forest site.     

Electric resistance as a measure of tree water status during seasonal drought in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica

Variation in electric resistance of stem tissues was used to measure differences and changes in water status among trees in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica during the dry season. For more than 30 tree species, stem water content (SWC), measured as electric resistance between nails driven 20 mm deep into tree trunks, correlated well with wood density, saturation water content, dehydration, measured with the pressure chamber, and tree development during drought. At dry sites, SWC was lowest in hardwood trees (characterized by high wood density) and highest in stem-succulent lightwood trees (characterized by low wood density). Among hardwood trees, SWC varied with soil water availability. During the dry season, SWC declined before leaf shedding and increased during rehydration preceding bud break. The time course of seasonal changes in SWC apparently constitutes an indirect measure of variation in the relative water content of outer stem tissues, which determines development of dry-forest trees during the dry season.     

马尾松低效人工林土壤易氧化有机碳在不同改造措施下的分布特征

通过马尾松(Pinus massoniana)低效林的改造试验,研究了3种不同改造措施(皆林砍伐重造,补林种植间歇砍伐,纯林措施对照)对地层土壤易氧化有机碳含量的影响,结果表明,易采取相同的改造措施时,随着土层不断加深,不同土壤层的易氧化有机碳含量逐步降低,表现为0～20 cm土壤层>20～40 cm土壤层;同一土壤层...     

Interactive effects of temperature and precipitation on soil respiration in a temperate maritime pine forest

Soil respiration (SR) was monitored periodically throughout 2001 in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand located in the Belgian Campine region. As expected for a temperate maritime forest, temperature was the dominant control over SR during most of the year. However, during late spring and summer, when soil water content (SWC) was limiting, SR was insensitive to temperature (Q(10) = 1.24). We observed that during prolonged rain-free periods, when SWC was less than 15% (v/v), SR decreased dramatically (up to 50%) and SWC took over control of SR. During such drought periods, however, rain events sometimes stimulated SR and restored temperature control over SR, even though SWC in the mineral soil was low. We hypothesize that restoration of temperature control occurred only when rain events adequately rewetted the uppermost soil layers, where most of the respiratory activity occurred. To quantify the rewetting capacity of rain events, an index (I(w)) was designed that incorporated rainfall intensity, time elapsed since the last rain event, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (a proxy for evaporative water losses). To simulate SR fluxes, a model was developed that included the effects of soil temperature and, under drought and non-rewetting conditions (I(w) and SWC < threshold), an SWC response function. The model explained 95% of the temporal variability in SR observed during summer, whereas the temperature function alone explained only 73% of this variability. Our results revealed that, in addition to temperature and SWC, rain plays a role in determining the total amount of carbon released from soils, even in a maritime climate.     

Revisiting the use of soil water budget assessment to predict site productivity of sessile oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus petraea</Emphasis> Liebl.) in the perspective of climate change

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of drought events over the next few decades in Western Europe. Consequently, there is a crucial need for an efficient tool for field water budget diagnosis to enable forest managers to estimate tree survival and productivity. Robust estimates of water budget using soil and topography were compared for their ability to predict site yield of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Site yield was estimated using site index at 100 years. Ninety-nine even-aged high-forest stands located in northern France were investigated. Water budget was estimated by topographic position and soil water capacity (SWC) calculated for different soil depths down to a maximum 2.0 m. (1) Site index predictions improved when calculating SWC for increasing depths until 1.0 m. (2) Site index predictions did not improve when calculating SWC at depths below 1.0 m, thus confirming that the water contained in deep soil layers is not used for tree growth but probably contributes to tree fitness or survival by maintaining a not too negative in-tree water potential. (3) Topographic position was also a predictor of site index in addition to SWC. Practical recommendations for estimating extractable soil water content are given.     

人造林窗对粗枝云杉人工林土壤微生物量的影响

通过对川西亚高山云杉低效林不同大小林窗(面积50 m2、100 m2、150 m2)改造,以未处理作为对照,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了林窗改造对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及其垂直分布特征的影响。结果表明:通过林窗改造,林下土壤微生物量碳、氮具有显著提升,其中,林窗面积越大,提升效果越显著。各土层土壤微生物量碳、氮含量均表现为:150 m2(L3)100 m2(L2)50 m2(L1)对照(CK);3种大小面积林窗和对照土壤微生物量碳、氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,均表现为上层(0~5 cm)中层(5 cm~10 cm)下层(10 cm~15 cm);且林窗改造降低了土壤微生物量碳、氮的表层富集特性,林窗面积越大,上层土壤微生物量碳、氮所占比例越低。     

Sap flow rates of Minquartia guianensis in central Amazonia during the prolonged dry season of 2015–2016

Minquartia guianensis Aubl.is a slow-growing species with several uses.In the juvenile state,it is well-adapted to low light conditions of the forest understory.However,it is still unknown how climate variability affects transpiration of this species,particularly under drought stress.In this study,we aimed to assess the effect of climatic variability on sap flow rates(SFR).SFR and radial growth were measured in six trees(14-50 cm diameter) in 2015 and 2016.Climate(precipitation,irradiance,relative humidity and temperature) and soil water content(SWC) data were also collected.SFR tended to increase in the dry season,with a negative relationship between SFR and SWC and precipitation(p 0.001),while there was a positive association between radial growth and monthly precipitation(p=0.004).Irradiance and temperature were the environmental factors more closely correlated with SFR during daytime(p0.001),whereas relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit were the most important factors at night(p0.001).Although negative SFR were sometimes recorded at night,the mean nocturnal sap flow was positive and across trees the nighttime sap flow accounted for 12.5%of the total daily sap flow.Increased transpiration during the dry season suggests that the root system of Minquartia was able to extract water from deep soil layers.These results widen our understanding of the ecophysiology of Amazonian trees under drought and provide further insight into the potential effect of the forecasted decline in precipitation in the Amazon region.