平滑娑罗双地板坯料干燥工艺的研究

采用百度试验法对平滑娑罗双木材进行干燥特性研究,提出平滑娑罗双木地板坯料的干燥基准,并进行了工艺试验研究.结果表明,采用本文给出的干燥工艺,22 mm厚平滑娑罗双木地板坯料从初含水率41.34%干燥到12.64%,干燥周期为16 d,干燥质量完全能满足实木地板的加工要求.     

“木地板坯料/基材质量控制关键技术研究与示范”通过验收

<正>由中国林科院木材工业研究所主持的国家林业公益性行业科研重点专项——木地板坯料/基材质量控制关键技术研究与示范项目,2016年12月通过国家林业局科技司组织的验收。该项目以提高木地板产品质量为目标,紧密围绕木地板产业发展的技术需求,研发了实木地板坯料尺寸稳定性控制技术、高性能强化地板制造技术、     

杀虫、灭菌热湿平衡处理对实木地板坯料质量的影响

选择4种常用进口树种实木地板坯料和1种国产树种实木地板坯料,利用木材常规干燥试验机进行兼顾杀虫（D工艺）、灭菌（S工艺）的热湿平衡处理,检测分析其终含水率、厚度上的含水率偏差、残余应力、可见缺陷等指标变化。结果表明：地板坯料的质量在不同树种、同一批次内均存有差异。本研究中制定的D工艺（65℃/相对湿度73.8%～89.5%）、S工艺（75℃/相对湿度76.7%～91.2%）两个等级,可满足地板坯料杀虫、灭菌的加热技术要求,同时可降低地板坯料内和坯料间的最大含水率偏差,提高含水率均匀度,降低厚度上的含水率偏差,降低残余应力值,且对可见缺陷的影响不明显。热湿平衡处理坯料的质量符合LY/T 2058—2022《实木地板坯料》或GB/T 6491—2012《锯材干燥质量》中二级材的要求。     

超高温热处理实木地板的工艺及应用

对白蜡木、柞木、香樟、荷木等实木地板坯料进行了超高温热处理的研究.结果表明:与普通实木地板相比,热处理实木地板后吸湿性降低51.87%,尺寸稳定性提高42.36%,弦向弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度分别提高了1.15%和2.19%,(但弦向抗弯强度明显降低),导热效能超过实木复合地板.该技术已在工业上推广应用.     

番龙眼实木地板坯料的生产干燥工艺

为提高地板坯料的干燥质量和生产效率,对番龙眼实木地板坯料的干燥工艺进行优化,并进行了生产性干燥试验。结果显示,采用优化的干燥工艺,可使番龙眼地板坯料的干燥时间缩短为12 d,较企业原干燥基准缩短近30%,干燥质量达到GB/T 6491-2012《锯材干燥质量》规定的二级以上等级,合格率达93.1%。     

“低密度木材表层压缩增强实木地板坯料加工技术”通过成果鉴定

<正>2018年1月28日,国家林业局科技发展中心组织专家对中国林科院木材工业研究所承担的国家林业局林业专利产业化推进工程项目"木材湿热压缩增强处理技术产业化示范"进行验收,项目成果"低密度木材表层压缩增强实木地板坯料加工技术"通过成果鉴定。国家林业局科技发展中心副主任龙三群等出席会议。项目验收会由国家林业局科技发展中心主持,中国林科院林业科技信息研究所副所长王忠明研究员担任验收专家     

国内实木地板毛坯料市场发展前景广阔

“非典”疫情过后,国内经济重又进入持续发展阶段,奥运场馆建设以及房地产热进入升温时期,木地板市场也随之活跃起来。其中实木地板的“绿色”、“天然”和“环保”等因素,更加被北京、广州、上海等大城市消费者青睐。业内行家预测,今年实木地板的销量将在1亿m2左右。由此看来,作为实木地板的毛坯料需求量将大幅上升。我国木地板生产量及销售量在世界上都名列前茅,故木地板毛坯料市场的发展前景也十分广阔。目前,在国内实木地板销量最大的市场当属北京、广州、上海及整个华东地区,因而在这些城市及地区的毛坯料市场的规模也最可观。极其具有…     

铁线子地板坯料的干燥工艺

采用百度试验法,进行铁线子木材干燥特性和干燥工艺的试验。结果表明,铁线子木材初期开裂较严重,为5级,内裂为2级,截面变形为3级;干燥速度较慢,为4级。按照试验拟定的干燥基准,进行22 mm厚铁线子地板坯料干燥试验。从初含水率30.7%到终含水率12.3%,干燥周期为28 d,干燥质量满足实木地板的加工要求。     

中国与日本实木地板产品标准比较

对我国实木地板标准和日本实木地板标准进行比较,分析两国实木地板标准在质量要求等方面的差异,为我国实木地板的生产、贸易、标准制修订提供参考。     

《地采暖用实木地板技术要求》国标即将实施

正GB/T 35913-2018《地采暖用实木地板技术要求》,于2018年2月6日由国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化管理委员会批准发布。该标准对室内用地采暖地板新产品——地采暖实木地板的外观质量、热湿稳定性等进行了规定,2018年9月1日起实施。我国是世界上实木地板产销量最大的国家,据不完全统计,我国实木地板规模以上企业销量约     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.