渭河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响

以黄河最大的一级支流渭河为研究对象,根据渭河流域华县水文站1958--2011年径流资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt非参数统计和双累积曲线法分析径流序列的变化趋势和突变点,同时采用水量平衡法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：1）华县水文站径流量呈显著下降趋势（标准正态统计变量〈-2．23）,年均递减系数为0．86mm／a;2）径流量自1994年呈显著性减少趋势,据此将径流序列划分为2个阶段,即基准期1958--1994年和变化期1995—2011年;3）变化期较基准期在枯水年、平水年和丰水年径流量分别下降64．6％、41．3％和45．5％,枯水年流量下降趋势最为明显;4）华县站以上控制区内降雨变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为49．0％和51．0％,气候变化对渭河径流量的影响主要是由降水量的减少引起的。     

嫩江江桥站水沙变化特征及驱动因素分析

采用线性关系外推法、小波分析和Mann—Kendall检验法对嫩江江桥站控制区1955—2006年期间年降水、径流和输沙序列变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,受人类活动影响之前,输沙序列震荡不明显,输沙和降水量不具相关性,受人类活动影响之后,输沙序列出现震荡特征,输沙和降水量之间的相关性达显著水平。采用线性关系外推法计算了人类活动和降水对径流、输沙量的影响,与基准期相比,研究区年均径流量减少了7.900×109 m3,其中,降水减少占4.130×109 m3,人类活动影响占3.770×109 m3;同时,受降水影响减沙3.329×105 t,受人类活动影响增沙3.899×105 t,年均总输沙量增加了5.700×104 t。总之,人类活动是研究区径流减少量和输沙量增多的重要驱动因素。     

渭河水文情势变化评估及归因分析

河流水文情势关系着河流生态健康,对河流生态系统的完整性和稳定性具有重要影响。采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall法、累积距平法及双累积曲线法分析了渭河流域咸阳、华县与状头3个水文站径流变化特征(1965—2018年),结合IHA-RVA法综合评估河川径流水文指标改变程度,揭示了人类活动对水文情势的影响。结果表明：1965—2018年渭河主干及子流域北洛河流域年径流量呈显著减少趋势(p<0.05),干流咸阳和华县站年径流减少速率分别为5.5×10⁷ m³/a和6.8×10⁷ m³/a,北洛河状头站年径流减少速率为8.0×10⁶ m³/a;咸阳和华县站年径流量突变年份均为1993年,状头站年径流量突变年份为1994年。对比突变前后水文指标变化程度,咸阳、华县与状头站水文整体改变度分别为48%,46%和50%,为中度改变。流量变化改变率及频率改变最为显著,水利工程与水土保持措施是河川水文情势变化的主因。研究结果可为流域水资源可持续利用与水土保持措施合理...     

吕梁市中西河流域径流变化特征分析及模拟

为了研究中西河流域径流变化过程,基于岔口水文站1956-2015年的年降水径流和蒸发的资料,采用线性回归法和有序聚类分析法,分析了中西河流域径流变化过程及影响因素;采用频率分析法对年降水量进行了丰枯分析;采用小波变化分析了年降水量径流量周期变化;对影响径流的因素划分阶段进行定量分析;建立多元线性径流回归模型,对1956-2015年的径流进行模拟。结果表明：中西河流域径流呈明显的减少趋势;1970-2006年,枯水年占很大比例;径流在1970年发生了突变;年降水量变化主周期为28 a,年径流量变化主周期为26 a;多元线性回归模型拟合性好,可以用于径流预测。     

1990～1996年渭河流域水沙变化原因初步分析

根据流域水文泥沙观测资料及1990年土地详查成果和1996年土地变更调查成果等,采用"水保法"和"水文法"对渭河流域1990～1996年水土保持措施减水减沙作用及水沙变化原因进行了分析计算.经"水保法"分析,年均减水量28.48亿m3,效益47.7%,其中减洪水量9 .19亿m3,减洪效益37.1%;年均减沙量4 630万t,效益35.8%,其中减洪沙量3 986万t, 减洪沙效益33.6%.经"水文法"分析,年均减水量25.71亿m3,减水效益44.3%,在减少的年径流量中,人类活动影响占51.5%,降雨影响占48.5%;年均减沙量0.800亿t,效益59.7 %,在减少的沙量中,人类活动影响占57.1%,降雨影响占42.9%.     

大理河流域1970-2002年水保措施减洪减沙效益深化分析

根据实测水文资料,采用"水文法"和"水保法"两种方法,对大理河流域1970-2002年的水沙变化和水土保持综合治理减洪减沙效益进行了比较全面的计算和分析。大理河流域20世纪70,80,90年代降雨量、径流量和输沙量呈递减趋势,其中80年代减幅最大,70,90年代减幅接近。2000-2002年年降水量和汛期降水量分别比基准期增大了8.0%和9.3%,但径流、泥沙依然递减。"水文法"计算结果表明,1970-2002年大理河流域共计减少洪水10.114 5亿m3,年均减少洪水3 065万m3,其中水土保持综合治理年均减少洪水2 370万m3,占减少洪水总量的77.2%,年均减少洪水效益25.2%;共计减沙8.448亿t,年均减沙2 560万t,其中水土保持综合治理年均减沙1 940万t,占总减沙量的75.8%,年均减沙效益37.6%。"水保法"计算结果表明,1970-2002年大理河流域水土保持措施共计减少洪水7.524亿m3,年均减少洪水2 280万m3,年均减少洪水效益24.5%;水土保持措施共计减沙6.138亿t,年均减沙1 860万t,年均减沙效益36.6%。近期流域水土保持综合治理减洪减沙效益显著,水保措施减水减沙比依时序呈下降趋势。     

渭河流域水利水保措施减沙水代价分异特征与水沙调节模拟

 不同水利、水保措施减沙水代价研究,对于评价水利、水保措施减水、减沙效应和解决流域水沙问题,有着重要意义。通过对渭河流域梯田、造林、种草和坝地等坡面和沟道水土保持措施、洪水期和年均灌溉及水库等水利措施减流减沙比的比较,分析了渭河流域1970—1996年,不同措施减沙水代价的差异和区域分异特征,并根据不同假设,模拟了通过措施数量和区域调整,对渭河径流量的影响。研究表明,灌溉措施的减沙水代价最大,其次是种草、造林和梯田等坡面措施,水库和坝地的减沙水代价较小。措施减沙水代价,区域分异特征非常明显,除坝地外,各类措施的减沙水代价,均与洪期输沙模数呈显著负相关。模拟研究表明,在假定各区间水利措施不变,通过不同水保措施面积变化和不同区间水保措施调整,可以在减少泥沙量不变时,明显增加渭河径流量。     

1952-2008年延河流域降水与径流的变化趋势分析

利用延河流域控制站甘谷驿水文站流量实测数据及流域内5个县级气象站降水观测数据,分析了1952-2008年间甘谷驿水文站以上延河流域降水与径流的年内、年际变化特征,并运用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和Sen斜率估计法对延河流域降水、径流的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,延河流域汛期降水量和径流量分别占全年降水量和径流量的72%和64%。20世纪50年代至90年代,径流变化过程基本与降水过程一致,但到了21世纪初期,降水量呈先升后降的变化趋势,而径流量呈下降趋势。1952-2008年间流域降水量呈微弱的减少趋势,而冬季降水却以0.18mm/a的幅度显著递增。甘谷驿站汛期径流量以99.25万m3/a幅度显著降低。从径流的季节变化上来看,春季降低趋势不显著;夏秋两季径流分别以83.83万m3/a和26.16万m3/a的幅度显著减少;而冬季径流以15.62万m3/a的幅度显著增加。虽然相关分析表明降水变化与径流变化有较好的相关关系,但人类活动对径流的影响不容忽视。     

渭河流域极端降雨变化趋势及其对水沙情势的影响

为探究渭河流域极端降雨变化趋势及其对水沙情势的影响,采用非参数趋势检验、突变检验和连续小波变换诊断了渭河流域1960—2019年的极端降雨指数及径流输沙序列的变异特征,通过双累积曲线法和相关分析法定量评估了流域极端降雨对水沙变化的影响。结果表明:各极端降雨指数呈阶段性波动变化,总体上PRCPTOT,RX5day和RX1day呈不显著下降趋势,R95pTOT,SDII和FSPTOT呈不显著上升趋势。各极端降雨指数均存在以4～6 a,11～12 a,28～29 a为周期的变化特征。径流与输沙量均呈显著减少趋势,分别在1993年、1999年发生突变,其中径流存在5 a和12 a的周期。各极端降雨指数均与径流、输沙量正相关,相比之下,输沙量与各极端降雨指数之间的相关系数偏低。极端降雨变化对径流与输沙量的减少具有重要影响。其中,PRCPTOT对径流减少的影响最大(29.65%),其次是RX5day(25.68%)和FSPTOT(25.95%)。PRCPTOT对输沙量减少的影响也是最大的(10.02%),其次是RX5day(7.12%)。综上,渭河流域水沙情势的变化受极端降雨的显著影响。     

浑河流域降雨径流变化规律研究

基于1956—2011年辽宁省浑河干流两个水文站年均径流量数据和降水量数据,分析了浑河流域降水径流的变化规律,采用双累积曲线法确定径流变化的基准期和人类活动影响期,并利用降水—径流相关模型法估算了浑河流域径流演变的降水和人类活动因素。结果表明:1)浑河干流水文站控制区域降水基本稳定,略呈减少趋势,降水量没有显著的趋势性和突变特征。2)从总体变化趋势来看,从1956—1980年基本处于缓慢下降过程,1980—2011年受大水年的影响较大,天然径流量出现明显的上升—下降波动过程。浑河干支流区域径流量多在1975年出现突变,从1975年开始,径流量比前期显著减少。3)北口前以上区间降水因素对径流量起增加作用,但是由于人为对洪水的调控,实际径流量却小于基准期;邢家窝棚降水因素对径流的减小作用在增加,由1980年代的30.7%增加到2000年代的57.6%,同期人类活动因素作用由69.3%减小到42.2%。     

Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under native forest in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land use/cover maps of 1953, 1978 and 2002 were interpreted and analysed within GIS to quantify the shift from forest to rainfed cultivation. Six sites were sampled in a non‐changed forest and in cultivated fields, three for each. Different soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorous and potassium were analysed. Results showed that many forests were changed into cultivated lands at a rate more than the reforestation. Subsequently, adverse effects on the studied physical and chemical properties were observed. The most affected properties were particle size distribution, bulk density of surface soil and subsoil. Organic matter and CEC decreased in cultivated soil as compared to the forest soil. Cultivated soils were found to exhibit a significantly lower status in physical and chemical soil properties as compared to forest soils. This general decline in the soil physical and chemical properties, in turn, contributed to soil erosion, reduction of soil fertility and land degradation. There is an urgent need to improve soil quality by developing sustainable land use practices to reduce the rate of soil degradation and to ensure long‐term sustainability of the farming system in the study area and in similar biophysical settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

开发建设项目水土保持监测信息系统设计

在日本冈山县备前市久久井地区的一片森林火烧迹地,布设了3块不同样地进行调查取样和室内实验对比分析.对火烧后由于降雨所引起的土壤理化性质的动态变化进行了数据分析.结果表明,3块样地土壤的pH值、物理性质以及养分的流失程度均不同.根据研究结果,探讨了减少土壤养分流失的方法,从而选择最适植被恢复方式,为火烧迹地的植被恢复提供理论依据.     

Effect of termites and mulch on the physical rehabilitation of structurally crusted soils in the Sahel

The effectiveness of mulch and termite activity in the rehabilitation of the physical properties of crusted soil was studied in northern Burkina Faso (Province de Bam). A split plot design was used with three replications each being on one soil type. The soil types were Ferric Lixisol, Haplic Lixisol and Chromic Cambisol. The main factor was termite activity, and to this end dieldrin (0·50 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) was used to create plots without termite activity next to plots with termite activity. The subplots consisted of Pennisetum pedicellatum mulch, wood Pterocarpus lucens mulch and composite (wood+straw) mulch, applied at rates of 3, 6 and 4 t ha⁻¹, respectively. Two years after establishing the experiment, the combined effect of termite and mulch on the change in physical properties of the soil was measured. The parameters used for this assessment were porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil resistance to cone penetration. Soil water content was also measured. Termite activity was found to increase soil porosity, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, improve soil water status and reduce soil bulk density and soil resistance to cone penetration. The only difference between bare plots and mulched plots without termites was in water content. This indicates that the mechanism whereby mulch improves the physical properties of crusted soil is mainly based on soil biology processes and to a limited extent on protecting soil against weather impact. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using soil knowledge for the evaluation of mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for predicting soil physical and mechanical properties

Mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can provide rapid, cheap and relatively accurate predictions for a number of soil properties. Most studies have found that it is possible to estimate chemical properties that are related to surface and solid material composition. This paper focuses on prediction of physical and mechanical properties, with emphasis on the elucidation of possible mechanisms of prediction. Soil physical properties that are based on pore‐space relationships such as bulk density, water retention and hydraulic conductivity cannot be predicted well using MIR spectroscopy. Hydraulic conductivity was measured using a tension‐disc permeameter, excluding the macropore effect, but MIR spectroscopy did not give a good prediction. Properties based on the soil solid composition and surfaces such as clay content and shrink‐swell potential can be predicted reasonably well. Macro‐aggregate stability in water can be predicted reasonably as it has a strong correlation with carbon content in the soil. We found that most of the physical and mechanical properties can be related back to the fundamental soil properties such as clay content, carbon content, cation exchange capacity and bulk density. These connections have been explored previously in pedotransfer functions studies. The concept of a spectral soil inference system is reiterated: linking the spectra to basic soil properties and connecting basic soil properties to other functional soil properties via pedotransfer functions.     

Spatial and temporal variability of soil physical properties of norfolk loamy sand as affected by tillage

Physical properties of field soil vary both spatially and temporally. Because so little information is available concerning the changes in magnitude of soil physical properties as functions of soil depth, distance normal to a crop row, and time, they have largely been ignored in model development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantitatively the spatial and temporal variability imposed by several tillage operations on several soil physical properties. Three tillage treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were (1) conventionally-disked 3 times before planting, (2) full width strip chisel plowed to a 27-cm depth, and (3) in-row-subsoiled plus bedding. Soil physical properties measured were cone index (CI), weight percentage water (Pw), bulk density (Db), soil water characteristic curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and soil settling. These properties were measured 3 times: immediately after planting soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) on 16 May; on 3 June; on 8 July 1977. Soil properties were measured at the 0–14, 14–28, and 28–41-cm soil depths at 3 positions relative to the row i.e., in the row, in the trafficked interrow, and in the non-trafficked interrow. Significant differences due to tillage treatment were found for Db, CI, and the soil water characteristic. The greatest spatial variation occurred in the 0–14-cm depth and decreased with depth. Significant differences for most variables were also found for the tillage by depth and tillage by position interactions. All properties exhibited significant temporal variation.     

Simultaneous Preservation of Soil Structural Properties and Phospholipid Profiles: A Comparison of Three Drying Techniques

There is a need to simultaneously preserve evidence of interactions between the biological community and soil structural properties of a soil in as near an intact (natural) state as possible.Three dehydration techniques were implemented and assessed for their ability to minimise disruption of both biological and physical properties of the same arable soil sample.Dehydration techniques applied until samples were at constant weight were i) air-drying at 20℃ (AD); ii)-80℃ freeze for 24 h,followed by freeze-drying (-80FD); and iii) liquid nitrogen snap freeze,followed by freeze-drying(LNFD) and were compared to a moist control.Physical structure was determined and quantified in three dimensions using X-ray computed tomography and microbial phenotypic community composition was assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling.This study confirms that any form of dehydration,when preparing soil for simultaneous biological and physical analysis,will alter the soil physical properties,and cause some change in apparent community structure.Freeze-drying (both the LNFD and -80FD treatments) was found to minimise disruption (when compared to the moist control soil) to both the soil physical properties and the community structure and is a preferable technique to air-drying which markedly alters the size and character of the pore network,as well as the phenotypic profile.The LNFD was the preferred treatment over the -80FD treatment as samples show low variability between replicates and a fast turn-around time between samples.Therefore snap freezing in liquid nitrogen,followed by freeze drying is the most appropriate form of dehydration when two sets of data,both physical and biological,need to be preserved simultaneously from a soil core.     

不同土壤物理属性空间分布对水文过程模拟的影响

基于不同空间分辨率的土壤物理属性数据(土壤田间持水量、孔隙度和饱和水力传导度),运用WATLAC分布式水文模型模拟了西苕溪流域2005-2010年的水文过程。对比评价了土壤物理属性空间分布对地下水补给、土壤蒸发、径流量及其组分的影响。结果显示,利用不同空间分辨率土壤物理属性数据模拟的流量过程与实测值都匹配的很好,模拟精度相当,更详尽的土壤属性空间分布信息未能明显提高模型模拟的精度;而对于地下水补给量,高分辨率的土壤属性空间分布会使其模拟结果大幅减小,但对土壤蒸发量则影响较小,两种数据模拟的结果及其空间分布都很接近;同时,虽然土壤物理属性空间分布的分辨率对模拟的径流总量影响甚微,但对基流与地表径流的分割却产生了较大影响。     

地表覆盖种植技术工艺的构建方法研究

以机械设计方法学为理论基础,探讨了以改善作物生长的土壤物理条件为目标的地表覆盖种植技术工艺在种植业生产上的应用特点,进而阐述了自然环境-地表覆盖层-土壤-作物系统中构建地表覆盖种植工艺的功能要求、交互作用要求、技术要求和操作要求,并根据各种要求的重要程度建立了满足要求的地表覆盖技术工艺的三级优先原则。以此为基础,研究了地表覆盖的部分功能以及部分功能的组合总体功能,并对其功能进行了检验分析。在列举可能作为地表覆盖材料的前提下,提出构建地表覆盖种植工艺的5种方案:农业生产废弃物覆盖地表,如碎秸秆、谷物颖壳和碎草等;不透光合成材料覆盖地表,如黑色沥青涂层纸和黑色塑料薄膜;透光合成材料覆盖地表,如各种无色塑料薄膜;无机地表覆盖材料,如细沙、砾石等;低矮活体植物生长条件下的地表覆盖,如苜蓿草和各种其它草类。根据覆盖方案的技术评价方法,建立了10项指标的评价体系,并以5级指标值为评价准则,对5种覆盖方案进行了技术总值和相对价值的计算。在检验各种覆盖方案相对评价指标体系的部分值分布均衡性以及相对有效值大小的基础上,确定了农业有机废弃物覆盖地表的相对价值为80%,是满足对作物生长土壤物理因素改善的较佳覆盖方案。研究过程所遵循的原则和地表覆盖种植工艺的构建原理和方法对于地表覆盖种植技术的正确应用以充分发挥其功能具有重要的实际意义     

Changes in the physical status of the typical and leached chernozems of Kursk oblast within 40 years

The changes in the physical properties of the chernozems in the Central Russian province of the forest-steppe zone (Kursk oblast) that took place from 1964 to 2002 are analyzed in relation to the corresponding changes in the agrotechnology, agroeconomy, and agroecology. Three periods of the soil transformation are distinguished. The first period was characterized by the use of machines with relatively small pressure on the soil and by the dynamic equilibrium between the physical state of the soils and the processes of the humification-mineralization of the soil organic matter. The use of power-intensive machines in the next period resulted in greater soil compaction with negative changes in the soil physical properties. At the same time, the physical properties of the chernozems remained close to optimum on the fields where heavy machines were not used. The third period was characterized by the use of heavy machines and by the decrease in the rates of the organic and mineral fertilizers and certain disturbances in the crop rotation systems because of the economic difficulties. The negative tendencies of the changes in the soil physical properties observed during the preceding period continued.     

耕翻和秸秆还田深度对东北黑土物理性质的影响

为了明确耕翻和秸秆还田深度对土壤物理性质的影响,在东北黑土区中部进行了6 a的耕翻和秸秆还田定位试验,设置了免耕(D0)、浅耕翻(0～20 cm)(D20)、浅耕翻+秸秆(D20S)、深耕翻(0～35 cm)(D35)、深耕翻+秸秆(D35S)、超深耕翻(0～50 cm)(D50)和超深耕翻+秸秆(D50S)7个处理开展研究,秸秆还田处理将10 000 kg/hm2秸秆均匀地还入相应的耕翻土层。结果表明,耕翻和秸秆还田深度是影响土壤物理性质的重要农艺措施。与初始土壤相比,免耕显著增加了0～20cm土层土壤容重,减少了孔隙度、持水量、饱和导水率和0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量(WAS0.25)(P0.05),而对20～50 cm土层没有显著影响(P0.05)。在0～20 cm土层,除了D50处理显著降低了WAS0.25含量以外,D20,D35和D50处理对各项土壤物理指标均没有显著影响;而D20S和D35S处理则显著改善了该层各项土壤物理指标。在20～35 cm土层,D35、D35S、D50和D50S处理显著改善了该土层各项土壤物理指标(除了2014年的容重)。在35～50cm土层,D50和D50S处理对各项土壤物理指标改善效果显著,特别是相应土层通气孔隙度和饱和导水率显著增加。研究结果表明耕翻配合秸秆对土壤物理指标的改善效果优于仅耕翻处理。综合评分结果也表明D35S和D50S处理分别对20～35 cm和35～50 cm土层土壤物理性质的改善效果最好,说明在质地黏重的黑土上深翻耕或者超深翻耕配合秸秆还田通过土层翻转秸秆全层混合施用能够显著改善全耕作层土壤的物理性质,增加耕层厚度,扩充土壤的水分库容,提高黑土的水分调节能力。