不同电融合条件对莎能奶山羊转基因(GFP)核移植胚胎发育的影响

以莎能奶山羊（Saanen dairy goat）转基因（GFP）成纤维细胞为核供体细胞，以普通山羊卵母细胞为受体细胞进行了核移植，试验中对转基因核移植胚胎的电融合条件进行了优化，发现对于莎能奶山羊转基因（GFP）重构胚胎的处理，电融合时方案B（1．5kV／cm、3μs／次、间隔1s）电融合参数最适合用于莎能奶羊的转基因（GFP）核移植胚胎，其重构卵电融合率为89．4％，重构胚分裂率为68．0%。     

不同因素对北山羊—山羊核移植重构胚融合率的影响

作者通过对融合方式、融合场强、体细胞与透明带切口位置及重构后是否修复等条件对北山羊—山羊体细胞核移植重构胚融合率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,不同融合方式能显著影响融合率（67.57%和42.15%,P<0.05）;场强在1.3～1.9 kV/cm范围内对融合率和死亡率都没有影响;体细胞在透明带的切口处对融合率影响不显著,但融合过程中死亡率高于对照组（8.25%和2.3%,P>0.05）;重构后立即融合与修复2 h后再融合对融合率没有影响（67.29%和68.33%,P>0.05）。     

哺乳动物异种体细胞核移植技术的应用及影响因素

哺乳动物异种体细胞核移植技术是在同种细胞核移植技术基础上发展起来的动物生殖技术,其在濒危动物保护、人类胚胎干细胞及生物基础学科研究等方面已展现出美好的前景.目前,该技术处于发展阶段,还存在很多值得研究的问题.文章介绍了动物异种体细胞核移植技术在国内外的研究现状,分析了影响异种体细胞核移植技术发展的因素,并对该技术的发展前景进行了展望.     

哺乳动物异种核移植的研究进展

异种核移植是在同种核移植基础上发展起来的动物生殖技术,在生物学研究方面具有重要的理论价值,如研究核质相互作用。同时,异种核移植在畜牧业生产、医学临床和濒危动物拯救等方面具有独特的意义。目前,异种核移植技术还处于探索发展阶段,还有许多问题需要研究解决。文章介绍了哺乳动物异种核移植技术发展的历史、研究的热点、现状与取得的成果。同时,分析了影响异种核移植的因素、尚未解决的问题和该技术的发展和应用前景。     

核移植克隆哺乳动物的研究进展

对核移植的基本操作程序、细胞周期及受体卵质重编程序能力,对核移植克隆哺乳动物效率的影响,以及哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术进展进行了系统综述。     

阿克苏拜城天山区盘羊和北山羊的分布与种群资源现状

根据2008～2009年实地考察研究结果,着重就该区2种有蹄类动物的分布、种群数量以及有关问题作概要性探讨。调查研究结果表明：（1）老虎台盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=8.49/8=1.06只/km^2,黑英山盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=5.34/3=1.78只/km^2。整个分布区盘羊种群数量1 488只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=480×1.06=509只,黑英山分布区种群数量=550×1.78=979只。（2）老虎台北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=14.59/5=2.92只/km^2,黑英山北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=7.01/4=1.75只/km^2。整个分布区北山羊种群数量5 604只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=1 200×2.92=3 504只,黑英山分布区种群数量=1 200×1.75=2 100只。以上数据为该区2种野生有蹄类动物开展狩猎与保护提供了对策性依据。     

异种动物核移植研究进展

异种核移植作为新型发展起来的动物繁殖技术 ,在畜牧生产、医学、生物学领域愈来愈表现出其巨大的价值。人们以前已经进行了一系列的探索 ,如在供体细胞方面 ,人们尝试使用了包括肝脏细胞、乳腺细胞在内的各种类型的细胞 ,并采取各种措施处理供体细胞 ;而对于受体细胞多采用卵泡 -卵丘复合体进行体外培养或通过超排获得 ;比较各种融合方法 ,目前多采用电融合方法 ,也较化学融合、病毒介导融合等方法简单 ;至于重构胚的培养则多采用培养液体外培养的方法 ,此方法操作简单 ,也比较容易观察记录实验过程。同时也指出异种核移植仍存在如克隆的效率很低等一系列急待解决的问题     

猪核移植重组胚胎的发育能力

以ＭｃＧｒａｔｈ－Ｓｏｌｔｅｒ（１９８３）提供的去（注）核方法，将猪胚胎的单个卵裂球细胞注入去核的次级成熟卵母细胞，借助电融合的方法（ＡＣ；５Ｖ，１．５ＭＨｚ，１２－１５ｓ；ＤＣ：２ｋＶ／ｃｍ，４０μｓ。电激活／融合液：０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇＋－．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＭｇＳＯ４＋０．１ｍｍｏｌＣａｃＬ２＋７．５ｍｇ／ｍｌＣＣＢ）融入受体胞质构成重级胚，体外培养（培养液为改衣ＴＣＭ－１９９；培养条件为５％     

提高猪核移植效率的研究进展

哺乳动物体细胞核移植(克隆)经过多年的发展,获得了多种后代。猪的核移植研究意义重大,应用价值颇高,是当今生物技术的热点研究之一。尽管猪核移植已取得了很大进展,但移植效率依然很低。本文就目前已有的资料,综述了提高猪体细胞核移植效率的各项技术环节的研究进展。     

影响核移植克隆胚胎效率的因素分析

影响核移植克隆胚胎效率的因素分析刘林，安民（北京农业大学动物科技学院１０００９４）一、前言＊采用核移植技术扩增遗传上优秀的哺乳动物胚＊胎，对于提高动物生产力具有巨大潜力。近年来哺乳动＊物核移植技术取得了很大进展。已经获得了包括大家＊畜在内的多种动物的...     

不同供体细胞代数对兔体细胞核移植效率的影响

将兔成纤维细胞分为5～10低代数组和20～25高代数组进行核移植研究。结果显示,2试验组供体细胞核移植的效率存在差异。通过对供体细胞进行核移植后的重构胚胎的融合率、卵裂率、囊胚率以及体内发育的比较,发现低代数相对来说更有效率,但是高代数组也能获得正常的克隆后代。结果表明,兔不同代数体外培养细胞对克隆效率存在影响,并为制备转基因打靶兔提供基础。     

Effect of donor cell type on nuclear remodelling in rabbit somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Cloned rabbits have been produced for many years by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The efficiency of cloning by SCNT, however, has remained extremely low. Most cloned embryos degenerate in utero, and the few that develop to term show a high incidence of post-natal death and abnormalities. The cell type used for donor nuclei is an important factor in nuclear transfer (NT). As reported previously, NT embryos reconstructed with fresh cumulus cells (CC-embryos) have better developmental potential than those reconstructed with foetal fibroblasts (FF-embryos) in vivo and in vitro. The reason for this disparity in developmental capacity is still unknown. In this study, we compared active demethylation levels and morphological changes between the nuclei of CC-embryos and FF-embryos shortly after activation. Anti-5-methylcytosine immunofluorescence of in vivo-fertilized and cloned rabbit embryos revealed that there was no detectable active demethylation in rabbit zygotes or NT-embryos derived from either fibroblasts or CC. In the process of nuclear remodelling, however, the proportion of nuclei with abnormal appearance in FF-embryos was significantly higher than that in CC-embryos during the first cell cycle. Our study demonstrates that the nuclear remodelling abnormality of cloned rabbit embryos may be one important factor for the disparity in developmental success between CC-embryos and FF-embryos.     

细胞松弛素B对水牛体细胞核移植效果的影响

以水牛耳皮成纤维细胞为供体细胞,采用电融合方法,探讨细胞松弛素B(CB)对水牛体细胞核移植效果的影响.体外成熟培养22～24 h的水牛卵母细胞去核后.将经0.1 mg/L Aphidicolin(APD)+0.5%FBS培养2～9 d的水牛耳皮成纤维细胞注射到卵周隙中再经电融合(100 V/mm,15μs,电脉冲3次)构建核移植重构胚.重构胚经化学激活后(5 μmol/L)离子霉素5 min,2 mmol/L 6-DMAP 3 h)培养,7～9 d评定其胚胎发育能力.结果显示,在含CB(3 mg/L)的融合液中进行电融合后,核移植的融合率、重组胚的存活率、卵裂率和囊胚率与对照组(不含CB)相比均无显著差异(P>0.05);核移植重组胚激活前用含CB(6 mg/L)的培养液培养1 h,其激活后的存活率(97.52%)和体外囊胚发育率(22.09%)均显著地高于未经CB处理的重组胚的存活率(93.87%)和囊胚率(13.25%,P<0.05);重组胚经离子霉素激活5 min后,在6-DMAP+CB中培养3 h的分裂率明显低于放在6-DMAP中培养3 h的分裂率(65.37% vs 78.92%,P<0.05),但囊胚发育率无显著差异(11.19% vs 10.96%,P>0.05).这表明水牛体细胞核移植电融合时,融合液中不添加CB,而核移植重组胚激活前经CB培养处理后,有利于胚胎的进一步发育,但激活后用CB培养处理会降低胚胎的发育率.     

反向核移植在水牛体细胞核移植中的初步研究

探讨了反向核移植技术应用在水牛体细胞核移植中的效果.结果显示,反向核移植可支持重构胚发育到囊胚,但其构建重构胚的效率极显著低于电融合法(54.0% vs 75.1%,P<0.01),囊胚发育率也显著低于电融合法(6.9% vs 15.9%,P<0.05).     

水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果

为探讨水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果,以水牛胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,进行了水牛体细胞连续核移植。结果显示,连续核移植的融合率显著高于原代核移植(87.9%vs76.2%,P<0.05),但两者之间的分裂率和囊胚率没有显著差异(P>0.05);这说明水牛体细胞核移植胚胎可被再次克隆而不降低其发育能力,水牛体细胞连续核移植是可行的。     

Recent progress in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage at a rate similar to that of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. However, the full‐term developmental rate of SCNT embryos is very low, owing to the high embryonic and fetal losses after embryo transfer. In addition, increased birth weight and postnatal mortality are observed at high rates in cloned calves. The low efficiency of SCNT is probably attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus and most of the developmental problems of clones are thought to be caused by epigenetic defects. Applications of SCNT will depend on improvement in the efficiency of production of healthy cloned calves. In this review, we discuss problems and recent progress in bovine SCNT.     

In vitro development of canine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in different culture media

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of three different culture media on the development of canine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Canine cloned embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF), porcine zygote medium-3 (PZM-3), or G1/G2 sequential media. Our results showed that the G1/G2 media yielded significantly higher morula and blastocyst development in canine SCNT embryos (26.1% and 7.8%, respectively) compared to PZM-3 (8.5% and 0%) or mSOF (2.3% and 0%) media. In conclusion, this study suggests that blastocysts can be produced more efficiently using G1/G2 media to culture canine SCNT embryos.     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植方法研究进展

1997年克隆绵羊Dolly的诞生，揭开了哺乳动物体细胞核移植的序幕。多年来该技术已应用于多种哺乳动物，并成功获得体细胞克隆绵羊、小鼠、牛、山羊、猪、猫、免和骡等。同时，核移植技术本身也得到改进，从显微注射为主的传统方法逐步向手工操作方向发展，在克隆效率相当的情况下，后者实现了方法的简单化和生产力的提高，因而备受关注。当然这些新方法只是在个别物种中获得成功，其广泛应用还有待于进一步的研究和证实。     

Propagation of elite rescue dogs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two oocyte activation culture media to produce cloned dogs from an elite rescue dog and to analyze their behavioral tendencies. In somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure, fused couplets were activated by calcium ionophore treatment for 4 min, cultured in two media: modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) with 1.9 mmol/L 6‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (SOF‐DMAP) or porcine zygote medium (PZM‐5) with 1.9 mmol/L DMAP (PZM‐DMAP) for 4 h, and then were transferred into recipients. After embryo transfer, pregnancy was detected in one out of three surrogate mothers that received cloned embryos from the PZM‐DMAP group (33.3%), and one pregnancy (25%) was detected in four surrogate mothers receiving cloned embryos from the SOF‐DMAP group. Each pregnant dog gave birth to one healthy cloned puppy by cesarean section. We conducted the puppy aptitude test with two cloned puppies; the two cloned puppies were classified as the same type, accepting humans and leaders easily. The present study indicated that the type of medium used in 6‐DMAP culture did not increase in cloning efficiency and dogs cloned using donor cells derived from one elite dog have similar behavioral tendencies.     

猪体细胞核移植胚体外发育初步研究

采用胞质内注射法进行猪体细胞核移植，对去核、激活和培养等关键技术过程进行研究。结果表明：（1）点压法、挤压法对卵母细胞的去核率明显高于盲吸法（三者分别为62．5％、64．6％、50．7％，P〈0．05）。对早成熟的卵母细胞（36-44h）进行去核可明显提高去核效率（P〈0．05），在36-38h、39-41h、42-44h去核率分别为60．9％、67．8％、64．3％，而45-48h为48．4％。（2）体细胞预激活有助于提高核移胚卵裂率（28．0％、20．1％，P〈0．05）。钙离子载体A23187单独或与6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）联合作用能使猪体细胞核移胚激活继续发育。（3）核移胚以胚胎培养液NCSU23及卵丘单层共培养体系进行分别培养，核移胚卵裂率无明显差异（30．06％、31．5％，P〉0．05）。但NCSU23培养4细胞后发育能力更高（13．5％、3．9％，P〈0.05）。