红松实生种子园建园效果分析

本文对红松实生种子园建园效果进行了分析.结果表明:用3 a生容器苗做定植材料效果好,结实量较裸根苗提高59.33%;陡坡立地条件母树生长最好,缓坡次之,平地最差;建园的232个家系中树高、胸径均为正选择的家系数为89个;树高、胸径遗传增益均高于5%、10%、15%的家系数分别为41个、12个、6个.优树树高单株和家系遗传力均大于胸径遗传力,且树高和胸径单株遗传力均小于家系遗传力;露水河、八家子和敦化三地种源树高单株和家系遗传力均大于胸径遗传力,且树高和胸径单株遗传力均小于家系遗传力.露水河种源树高、胸径单株和家系遗传力均高于三地种源,树高、胸径单株遗传力分别高出20.0%和20.6%,树高、胸径家系遗传力分别高出10.64%和11.63%.     

Variation in tracheid length in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson)

Summary Radial pattern of variation in the first-formed earlywood tracheid length in blue pine shows that it increases outwards from the pith at first rapidly up to the 10th ring, then more slowly up to about the 40th ring and thereafter it remains more or less constant. It is correlated significantly and positively with both age and distance from the pith up to 40 years. In the mature wood zone i.e. after 40 years, tracheid length is not affected by either age or distance from the pith. The mean tracheid length of mature wood is significantly and positively correlated with the mean tracheid length of juvenile wood and also with the tracheid length of each of the juvenile wood rings. Based on the results of this study some guidelines for sampling are proposed. Trees with greater than 51 cm d.b.h. or above 40 years of age can be compared by sampling only four outermost consecutive mature wood annual rings; and those with less than 51 cm d.b.h. or below 40 years of age can be compared by sampling any of the juvenile wood rings.A part of Ph. D. thesis submitted to Himachal Pradesh University, Simla-171 005 (India), under the supervision of Dr. K. K. Jain, Associate Professor. The author is thankful to Dr. Jain for constant encouragement and to the University Grants Commission (India) for financial assistance     

Variability in cone,seed and seedling characteristics of Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon

Investigations were made to determine the nature and extent of variations present for 10 morphological characters of cone,seed and seedlings of 17 plus trees(PTs)of Pinus kesiya growing in eastern Himalayas(Meghalaya state) of India.The significant variations has been observed in cone weight,cone length,cone diameter,seed length,seed diameter,seed weight,number of seeds per cone,seed germination,seedling height and seedling collar diameter among different PTs of the species.Significant positive correlation(p \ 0.01) between seed weight,cone length and cone diameter showed that seed weight in P.kesiya depend more on the cone size.Seed germination is found positively correlated(p \ 0.01) with seed weight,seed diameter,cone size and number of seeds per cone in the study.Among geographical factors,latitude and altitude are found positively correlated(p \ 0.05) with cone weight and seed diameter,respectively.The genetic parameters for seed,cone and seedlings of PTs of P.kesiya also showed a wide range of variability in terms of variance,coefficient of variability,broad sense heritability,genetic advance and genetic gain.Seed weight,seeds per cone and seedling diameter showed high heritability values([75) coupled with maximum genetic gain.Traits with such values indicate the presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic control.The findings of the study revealed that PTs expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed,cone and seedling characters,which may be attributed to the differences in genetic makeup of various PTs and environmental factors i.e.genotypic and environmental interaction.The presence of high variability in P.kesiya PTs for different characters provide further opportunities to improve the population in subsequent generations so as to establish this species as an important timber tree to be grown on less fertile and degraded soils in its distributional ranges.     

Axial pattern of whole-ring density variation in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson)

Summary Whole-ring density in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks.) decreases from base to the top of tree in rings numbered from bark as well as in rings numbered from pith. It is negatively and significantly correlated with percentage height. General pattern remains the same, when sampling is done internodally or when it is done at fixed positions (percentages) along the boles of blue pine trees. Density at the breast-height level is more than that at the top of tree and the breast-height values are positively and significantly correlated with that of total tree values.We are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India, for providing laboratory facilities     

Percentage of compression wood and specific gravity in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson)

Summary There is a positive correlation between the percentage of compression wood and specific gravity in Pinus wallichiana. Where compression wood is present a definite increase in specific gravity occurs in an annual ring, but the influence of compression wood on specific gravity is only local. The first-formed earlywood portion of the ring is the most suitable sampling point for a comparison of specific gravity between rings of the same or different trees.We are thankful to Professor H. O. Agrawal for providing laboratory facilities. The first author is thankful to University Grants Commission (India) for financial assistance.     

170个红松无性系生长及结实性状变异及选择

目的 选育高产、优质红松无性系营建坚果用材林。 方法 以吉林省临江林业局闹枝林场170个红松无性系为材料,对38年生树高、胸径、单株材积、单株球果数、单塔出籽量、单株出籽量、千粒质量、球果鲜质量和发芽率进行测定分析。 结果 方差分析结果表明：除发芽率外（P=0.280）,无性系间各性状差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）;无性系间各指标表型变异系数变化范围为3.57%~66.09%;除发芽率外（0.07）,各性状重复力均超过0.45;树高、胸径和单株材积间达到极显著正相关（0.680 < r < 0.975）;除发芽率外,各结实性状间也均达到极显著正相关（0.411 < r < 0.996）;结合生长和结实性状看,胸径和单株材积与单株球果数、单塔出籽量及单株出籽量间均达到极显著正相关水平（0.201 < r < 0.227）。利用生长性状对各无性系进行综合评价,以10%的入选率,初选出17个优良无性系,入选无性系单株材积和胸径的遗传增益分别为79.42%和32.20%;根据结实性状对无性系进行评价,初选出的17个无性系千粒质量和单株出籽量的遗传增益分别为2.19%~142.99%;结合生长和结实性状对无性系进行评价选择,初选的17个无性系各指标遗传增益变化范围为2.23%~137.44%。 结论 综合上述结果,利用生长性状、结实性状及生长与结实相结分别初选出适用于不同育种目标的17个优良无性系,其中无性系138均被选出,表明该无性系生长及结实均较优良。     

本种加勒比松自由授粉家系的遗传变异分析与早期选择

根据本种加勒比松(Pinus caribaea var.caribaea)23个自由授粉家系的8 a生子代测定数据,研究其生长性状的遗传变异,结果显示:树高、胸径、单株材积的单株狭义遗传力为0.24、0.14.、0.19,树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积量的家系平均遗传力为0.68、0.59、0.67、0.75;参试家系间存在极显著生长差异(P＜0.01),根据蓄积量选择出5个优良家系,分别是19-Ⅳ、石8、石9、石10、石11,其年均树高1.27 m,年均胸径2.17 cm,每公顷年均蓄积量14.79 m3,蓄积量的现实选择增益为30.49％、预期遗传增益为22.87％.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.     

红松球果主要害虫的防治

危害红松球果和种子的害虫很多，其中红松球果种蝇Hylemya sp．和红松球果种小蜂Euytoma sp.是主要害虫，它们危害红松球果、种子，造成种子产量降低，有时造成绝产。为了控制危害，对张广财岭东坡的红松人工林球果害虫的密度及为害率进行了调查，并进行了防治试验。其中粘虫胶法和烟雾机防治具有效果好、成本低等优点。     

Family composition of Douglas-fir nursery stock as influenced by seed characters,mortality, and culling practices

Changes in family composition during nursery production were evaluated by following individual seeds and seedlings of 36 wind-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families sown in mixture in two operational nurseries in western Washington and Oregon. Families differed significantly in emergence and in percent of seedlings culled for being too small. However, differences were small enough that family composition was largely unaffected. The observed changes in family composition did not markedly reduce genetic diversity and did not affect the genetic gain that may be expected from an improved population. The plantable nursery stock was, for the most part, representative of the composition of families originally sown.     

Effects of crown-pruning on seed and pollen cone production in two lodgepole pine seed orchards in British Columbia

The effects of top pruning on subsequent seed and pollen cone production in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) grafted clones in two seed orchards were evaluated. In the older orchard (14 years old), three pruning regimes were applied: an untreated control, a moderate pruning where 25% of the crown was removed and a severe pruning where 40% of the crown was removed. In the younger orchard (ten years old), only a control pruning and a severe pruning (50% of crown removed) were applied. Five-year seed cone production was lower in treated ramets compared to controls in both orchards. However, when cumulative seed cone yields were adjusted for reduced tree heights after pruning, differences were no longer significant in the older orchard. Strong clonal variation was observed in seed cone yields in both orchards. Pollen cone development was less variable among treatments in the older orchard. In the younger orchard, controls consistently produced heavier pollen crops. Pruning recommendations for similar orchards are made and results discussed for reducing the impacts of losses in seed cone yields.Deceased     

Estimating seed quantity and quality in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) cones from natural stands

The quantity and quality of seeds were studied in 886 shortleaf pine cones collected from 48 trees in each of two 15-ha natural stands in western Arkansas, USA. The number of seeds per cone ranged from 0 to 102, and averaged 34.6 and 38.0 in the two stands. Between 30 and 50 percent of the seeds were sound. Overall mean values for total number and total sound seeds compare with previous work. However, the wide variation between individual trees in a stand needs to be considered when evaluating cone abundance and estimating potential seed yields. For the stands observed in this study, a sample of 65 to 85 cones would be needed to estimate the number of sound seeds per cone (within ±3 seeds) with 95 percent probability. Sampling 1 or 2 cones from each of about 3 trees per ha would provide a reliable estimate of sound seed contents.     

浸泡和冷预处理对喜马拉雅长叶松不同种源种子萌发的作用

对喜马拉雅长叶松种子进行24小时GA3和H2O2浸泡预处理和15d的2-3℃低温预处理后,研究了在20℃,25℃和30℃萌发条件下,21个不同种源的喜马拉雅长叶松种子的萌发情况。结果表明,H2O2（1%v/v）和GA3（10mg/L）浸泡预处理,种子萌发率分别是82.39%和78.19%,而未经预处理的种子平均萌发率为70.79%。GA3和H2O2浸泡预处理分别使种子萌发时间缩短了8d和10d。在超过21天的20℃萌发条件下,湿冷处理提高了种子萌发率和缩短了萌发时间 而在25℃和30℃萌发条件下,总的萌发率未受到影响。喜马拉雅长叶松种子因缺少休眠而表现出很好的萌发,但是因为越来越多的造林项目需要大量的种子,播种预处理有利于提高种子萌发率和萌发速率,有助于满足种子需求。     

马尾松福建省域种源和家系36年生生长性状变异与评价

目的 研究来自福建省3个地区的马尾松种源和家系生长性状的遗传变异规律,为马尾松优良种源和家系选育提供科学依据。 方法 以来自福建省龙岩、泉州和南平3个种源地共92个家系为材料,通过布置完全随机区组设计试验,分析评价树高、胸径和单株立木材积3个生长性状的遗传差异规律,选育优良种源和家系。 结果 龙岩地区种源平均树高、胸径和材积分别为18.76 m、22.23 cm和0.36 m3,其次是泉州地区种源分别为17.43 m、20.77 cm和0.31 m3,最后是低于对照的南平地区种源,树高、胸径和材积平均值分别为15.54 m、19.25 cm和0.25 m3。综合评价表明：泉州和龙岩材料可作为马尾松优良种源地,在家系水平上,3个生长性状的遗传力为3.81%～16.08%,同时利用聚类分析法将参试92个家系划分为优良、较优、中等和一般4种类型家系,相应数量分别为3、24、41和24个。家系77-561、79-569和79-568的树高、胸径和单株立木材积平均遗传增益分别达0.61%、4.78%和17.81%,将其评选为优良家系。 结论 从优良家系中选择优良单株并将其分为3类,优良单株22株,较优单株80株,一般单株52株。     

Growth responses of six seed sources of Pinus brutia Ten. (Turkish red pine) to herbaceous weed competition

Herbaceous weeds present amajor obstacle to foresters in the earlyestablishment and growth of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), an important coniferof the semi-arid Mediterranean region. Greatgenetic variability of this pine species indrought resistance has already beenwell-studied. The existence of such variationwithin this species in relation to herbaceousweed competition is unknown. This studyinvestigated the effect of herbaceous weedcompetition on the growth of the seedlings ofTurkish red pine seed sources with differentmoisture regimes in their native sites, usingthe rapid screening technique. Two-month-oldTurkish red pine seedlings were grown inindividual pots in a glasshouse either with orwithout joint goose goat grass (Aegilopscylindrica L.). After two simulatedgrowing seasons, grass competitionsignificantly and progressively reduced pinegrowth. Although mean total pine biomass wasreduced by 71% due to weed competition,seedlings of different pine seed sourcesdisplayed significant differences in growthresponses to the weed treatments: dry site seedsource seedlings generally exhibitedsignificantly greater growth than moist siteseed source seedlings under weed competition. These results suggest that competition fromherbaceous weeds is an important factor inreducing the early growth of Turkish red pineseedlings, and that selection ofcompetition-tolerant seed sources can result insubstantial enhancement of the competitivestatus of this pine species against itsherbaceous competitors in early years.     

Analysis of bark proteins in blister rust-resistant and susceptible western white pine (Pinus monticola)

We compared bark proteins from four contrasting (blister rust-resistant versus susceptible) half-sib seedling pairs of western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don). Pooled proteins from resistant and susceptible groups (four trees per group) were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, silver stained, and analyzed with the aid of a laser scanner interfaced with a computerized gel documentation system. Qualitative and quantitative protein differences were observed between resistant and susceptible groups. The number of proteins unique to a group was greater in the susceptible category than in the resistant category. Biosynthesis of some common proteins was enhanced near lesioned areas of susceptible seedlings. Many proteins shared similar charge and mass characteristics with those of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Two protein bands were isolated and partially characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing: a 10.6-kDa band that was selectively enriched in all resistant individuals, and a 26.0-kDa band that was enriched in some susceptible individuals. The significance of these protein differences and the possible use of selected proteins as disease or resistance markers are discussed.     

Seed cone abortion and full seed production in an indoor seed orchard with potted grafts of Picea abies

Abortion of seed cones and production of full seeds have been recorded in an indoor‐potted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed orchard at Biri nursery in Norway. Seed cone buds aborted their normal development at much higher frequencies (22–45%) inside isolation bags than in an open‐air (4–12%) greenhouse environment. The grafts had been induced to flower the year prior to seed cone development. Treatment with gibberellin A_4/7 in conjunction with heat reduced the proportion of aborted, isolated flowers (13%) compared to treatment with heat alone (22%) in a clonally balanced material. The production of full seeds per cone increased from 3 in 1987 to 50 in 1991. The full seed production is discussed in relation to methods and timing of pollen forcing. It is anticipated that 1 kg of seeds could be produced annually in a 1250 m² greenhouse.     

吉林省林木种子园建设的制约因素及其对策

本文分析了吉林省林木种子园建设的制约因素,主要有：建设方向不够明确,缺少符合实际的发展规划;经费投入严重不足,缺乏建设的资金保障;建设进程缓慢,改良世代仍处在以第一代为主的水平上;基因资源收集不够广泛,缺乏多世代改良宽泛的遗传多样性基础;科研工作滞后,覆盖不够全面,研究层次不深;基本群体密度过大,影响子代正常生长,群体含量小,缺乏下一代再选择的宽厚基础。针对这些制约因素提出了改进对策和建议。     

Growth and heritability estimates among clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalbergia sissoo</Emphasis> Roxb. in a clonal seed orchard

The study of genetic variability is a prerequisite for any tree improvement program. Screening of clones showing the effect of dominance in growth and tree form is essential to identify productive clones, matched to sites. Our study performed in a clonal seed orchard at Lacchiwala of India, represented by 31 clones of Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) Roxb. from diverse locations revealed significant variability at the 0.1% level of significance in various morphological traits. At the age of 13 years, clone 196 (Gonda) revealed maximum height of 20.2 m and a girth at breast height of 74.2 cm. The five identified clones viz. 196, 198, 192, 123 and 235 were well adapted to the climatic conditions of this zone, hence survived well and showed good performance compared to other clones. Heritability estimates of 87%, 83% and 80% for height, crown width and crown length respectively coupled with high genetic gains indicated strong genetic control of these variables. A correlation matrix of various growth attributes revealed positive correlation among these attributes. On the basis of the entire set of growth variables, the clones were grouped into two major clusters with three subgroups.     

Cone traits of jack pine and black spruce in young seedling seed orchards

The number of fertile and infertile scales, filled and empty seeds, cone volume, seed efficiency and the incidence of insect and disease damage to seed were evaluated for seven jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) and six black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedling seed orchards in northern Ontario, Canada. On average, the seed potential of jack pine and black spruce cones was 50 and 82 seeds, respectively. Cone volume and the number of fertile scales were under strong genetic control and well correlated with one another for both species. Seed efficiency values were high for jack pine (60%) but poor for black spruce (24%). The incidence of seed insect damage was less than 2.5% for both species and nil for seed diseases.