小麦山农066559紫色性状的遗传分析

为了解小麦山农066559的紫粒、紫色花药和紫色叶鞘三个性状的遗传规律,以山农066559和普通小麦SN1391为亲本材料,分析其不同杂交世代(正反交F1、F2、F3和回交世代BC1F1、BC1F2)的性状表型,进行紫色性状遗传规律研究.结果表明,对于籽粒而言,F3中紫色与白色的分离比符合9∶7,在BC1 F2中,该比例为1∶3,说明紫色籽粒由两对独立的显性互补基因控制.对于花药而言,F2中紫色与黄色的分离比符合1∶3,在BC1F1中,该比例是1∶1,说明紫色花药由一对隐性基因控制.对于叶鞘而言,F2中紫色与白色符合3∶1的比例,在BC1F1中,该比例为1∶1,说明紫色叶鞘由一对显性基因控制.此外,三个性状的联合遗传分析表明,紫粒与紫花药的基因符合自由组合定律;紫粒的一个基因与紫叶鞘基因之间存在连锁和互换现象.可见小麦山农066559的紫色籽粒、花药和叶鞘性状,具有不同的遗传控制基因和遗传规律,这些基因之间具有不同的连锁特点.     

大豆褐色种皮遗传分析及基因定位

为解析大豆籽粒种皮黄色向褐色突变的遗传规律及分子基础,本研究以田间发现的稳定繁殖的黄色种皮大豆中出现褐色种皮突变体及其原始品种为材料,进行田间表型性状鉴定。利用大豆20对染色体上的176个SSR标记对4对自然突变为褐色种皮的突变体及其原始品种进行基因型鉴定。利用种皮色突变体与其原始品种和非原始品种进行正向杂交和反向杂交试验,并对F_1、F_2种皮色的分离情况进行统计分析。利用A2连锁群上全部72对SSR标记对双亲遗传背景差异大的北豆14×克H09-95的F_2群体进行基因型鉴定。研究结果表明:褐色种皮的突变体是其对应的原始品种的近等基因系;褐色突变是可遗传的,受细胞核基因控制,与细胞质遗传无关;黄色种皮对自然突变的褐色种皮表现为显性,经卡方检验,杂种后代中种皮的黄色与褐色分离比例符合3∶1的孟德尔的独立遗传规律,与经典遗传学的遗传方式是一致的。突变发生在A2连锁群的sat_162和SSR53区间内。在大豆公共物理图谱(http://www.soybase.org)上SSR53和sat_162区间包含GmIRCHS结构(曾被预测为I基因)区间,因此可证明参与控制种皮或种脐颜色性状的A2染色体上的经典位点I位点自然突变是黄色种皮变为褐色的原因。在研究的过程中,开发了A2染色体上的1个新的控制种皮颜色的标记SSR53。     

硬粒小麦含镉量的遗传研究

谷类作物籽粒中镉含量太高对人体有害。有一些报道指出 ,硬粒小麦 (Triticum turgidumL.var. durum )比普通小麦 (T.aestivam L.)的籽粒中含镉量高。本研究的目的是检测硬粒小麦籽粒含镉量的遗传性 ,为培育低籽粒含镉量品种提供理论依据。用于测定籽粒含镉量的材料有一个杂交组合的F2 代和 F2 -3 家系、两个杂交组合的 F2 -3 和 F3 -4 家系 ;用另外 13个杂交组合的随机 F8-9和 F8-10 家系测定了籽粒和叶片中的含镉量。试验在砂壤土、混合型细绵土及潜育黑土上进行。结果表明 ,籽粒含镉量主要由单基因控制 ,低镉含量为显性。叶片含镉量与籽粒含镉量高度相关 (r=0 .87～ 0 .89,P<0 .0 1)。因此 ,可以用叶片含镉量来预测基因型 ,这一点在将低镉性状导入高镉品种的回交育种中将很有用处。由 F2 -3后代与 F2 代亲本的回归或 F2 -4 后代与 F2 -3 亲本的回归测得的遗传力 (以标准单位计 )范围为 0 .84±0 .0 6～ 0 .88± 0 .0 8,表明培育低籽粒含镉量品种是可行的。由变异因素 (年份、试验地点、重复、基因型 )估算的遗传力为 0 .78,90 %置信区间为 0 .6 7～ 0 .88。籽粒含镉量的单基因遗传和高遗传力将有助于低含镉量硬粒小麦品种的培育     

黑粒小麦醇溶蛋白指纹图谱及其遗传分析

黑粒小麦因其具有特殊的营养价值而倍受人们青睐。我国近年来已育成和引入了一批黑粒小麦品种 (系 )和资源 ,它们的黑粒基因来源和色素分布部位不同。本研究利用 ISTA颁布的 A- PAGE标准程序分析了来源不同的 9份黑粒小麦亲本及其 1 3份后代材料的醇溶蛋白指纹图谱。结果表明 ,9份黑粒小麦亲本材料分离出 40条相对迁移率不同的谱带 ,其中 8条为共同带 ,每个亲本均有各自独特的谱带组合。采用“0～ 1”系统记录谱带 ,计算亲本间遗传距离 ,平均值为 0 .34,范围为 0 .1 0～ 0 .48。来自加拿大的京 1 1 70 5和 MY2 4 33的遗传距离为 0 .1 0 ,具有最大的遗传相似性。我国育成的漯珍 1号、乌麦 5 2 6和黑小麦 76号三者间的遗传距离在 0 .33以上。利用非加全成对算术平均法 ( UPGMA)作聚类分析 ,在 0 .34水平上可聚为 3类 ,其中漯珍 1号自成一类。黑粒小麦和白粒小麦杂种后代个体的醇溶蛋白呈共显性遗传 ,但白粒亲本北农 6号的一条带在 F1没有出现。醇溶蛋白指纹图谱的相似程度能反映出品种间的亲缘关系 ,不失为黑粒小麦育种亲本选配的一个重要依据。     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病抗性表现规律的研究

为探讨杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病的抗性表现规律,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行菌种做菌源,通过田间和苗期接种,对9份抗、感白粉病小麦亲本材料和9份大田感病品种及其杂交F1代进行抗病性鉴定,并结合SCAR和SSR分子标记进行了检测.结果表明:(1)以N95175、N9209为亲本的杂交F1含有Pm21基因,苗期和成株期抗病性均很好,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合显性遗传,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制.(2)以N9134、N9227A为亲本的杂交F1含有PmAS846基因,成株期抗病性较好,苗期大部分表现抗病;以N9227A为亲本的杂交F1中有40%的杂交组合表现中感,该抗性基因不完全符合单基因显性遗传,其表达在一定程度上受遗传背景及环境的影响.(3)中国春为苗期感病、成株期抗病材料,其与抗病亲本杂交F1代的抗病性接近或略高于抗病亲本;与感病品种杂交F1代的抗病性介于双亲之间.(4)白粉病遗传属于细胞核遗传,正反交F1代苗期抗病性无明显差异,杂交种的抗病性与双亲相关.因此, 在组配小麦强优势杂种组合时应尽量选用抗病的品种作为亲本之一,并考虑慢病性品种的应用.     

转基因小麦沉默的HMW-GS基因的遗传及表达

为了研究转基因小麦QQ5沉默的HMW-GS基因的遗传规律.以QQ5与育成品种高原314和新春13号进行正反交,再用育成品种进行曰交,采用SDS-PAGE技术检测并分析各组合亲本、F1、F2、BC.F1的HMW-GS组成.结果表明,HMW-GS基因沉默表现为显性,且能稳定遗传,杂交及回交后代符合3:1和1 : 1的分离比,遵循孟德尔遗传方式.     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽突变体的遗传研究

甘蓝型油菜显性黄籽突变体９３３０４４产生于甘蓝型黑籽油菜复合杂交第８代。通过９３３０４４与甘蓝型油菜黑籽双低品系９３４３１和７２１—１杂交,研究种籽粒色性状遗传。在９３３０４４×９３４３１杂交组合中,Ｆ１表现黄籽,Ｆ２黄籽株与黑籽株呈３∶１分离。在９３３０４４×７２１—１杂交组合中,Ｆ１表现黑籽,Ｆ２黄籽株与黑籽株比例３∶１３。以上结果表明突变体的黄籽性状受１对显性黄籽基因和１对上位显性黑籽基因互作控制。用Ｙｃ—ｙｃ和Ｂｃ－ｂｃ表示２个基因座的２对等位基因,Ｙｃ为显性黄籽基因,Ｂｃ为上位显性黑籽基因。黄籽性状的广义遗传力ｈ２Ｂ＝６９．８８％～８６．１８％,表明突变体９３３０４４黄色种皮性状有较高的遗传能力。     

乌拉尔图和栽培一粒小麦抗病基因向普通小麦转移的研究

乌拉尔图小麦（Triticum urartu Tum．）和栽培一粒小麦（Triticum monococcum L．）是普通小麦的两个二倍体野生种，是进行小麦遗传改良的重要遗传资源。为了将其抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因转移到普通小麦中，用普通小麦分别与两份乌拉尔图小麦材料1010013和1010015及一份栽培一粒小麦材料1010048配制杂交组合。结果表明，乌拉尔图小麦与普通小麦杂交不能正常结实，必须进行幼胚拯救。成胚率为14．77％；而栽培一粒小麦与普通小麦杂交可正常结实，但结实率很低。杂种F1自交不育，与普通小麦回交可正常结实．但BC1自交结实率极低。对普通小麦与乌拉尔图小麦杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的观察结果表明，平均单价体为17．36个．二价体为5．32个。进一步对杂种后代进行抗病鉴定和遗传分析，乌拉尔图小麦1010013和1010015分别含有一对显性抗白粉病基因。栽培一粒小麦1010048含有两对独立遗传的显性抗条锈病基因，并分别在杂种后代BC2F1和BC1F2中获得了染色体正常（2n=42）、细胞学稳定且抗性与供体亲本一致的抗白粉病和抗备锈病植株。说明来自二倍体乌拉尔图和栽培一粒小麦的抗病基因已通过遗传重组导入到普通小麦中。研究还发现普通小麦莱州953与乌拉尔图小麦和栽培一粒小麦杂交的结实率与中国春的同样高，表明其可能携带有远缘杂交亲和基因。     

小麦K35早熟特性的遗传分析

为探讨小麦早熟特性的遗传特点和规律,并为小麦育种提供具有早熟优良性状的亲本材料,运用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析的方法,对早熟品种K35和晚熟品种Wesley杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2的早熟特性进行了分析.结果表明,早熟性状的遗传符合1对主基因 多基因的模型,且主基因的加性效应(d)和显性效应(h)均为负值;但根据F1代的表型分析,该性状有可能由不完全显性基因控制,因此加性效应和显性效应的作用可能是增效,且d大于h为正向部分显性.F2代主基因的遗传率为80.82%,多基因遗传率为0.38%,环境因素影响为18.8%.说明主基因对于该性状起主导作用,环境因素影响也较大. 状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析的方法,对早熟品种K35和晚熟品种Wesley杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2的早熟特性进行了分析.结果表明,早熟性状的遗传符合1对主基因 多基因的模型,且主基因的加性效应(d)和显性效应(h)均为负值;但根据F1代的表型分析,该性状有可能由不完全显性基因控制,因此加性效应和显性效应的作用可能是增效,且d大于h为正向部分显性.F2代主基因的道传率为80.82%,多基因遗传率 0.38%,环境因素影响为18.8%.说明主基因对于该     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).