Pharmacokinetics and distribution of ampicillin in plasma,milk and uterine fluid of female buffaloes

A pharmacokinetic study of ampicillin (6 mg/kg intravenous) revealed that the peak concentrations of 17.81±1.25, 5.64±2.24 and 1.09±0.10 g/ml of the drug were attained at 15 min, 30 min and 2 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid respectively. A therapeutic concentration of 0.1 g/ml was maintained from 15 min–8 h, 15 min–6 h and 30 min–6 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid. Hence, the drug may be used effectively in mammary gland and uterine infections apart from its use in other systemic infections.     

Association between postpartum pyrexia and uterine bacterial infection in dairy cattle

The temperature of 90 dairy cattle was recorded for the first 10 days after parturition and the animals were categorised as either normal (< 39.7 degreesC) or pyrexic. Swabs were collected from the uterine lumen seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after parturition for aerobic and anaerobic culture; bacteria were identified and their growth was scored semiquantitatively. Blood samples were collected three times a week for the estimation of the concentrations of acute phase proteins. The cows' temperatures were often above the accepted normal range, but it was not a good indicator of the number of bacteria in the uterus. However, pyrexia was correlated with the presence of specific uterine pathogens (P < 0.05) and in particular with Prevotella species (P < 0.01). The pyrexic animals had a higher plasma concentration of the acute phase protein (alpha1-acid glycoprotein (P < 0.05). Although pyrexia is an indicator of postpartum inflammation, additional clinical signs are necessary to identify uterine bacterial infection.     

Multivariate meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of using multivariate cluster analysis to meta-analyze pharmacokinetic data obtained from studies of pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle and identify factors that could account for variability in pharmacokinetic parameters among studies. SAMPLE POPULATION: Data from original studies of the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle in the database of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank. PROCEDURE: Mean plasma or serum ampicillin concentration versus time data and potential factors that may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate were obtained from each study. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed, and values of pharmacokinetic parameters were clustered by use of multivariate cluster analysis. Practical importance of the clusters was evaluated by comparing the frequency of factors that may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate among clusters. RESULTS: A single cluster with lower mean values for clearance and volume of distribution of ampicillin trihydrate administered PO, compared with other clusters, was identified. This cluster included studies that used preruminant calves in which feeding was withheld overnight and calves to which probenecid had been administered concurrently. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Meta-analysis was successful in detecting a potential subpopulation of cattle for which factors that explained differences in pharmacokinetic parameters could be identified. Accurate estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters are important for the calculation of dosages and extended withdrawal intervals after extralabel drug administration.     

Pharmacokinetics and distribution of sulphadimidine in plasma,milk and uterine fluid of female buffaloes

The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine after a single dose (200 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in five healthy lactating buffaloes. The study revealed that the drug attained its peak concentration of 314.0±13.0, 242.4±3.0 and 100.2±2.5 g/ml at 15 min, 30 min and 12 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by a 2-compartment open model gave values for t₁, t₁ and vd_area of 2.10±0.36 h, 12.36±0.57 h and 1.23±0.07 L/Kg, respectively. A high vd_area as well as a value of 0.74±0.08 for K₁₂:K₂₁- (tissue Plasma) indicates better penetration of the drug into the different body fluids and tissues, which is further supported by a high concentration obtained in milk and uterine fluid. The therapeutic concentration (50 g/ml) was maintained for around 24 h in plasma and milk and 12 h in uterine fluid. The results suggest that, apart from its use in systemic infections, the drug can be effectively used by the i.v. route in uterine and mammary gland infections. The dosages for maintaining concentration of 50 g/ml, 100 g/ml and 150 g/ml at convenient dosage intervals of 12 and 24 h were also determined.     

Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ampicillin trihydrate in calves with suppurative arthritis

Eight calves with suppurative arthritis were each given a single intramuscular injection of ampicillin trihydrate at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Ampicillin concentrations were measured serially in serum and in suppurative and normal synovial fluid over a 24-hour period. The mean peak serum concentration was 2.5 +/- 0.54 micrograms/ml 2 hours after injection. The highest concentration in normal synovial fluid was 3.5 +/- 0.40 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and the highest concentration in suppurative synovial fluid was 2.7 +/- 0.58 micrograms/ml at 2 hours. Overall mean ampicillin concentration in normal synovial fluid for the first 8 h (2.9 +/- 0.32 micrograms/ml) was significantly different from that in suppurative synovial fluid (2.1 +/- 0.33 micrograms/ml) and serum (1.9 +/- 0.30 micrograms/ml; p less than 0.05).     

Pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in plasma and milk following topical administration to lactating dairy cattle

The pharmacokinetics and mammary excretion of eprinomectin were determined in cattle following topical administration at a dose rate of 0.5 mg kg(-1). The kinetics of plasma and milk concentrations were analysed using a one-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentration of 43.76 ng ml(-1)occurred 2.02 days post administration, and the mean residence time was 4.16 days. Eprinomection was detected in the milk at the first sampling time and thereafter for at least 15 days. Comparison of the milk and plasma data demonstrated the parallel disposition of the drug in the milk and plasma with a milk / plasma concentration ratio of 0. 102+/-0.048. The amount of drug recovered in the milk during this period was 0.109% +/- 0.038 of the total administered dose. This very low extent of mammary excretion resulted in low concentrations of eprinomectin in milk. This supports the permitted use in lactating cattle, as the maximum level of residue in milk did not exceed the maximum acceptable limit of 30 ng ml(-1).     

Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma,synovial fluid and milk using single intravenous and single intravenous regional doses in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis

Rodrigues, C. A., Hussni, C. A., Nascimento, E. S., Esteban, C., Perri, S. H. V. Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid and milk using single intravenous and single intravenous regional doses in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2009.01138.x. The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of tetracycline in plasma, synovial fluid, and milk following either a single systemic intravenous (i.v.) injection or a single i.v. regional antibiosis (IVRA) administration of tetracycline hydrochloride to dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). To this end, plasma and synovial fluid tetracycline concentrations were compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the major bacteria, which are known to cause digital diseases and thus assess its efficacy in PDD. Residual tetracycline concentrations in milk from cows treated by both methods were also determined. Twelve Holstein cows with various stages of PDD were randomly assigned to two groups of six animals. Group 1 received a single systemic i.v. injection of 10 mg/kg of tetracycline hydrochloride. Group 2 received 1000 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride by IVRA of the affected limb. Blood, synovial fluid and milk samples were taken prior to tetracycline administration (time 0 control), and then at 22, 45 and 82 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following drug administration. Tetracycline concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mean tetracycline plasma and milk concentrations in Group 1 were higher than Group 2. The opposite was observed for synovial fluid concentrations. Group 2 synovial fluid concentrations were higher than the MIC value over 24 h for the bacteria most frequently responsible for claw disease. Compared with i.v. administration, IVRA administration of tetracycline produced very high synovial fluid and low plasma and milk concentrations.     

Accuracy and repeatability of clinical examinations postpartum in dairy cattle

A variety of diagnostic tests are utilized during herd health examinations at the herd and individual cow level. While most of these tests are based on the best available evidence it has to be considered that each diagnostic test generates type 1 and 2 errors. Such diagnostic errors can lead to treatment errors with relevant clinical and pharmacological as well as ethical and economical consequences. The objectives of our studies were to generate science-based information on the repeatability and accuracy of relevant diagnostic methods utilized in postpartum monitoring of dairy cows. Both rectal thermometry and visual examination of vaginal discharge by means of a speculum are not perfect. Results can be biased by a variety of factors. Diagnostic performance (accuracy and repeatability), however, is adequate for cow side tests in the practice. The visual assessment of rumen fill is an inadequate method to monitor dry matter intake in cows.     

奶牛产后瘫痪综合防治技术

奶牛产后瘫痪是奶牛常见营养代谢性疾病。本文阐述了本病的临床症状、发病机理,介绍了某奶牛场对该病的综合防治技术方案。     

提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质的几项措施

自三鹿奶粉事件以后,人们对牛奶的品质要求更高,养牛户对乳牛的产奶量更加关注,那么我们怎样做才能更好的提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质呢?科学的饲养管理是提高乳牛的奶产量和奶品质的主要途径,喂给丰富的、易消化的饲料,可提高奶中脂肪和蛋白质的含量.     

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in plasma and uterine secretions and tissues after subcutaneous postpartum administration in lactating dairy cows

A study was conducted to measure concentrations of potentially active ceftiofur derivatives, in plasma, in uterine tissues (endometrium and caruncles) and in uterine secretions at different time points after a single subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel RTU Sterile Suspension) at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The animals (n=4) were injected within 24 h of calving, after expulsion of the foetal membranes. Plasma, lochial fluid, caruncles and endometrium were collected before ceftiofur hydrochloride administration and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after treatment. For each cow the concentrations of ceftiofur in the biological matrices were quantified using an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.1 microg/mL for plasma and 0.1 microg/g for lochial fluid, caruncles and endometrium. The concentrations of potentially active ceftiofur derivatives detected in plasma reached a maximum of 2.85 +/- 1.11 microg/mL at 2 h and decreased to 0.64 +/- 0.14 microg/mL at 24 h after administration. In lochial fluid, these concentrations reached a maximum of 0.97 +/- 0.25 microg/g at 4 h and decreased to 0.22 +/- 0.21 microg/g at 24 h after administration. In endometrium, these concentrations reached a maximum of 2.23 +/- 0.82 microg/g at 4 h and decreased to 0.56 +/- 0.14 microg/g at 24 h following the injection, whereas these levels in caruncles were 0.96 +/- 0.45 and 0.60 +/- 0.39 microg/g obtained at 8 and 24 h, respectively. At the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight in healthy dairy cows, subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur (as ceftiofur hydrochloride) after parturition results in concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives in uterine tissues and in lochial fluid that exceed the reported minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the common pathogens (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides spp., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) associated with acute puerperal metritis.     

日粮中添加硒和维生素E对奶牛产奶性能及牛乳和血浆中硒和维生素E含量的影响

选择32头泌乳中期、胎次一致、泌乳量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,分别为对照组(饲喂基础日粮)、添加有机硒组、添加维生素E组和添加有机硒+维生素E组,试验期60 d。结果显示:(1)日粮中单独添加硒和维生素E及同时添加硒和维生素E对奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖和总固形物含量均无显著影响(P0.05);(2)日粮中添加硒显著提高了牛乳和血浆中硒的含量(P0.001);(3)日粮中添加维生素E显著提高了牛乳和血浆中维生素E的含量(P0.001);(4)同时添加硒和维生素E对于牛乳和血浆中硒和维生素E含量未出现增效作用。因此,在奶牛日粮中添加硒和维生素E是生产富硒奶和高维生素E奶的一种有效方法。     

Pharmacokinetics of streptomycin with particular reference to its distribution in plasma,milk and uterine fluid of shebuffaloes

The study elucidated the pharmacokinetics of streptomycin in healthy lactating she-buffaloes after a single intramuscular (IM) injection (10 mg/kg). The drug attained its peak concentrations of 24.39±2.67, 0.45±0.05 and 5.06±0.18 g/ml at 1, 4 and 1 hour in plasma, milk and uterine fluid respectively. Calculations based on the assumption of a 2-compartment model gave a plasma t1/2 () of 4.01±0.44 h and an apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] of 0.47±0.06 l/kg. The drug was detectable in the plasma, milk and uterine fluid for 30, 8 and 12 hours, respectively. A therapeutic concentration of the drug was maintained for 6 to 7 hours in the plasma and for around 1 hour only in the uterine fluid. However, a therapeutic level could not be achieved in milk at any time. The results suggest that the drug can be used clinically by the IM route against streptomycin susceptible systemic infections but not those in the uterus and mammary gland.     

不同粗饲料对奶牛乳产量和乳成分的影响

选择18头荷斯坦奶牛,设置3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛,研究不同粗饲料对奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响,3个处理的粗饲料分别为玉米秸(Ⅰ组)、玉米秸+青贮玉米秸(Ⅱ组)、羊草(Ⅲ组)。试验结果表明:①试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组平均产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),试验全期分别比Ⅰ组提高了8.82%(P<0.05)和9.57%(P<0.05);②不同处理间的乳糖、乳脂含量差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白,在试验40d时3个试验组差异不显著(P>0.05),在第15d时Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组降低了7.43%(P<0.05)和8.57%(P<0.05)。对于乳干物质,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据上述生产性能指标综合评定,玉米秸+青贮玉米秸可有效替代羊草饲喂奶牛,而不降低泌乳性能。     

Energy balance and pulsatile LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cattle

The relationships between energy balance (EB), pulsatile LH secretion and circulating levels of insulin and various energy metabolites were assessed in ten lactating Holstein cows. Cows were blood sampled every 12 min via indwelling jugular catheters for 8 hr twice weekly beginning in the first week postpartum (PP) through first ovulation (1stOV). Days to negative EB nadir and days to 1stOV were highly correlated (P less than .02). LH pulse frequency (P less than .01), LH baseline (P less than .05) and mean LH (P less than .1) increased, while LH pulse amplitude tended to decrease when comparing the frequent sampling series immediately before and after the negative EB nadir. Plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, r = -.40, P less than .01), insulin (r = .38, P less than .01), glucose (r = .31, P less than .01) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = .19, P less than .06) were correlated with EB. For within animal comparisons, NEFA was significantly correlated (r = -.44 to -.89, P less than .05) with EB in 8 of 10 cows, but no other correlations were significant. Additionally, none of the metabolites nor insulin were significant in multiple regression models for 1stOV. Therefore, it appears that pulsatile LH secretion is suppressed until the negative EB nadir is reached, at which time LH pulse frequency increases stimulating 1stOV. Since NEFA and EB are directly related, NEFA may serve as a peripheral signal of EB to the central nervous system.