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1.
A litter bag technique was used to study the decomposition and release of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure in a hedgerow intercropping trial conducted in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping
(also called alley cropping or alley farming) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys
where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added
to the soil as green manure. Manure was the most resistant to decomposition, losing only 15% of its dry matter (DM) in 15
weeks, compared to 41–57% lost by leucaena prunings. Large quantities of K (up to 104 kg ha–1) were mineralized from prunings and manure, but Ca and Mg were mostly immobilized. More N and P were released from prunings
than from manure, which resulted in net immobilization of these nutrients in the initial stages of decomposition and net mineralization
in later stages. Between the leucaenas more N was mineralized and less Ca and Mg were immobilized when L. leucocephala prunings were applied than when L. pallida prunings were applied. Fertilizer N increased DM decomposition and N mineralization. Mineralization of the nutrients was
constrained by lignin and polyphenol contents. It is concluded that leucaena mulch and cattle manure may be significant sources
of N and K for crop growth, but external sources of P, Ca and Mg may be required, particularly in acid soils which have low
contents of these nutrients. However, this fertility effect has to be evaluated against the competition effect of trees to
predict crop response.
Received: 27 January 1997 相似文献
2.
Balances between nutrients applied or mineralized and nutrients removed in maize grain and stover were calculated in a hedgerow
intercropping experiment in which Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure were applied. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in
which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically
during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. In control treatments, nutrient depletion
per season was in the order of 7–19 kg N ha–1, 4–12 kg P ha–1, 10–26 kg K ha–1, 0–2 kg Ca ha–1 and 3–6 kg Mg ha–1. N fertilizer reversed the depletion of N, but it accelerated the depletion of the other nutrients. Manure and at least two
applications of leucaena prunings resulted in net positive balances of N, K, and Ca between amounts applied or mineralized
and amounts removed by maize. The amounts of P and Mg applied with, or mineralized from, prunings or manure were insufficient
to offset the negative balances of these nutrients.
Received: 27 January 1998 相似文献
3.
N. Z. Lupwayi I. Haque A. R. Saka D. E. K. A. Siaw 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,28(2):196-203
The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the
Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown
in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period
and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting
from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first
and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry
matter ha–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and
Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain
and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of
prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did
not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can
increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient
in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (>4 t ha–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results.
Received: 27 January 1997 相似文献
4.
Leguminous leys are important sources of nitrogen (N), especially in forage-based animal production and organic cropping.
Models for estimating total N2 fixation of leys—including below-ground plant-derived N (BGN)—are based on grazed or harvested leys. However, green manure
leys can have different proportions of above-ground plant-derived N (AGN) and BGN when subjected to different cutting regimes.
To investigate the effects of cutting on N distribution in white clover, a pot experiment was carried out using 15N techniques to determine N2 fixation, N rhizodeposition and root C and N content of cut and uncut white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Ramona) plants. Percentage N derived from air (%Ndfa) was lower in uncut (63%) than in cut (72%) plants, but total
Ndfa was not significantly affected by cutting. The higher reliance on N2 fixation in cut plants was thus counterbalanced by lower biomass and total N content. With BGN taken into account, total
plant-derived N increased by approximately 50% compared with AGN only. Cutting did not affect the proportion of BGN to standing
shoot biomass N after regrowth, but decreased the proportion of BGN to total shoot biomass production during the entire growth
period. Thus, estimates of N fixation in green manure leys should consider management practices such as cutting regime, as
this can result in differences in above- and below-ground proportions of plant-derived N. 相似文献
5.
Summary The N uptake of maize was assessed on an Alfisol in a sole crop and in an alley cropping system in southwestern Nigeria. Although the application of prunings increased the maize N content in both sole and alley-cropped maize, the N contributed to the maize by the prunings was low, ranging between 4.4 and 23.8 kg ha–1. This was equivalent to 3.2% and 9.407% of the N released during decomposition of the prunings. Application of the prunings increased the grain yields of the sole maize by 38% and the maize yield in the alley-cropped plots by 104%, compared with yields in the corresponding plots where prunings were not applied. The results indicate that part of the N from the prunings was retained in the soil organic-N pool. Maize N, dry weights and grain yields were lowest in the alley-cropped plots where prunings were removed, probably because of competition between the maize and the hedgerow trees. 相似文献
6.
Gouranga Kar Ashwani Kumar B. Chandrabhaskar 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):847-857
The effects of organic manure supplementation on rice–pulse cropping system productivity were studied. Three pulses, viz., blackgram, greengram and pea were grown after rice on the same plots to explore the feasibility of growing second crops with carry-over residual soil moisture and residual soil fertility. The study revealed that during the rainy season, 30%–35% higher rice grain yield was obtained when both inorganic and organic sources of nutrients were applied compared with the full dose of inorganic fertilizer, and the rice grain yield was 65%–78% higher than obtained following farmers’ practices. In the post-rainy season, pea crop recorded the highest grain yield of 490 kg ha-1 under the treatment combination of Sesbania and inorganic fertilizer. Organic carbon, and available N, P, K also enhanced yield by 20%–29%, 5.0%–29.4% to 7.9%–39.9% and 22.4%–60.3%, respectively when 25% N was applied through different organic sources of nutrients (green manure/press mud/farmyard manure). 相似文献
7.
B. Vanlauwe K. Aihou S. Aman B. K. Tossah J. Diels O. Lyasse S. Hauser N. Sanginga R. Merckx 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,30(5-6):440-449
The impact of land use (unfertilized continuous maize cropping, unfertilized and fertilized alley cropping with maize, Gliricidia sepium tree fallow, natural fallow) on the soil organic matter (SOM) status and general soil fertility characteristics were investigated
for a series of soils representative for the West African moist savanna zone. Three soils from the humid forest zone were
also included. In an associated pot experiment, relationships between maize N and P uptake and SOM and general soil characteristics
were developed. Soils under natural fallow contained the highest amount of organic C (1.72%), total N (0.158%), and had the
highest effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) [8.9 mEq 100 g–1 dry soil], while the Olsen P content was highest in the fertilized alley cropping plots (13.7 mg kg–1) and lowest under natural fallow (6.3 mg kg–1). The N concentration of the particulate organic matter (POM) was highest in the unfertilized alley cropping plots (2.4%),
while the total POM N content was highest under natural fallow (370 mg N kg–1) and lowest in continuously cropped plots (107 mg N kg–1). After addition of all nutrients except N, a highly significant linear relationship (R
2=0.91) was observed between the total N uptake in the shoots and roots of 7-week-old maize and the POM N content for the savanna
soils. POM in the humid forest soils was presumably protected from decomposition due to its higher silt and clay content.
After addition of all nutrients except P, the total maize P uptake was linearly related to the Olsen P content. R
2 increased from 0.56 to 0.67 in a multiple linear regression analysis including the Olsen P content and clay content (which
explained 11% of the variation in P uptake). Both the SOM status and N availability were shown to be improved in land-use
systems with organic matter additions, while only the addition of P fertilizer could improve P availability.
Received: 9 April 1999 相似文献
8.
T. H. DeLuca L. E. Drinkwater B. A. Wiefling D. M. DeNicola 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,23(2):140-144
Sustainable cropping systems rely on a minimum of external inputs. In these systems N is largely acquired in animal manures and leguminous green manures. Little is known of how these organic forms of N fertilizer influence the presence and activity of free-living N2-fixing bacteria. High concentrations of inorganic N in soil inhibit N2-fixation in cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp. It is likely that manure and fertilizer applications would result in concentrations of inorganic N capable of inhibiting N2 fixation and, ultimately, the presence of these organisms. We investigated the effect of synthetic and organic N fertilizer sources on the populations and N2-fixation potential of free-living N2-fixing bacteria in the Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Research Institute. Field plots received the following N treatments prior to corn (Zea mays L.) production: (1) Legume rotations and green manures supplying about 165 kg N ha-1; (2) beef cattle manure applied at a rate of 220 kg N ha-1 (plus 60 kg N ha-1 from 1994 hay plow-down); or (3) fertilizer N (urea and NH4NO3) applied at a rate of 145 kg N ha-1. Soil samples were collected at two depths from corn plots four times during the growing season, and analyzed for soil moisture, soil pH, numbers of N2-fixing cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp., extractable NH
inf4
sup+
and NO
inf3
sup-
, and potentially mineralizable N. Soil samples collected in mid-July were analyzed for nitrogenase activity (by C2H2 reduction) and total C and N. Populations of Azotobacter spp. and cyanobacteria were influenced only slightly by treatment; however, cyanobacteria species composition was notably influenced by treatment. Nitrogenase activity in surface soils was greatest in legume-N plots and in subsurface plots levels were greatest in fertilizer-N plots. Populations and activity of free-living N-fixing bacteria appeared to be somewhat reduced in all plots as a result of low soil pH levels and high concentrations of inorganic N across all treatments. Annual applications of N to all plots resulted in high levels of potentially mineralizable N that in turn may have reduced non-symbiotic N2-fixation in all plots. 相似文献
9.
Maren Oelbermann R. Paul Voroney Donald C.L. Kass Andrea M. Schlnvoigt 《Geoderma》2006,130(3-4):356-367
Conversion of forests to agricultural land in the American tropics, through traditional agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation, has not been able to maintain stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and increasing population pressure has led to shortened fallow periods, causing further losses of soil fertility. However, land management practices such as agroforestry can provide a sustainable alternative to single cropping because of its ability to maintain or increase the SOC pool. This study quantified SOC and nitrogen (N) pools, gross SOC turnover, residue stabilization efficiency (RSEAC) in the alley crop, soil δ13C partitioning, C3-C abundance and δ15N dynamics in 19- and 10-year Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina poeppigiana alley cropping system. Each system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [−N or −A], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N], or Arachis pintoi as a groundcover [+A]), and was compared to a sole crop system. The SOC and N pools were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to the sole crop, but not significantly different (p < 0.05) in the 10-year-old system. Soil C and N (%) showed a similar trend as that of the SOC and N pools in both 19- and 10-year-old systems. Gross SOC turnover, to a 20 cm depth, ranged from 12 to 21 years in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to 50 years in the sole crop, and from 20 to 32 years in the 10-year-old alley crop compared to 106 years in the sole crop. The RSEAC ranged from 10% to 58% in the 19-year-old system, and from 3% to 43% in the 10-year-old system. The δ13C signature of the soil shifted significantly (p < 0.05) towards that of C3 vegetation in the alley crop due to the greater input of organic residues from tree prunings compared to the sole crop. The proportion of input from tree prunings only in the 19-year-old alley crop ranged from 14% to 20%, and from 9% to 11% in the 10-year-old system to a soil depth of 20 cm. The δ15N signature of the soil showed two patterns: that of the 19-year-old system being enriched in δ15N, and that of the 10-year-old system being depleted in δ15N compared to the sole crop. The addition of manure in the 19-year-old system has enriched the soil δ15N and in the 10-year-old system the soil was depleted due to the N2-fixing groundcover A. pintoi. 相似文献
10.
Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the response of rice to Sesbania rostrata green manure N as compared to urea fertilizer N under flooded conditions. After growing S. rostrata for 21 days with a 15N-labelled N source, the labelled Sesbania was applied to wetland rice as a green manure and the uptake of 15N from this substrate was compared to that from labelled urea. Rice was cultivated twice in the same pots. The rice was grown
for a period of 49 days in each case, separated by a period of 21 days when the soil was allowed to dry. The 15N content of the soil and shoots and roots of rice was determined and 15N balances established. The total N content of the shoots and roots of rice was determined by a non-tracer method. The percentage
recovery of 15N from shoot material which was derived from urea N was more than twice that from S. rostrata. The recovery of 15N from the pots receiving both green manure and urea was low, and not significantly different from that recovered from the
green manure treatment. As much as 64.5–73.5% and 40.1–41% of the 15N remained in the soil which had received green manure or urea, respectively. The overall recoveries of 15N varied between 86.5% and 94.4%. At the second harvest, the oven-dry weight of shoots was significantly (P<0.05) higher in green-manure treated pots, but the total N content did not differ significantly. Labelled N remaining in
the soil after amendment with the green manure was much more available to the rice crop than that remaining after the addition
of urea-N. The total recovery of labelled N (shoots plus roots) amounted to 65.5% and 74%, respectively of the residual labelled
N in the two S. rostrata treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg 15N pot–1 and 39.10 mg 15N pot–1) and 23.2% and 23.2% of the residual labelled N in the two urea treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg 15N pot and 39.10 mg 15N pot–1), respectively.
Received: 8 December 1997 相似文献
11.
D. N. Mugendi P. K. R. Nair D. A. Graetz J. N. Mugwee M. K. O'Neill 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(2):97-101
The effectiveness of tree-leaf biomass as a source of N to crops in agroforestry systems depends on the rate at which crops
can obtain N from the biomass. A study was conducted to determine the fate of 15N labeled, soil-applied biomass of two hedgerow species, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (calliandra) and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena), in the subhumid highlands of Kenya. Labeled biomass obtained from 15N fertilized trees was applied to microplots in an alley cropping field and maize planted. N uptake and recovery by maize
and hedgerow trees was periodically determined over a 20-week period during the short rain (1995) and the long rain (1996)
growing seasons. In maize crop from treatments that received leucaena biomass, higher N uptake and recovery were recorded
than in maize from the plots that received calliandra biomass. However, N uptake and recovery were higher in calliandra tree
hedges than in leucaena hedges, indicating differences in N uptake by the two tree species. The largest fraction (55–69%)
of N in the applied tree biomass was left in the soil N pool, 8–13% recovered by maize, 2–3% by tree hedges, and 20–30% could
not be accounted for. Some of the unaccounted for N may have been left in the wood and root portions of the tree hedges and
in the bulk soil below the 20-cm depth. The study shows that only a small fraction of the N contained in the N-rich biomass
that is applied to the soil is taken up by the current season's crop, suggesting that a major benefit may be in the build-up
of the soil N store.
Received: 11 June 1999 相似文献
12.
Leaching and crop uptake of N, P and K from organic and conventional cropping systems on a clay soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study, three types of cropping systems with different nutrient management strategies were studied on a clay soil with the aim of comparing leaching of N, P and K and obtaining knowledge on nutrient budgets. A conventional cropping system with cereals and application of mineral fertilizers (CON) was compared with two organic cropping systems, one without animal manure in which green manure crops were used for N supply (OGM) and one where animal manure (cattle slurry) was applied (OAM). Leaching and crop uptake of N, P and K, and soil mineral N were measured in pipe‐drained plots over a 6‐year period. The mean annual leaching loads of N were moderate and did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between treatments; 13 kg N ha?1 in CON, 11 kg N ha?1 in OGM and 7.4 kg N ha?1 in OAM. Average annual P leaching showed greater variation than N leaching and was significantly greater in OGM (0.81 kg ha?1 year?1) than in CON (0.36 kg ha?1) and OAM (0.41 kg ha?1). For all cropping systems, removal in harvested crops was the most important export of nutrients from the field and constituted between 80 and 94% of total N outputs (harvested and leached N). Yields of cereals in the organic systems were considerably less (15–50%) than in the CON system, leading to a less efficient use of N than in the conventional system. 相似文献
13.
Gunadhish Khanal Christine Wachendorf Klaus Dittert Melanie Willich Herbert Dietz Andreas Buerkert Mariko Ingold 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(5):836-845
Under the hot and moist conditions of irrigated agriculture in the arid subtropics, turnover of organic matter is high, which can lead to considerable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses. Therefore, sustainable use of these soils requires regular manure application at high rates. To investigate the contribution of consecutive manure applications to an arid sandy soil to various soil N pools, goat manure was isotopically labeled by feeding 15N‐enriched Rhodes grass hay and applied to the soil during a two‐year field experiment. In the first year, soils received 15N‐labeled manure to distinguish between soil‐derived and manure‐derived N. In the second year, these plots were split for the application of either 15N‐labeled or unlabeled manure to discriminate N derived from previous (first year) and recent (second year) manure application. Soil samples (of control and 15N‐manured soil) were collected at the end of the first and the second year, and incubated in two laboratory experiments with labeled or unlabeled manure. At the beginning of Experiment 1, 7% of total N, 11% of K2SO4 extractable N, and 16% of microbial biomass N were derived from previously field‐applied manure. While the application of manure during incubation increased microbial biomass N by 225% and 410% in the control soil and the previously field‐manured soil, respectively, N2O emissions were more affected on the control soil, releasing considerable amounts of the soil N‐pool (80% of total emissions). In Experiment 2, 4% of total N, 7% of K2SO4 extractable N, and 7% of microbial biomass N derived from previously applied manure, and 4%, 8%, and 3% from recently applied manure, respectively. Microbial biomass N and N2O‐N derived from manure declined with time after manure application, whereas in Experiment 1 this tendency was only observed for microbial biomass N. 相似文献
14.
M. Adetola Badejo Guanglong Tian Lijbert Brussaard 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,20(4):294-298
Soil microarthropod populations in maize plots mulched with the prunings of three woody agroforestry plant residues (Acioa barteri, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala) and two crop residues [maize (Zea mays) stover (leaves and stems) and rice (Oryza sativa) straw] were monitored throughout the 1991 growing season and compared with those in fallow, bare fallow and unmulched control plots with three rates of nitrogen application. The mean densities of detritivore and phytophage microarthropods in the experimental plots decreased in the following order: rice straw > Gliricidia prunings > Leucaena prunings > maize stover > Acioa prunings > control 2 (90 kg N ha-1 year-1) > fallow > control 3 (135 N) > control 1 (45N) > bare fallow. Mulching also affected the population dynamics of predatory microarthropods and omnivorous ants. The chemical composition of plant residues probably influenced the densities of detritivore and phytophage microarthropods, which in addition were also greatly influenced by microclimatic conditons imposed by vegetation cover. Extremely low densities of microarthropods were recorded in the bare fallow plots probably as a result of the combined effects of absence of plant residues and vegetation cover. The potential of mulching as a component of farming practice for increasing the density of microarthropods and for influencing their species composition and population dynamics in agroecosystems is discussed. 相似文献
15.
提高稻田尿素氮利用率若干方法与机理探讨 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9
应用15N示踪技术,研究了稻田使用脲酶抑制剂(BTPT)、硝化抑制剂(EP)及养萍对尿素氮肥效的影响。试验结果表明,稻田使用BTPT和EP均提高了氮素利用率及水稻产量,BTPT、EP和BTPT+EP处理的15N回收率分别为17.4%、17.8%和18.0%,与不用抑制剂的对照相比,分别提高3.1、3.5和3.7个百分点;水稻产量分别为5300、5150和5450kg/hm2,比对照分别提高了11.8%、8.7%和15.0%。稻田养萍可以抑制氨的挥发,减少尿素氮的损失;养萍及养萍后翻压两种处理的15N回收率分别为28.8%和34.7%,比不养萍的对照分别提高了3.3和9.2个百分点;土壤15N残留率分别为29.3%和40.1%,比不养萍的对照分别提高了5.1和15.9个百分点。养萍对当季水稻产量增加效果不大,而养萍后翻压对当季水稻产量可提高近5%。 相似文献
16.
The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha–1 y–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough. 相似文献
17.
Overwinter soil denitrification activity and mineral nitrogen pools as affected by management practices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During freeze-thaw events, biophysical changes occurring in soils can affect processes such as mineralization, nitrification and denitrification which control inorganic N balances in agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the impact of these climatic events on soil biochemical properties, a study was conducted comparing soil denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), dissolved organic C (DOC) and inorganic N levels before and after the winter season in plots under: (1) continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC) with annual chisel plow and disking, (2) corn-soybean (Glycine max L.) (CS) rotation with chisel plow every other year prior to planting soybean, and (3) corn-soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (CSW-V) with ridge tillage during the corn and soybean crops, and dairy manure application during the corn year. Soil cores were collected in late autumn and immediately after spring thaw at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-30 cm depths. Regardless of management practices, freeze-thaw events resulted in significant (2-10 times) increases in NH4+-N, NO3--N (P<0.001) and DOC (P<0.01) levels at all soil depths. Following freeze-thaw, DEA remained unchanged in the 5-30 cm depth but dropped significantly (P<0.01) in the 0-5 cm soil layer. In that layer, soils which had been chisel plowed during the previous growing season lost 78-84% of the DEA recorded during the fall, whereas in the plots amended with manure during the previous season, the loss of activity was 40-45%. These data indicate that frequent tillage, compared with manure additions, is more conducive to overwinter loss of DEA in surface layers of soils subject to freeze-thaw cycles. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1017-1041
Abstract Understanding seasonal soil nitrogen (N) availability patterns is necessary to assess corn (Zea mays L.) N needs following winter cover cropping. Therefore, a field study was initiated to track N availability for corn in conventional and no‐till systems and to determine the accuracy of several methods for assessing and predicting N availability for corn grown in cover crop systems. The experimental design was a systematic split‐split plot with fallow, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye+hairy vetch, and wheat+hairy vetch established as main plots and managed for conventional till and no‐till corn (split plots) to provide a range of soil N availability. The split‐split plot treatment was sidedressed with fertilizer N to give five N rates ranging from 0–300 kg N ha‐1 in 75 kg N ha‐1 increments. Soil and corn were sampled throughout the growing season in the 0 kg N ha‐1 check plots and corn grain yields were determined in all plots. Plant‐available N was greater following cover crops that contained hairy vetch, but tillage had no consistent affect on N availability. Corn grain yields were higher following hairy vetch with or without supplemental fertilizer N and averaged 11.6 Mg ha‐1 and 9.9 Mg ha‐1 following cover crops with and without hairy vetch, respectively. All cover crop by tillage treatment combinations responded to fertilizer N rate both years, but the presence of hairy vetch seldom reduced predicted fertilizer N need. Instead, hairy vetch in monoculture or biculture seemed to add to corn yield potential by an average of about 1.7 Mg ha‐1 (averaged over fertilizer N rates). Cover crop N contributions to corn varied considerably, likely due to cover crop N content and C:N ratio, residue management, climate, soil type, and the method used to assess and assign an N credit. The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) accurately predicted fertilizer N responsive and N nonresponsive cover crop‐corn systems, but inorganic soil N concentrations within the PSNT critical inorganic soil N concentration range were not detected in this study. 相似文献
19.