7S球蛋白亚基含量变异大豆种质的性状鉴定

对从日本引进的5份7S球蛋白亚基组成各异的稀有大豆种质的主要农艺及品质性状进行鉴定,结果表明：Enrei (正常型）、日A-5 (&;#61537;&;#61602;-亚基缺失型）和SF-1 (β-亚基极少型）为高蛋白质和高油含量材料;日A-5与SF-1为高蛋白材料;SF-1为高油材料。日A-5与SF-1的综合农艺性状好,是具有较高利用价值的优异育种材料。     

大豆7S球蛋白亚基相对含量与品质性状间的相关分析

以7S球蛋白亚基组成各异的稀有大豆种质为试材,系统分析了7S球蛋白三个主要亚基（α΄- 、-和β-亚基）的相对含量与品质性状之间的相关性。结果表明：(1) -亚基的相对含量与蛋白质总量呈显著负相关;α΄-与-亚基的相对含量与氨基酸组份间的负相关多达到显著或极显著水平;β-亚基的相对含量与蛋氨酸、胱氨酸和精氨酸的含量呈显著正相关,与苏氨酸呈极显著正相关。（2）脂肪含量与α΄-、-亚基的相对含量呈显著负相关,与-亚基的相对含量呈显著正相关;α΄-亚基的相对含量与亚麻酸的含量呈极显著的正相关;-亚基的相对含量与棕榈酸呈显著负相关,与亚油酸含量呈显著正相关,与硬脂酸和亚麻酸含量呈极显著正相关。（3）亚基组成表现分别为（α΄+α）-亚基缺失和α΄-亚基缺失的日B-1和日A-5是具有巨大育种潜力的优异种质。（4）通过遗传学的手段调整亚基含量,是选育“双高”（高蛋白、高脂肪）品种的新思路。     

中国花生黄曲霉毒素风险评估中膳食暴露 非参数概率评估方法

基于2009年、2010年连续2年对全国13个花生主产省155个花生主产县市2571份代表性花生样品检测分析获得的12855个黄曲霉毒素检测数据,和2002年、2004年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用Monte Carlo 模拟和Bootstrap抽样方法量化人群花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量的变异度和不确定度,构建了中国花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露非参数概率评估模型,评估了不同年龄组、不同地区和不同收入水平人群花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量,分析了各暴露量分布的指标统计量和90%置信区间。评估结果显示,不同年龄人群中,2~5岁儿童为花生黄曲霉毒素膳食摄入的高暴露人群,其高端暴露量（P97.5）中位值为每千克体重每天1.342ng,[表示为ng&;#8226;kg-1 &;#8226;d-1,下同],四分位间距为0.151ng&;#8226;kg-1 &;#8226;d-1;18岁~45岁成人中,城市人群花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量高于农村,其高端暴露量（P97.5）中位值为0.695ng&;#8226;kg-1&;#8226;d-1,四分位间距为0.078ng&;#8226;kg-1&;#8226;d-1;在不同收入水平人群中,中等收入水平人群花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量最高,其高端暴露量（P97.5）中位值为0.874ng&;#8226;kg-1&;#8226;d-1,四分位间距为0.086ng&;#8226;kg-1 &;#8226;d-1。花生黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露非参数概率评估方法克服了点评估方法不能定量评估结果变异度和不确定度的缺点,评估结果更为精确。     

茶皂素对油菜幼苗生长发育及抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用溶液培养的方法研究茶皂素对白菜型油菜东京绿(Brassica rapa L.)幼苗生长发育及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明：在5～200mg&;#8226;L-1的茶皂素浓度范围内,随浓度增加,油菜幼苗的根长表现出先升高后降低的趋势;在5～100mg&;#8226;L-1的茶皂素浓度范围内,油菜幼苗的株高表现出与根长相同的趋势,但在茶皂素200mg&;#8226;L-1时株高显著降低;油菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性逐渐降低;过氧化物酶（POD）活性在低于20mg&;#8226;L-1时低于对照,随后升高;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性则仅在浓度为50mg&;#8226;L-1和100mg&;#8226;L-1时高于对照;油菜叶片中MDA含量先升高后降低。统计分析发现,浓度范围在5～200mg&;#8226;L-1的茶皂素对油菜幼苗叶片的生长、抗氧化酶系统和MDA含量没有显著影响,而200mg&;#8226;L-1显著抑制株高。结果说明了培养液中低于200mg&;#8226;L-1的茶皂素除降低幼苗株高外,对油菜的苗期是安全的。     

三种大豆种子贮藏蛋白亚基缺失种质的筛选与鉴定

蛋白质组分改良是国内外大豆蛋白质品质育种的研究热点之一。大豆种子贮藏蛋白主要包括11S球蛋白和7Sβ-伴大豆球蛋白,它们也是大豆蛋白营养价值和功能特性的决定组分。利用我国自然突变产生的亚基缺失体材料通过聚合育种,并经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)分析鉴定表明:已获得A3+α’亚基缺失、只含有β亚基、只含有α+β亚基、只含有α’+β亚基、只含有7S亚基和A5A4B3亚基缺失、A2A1aA1b含量极低、B1aB1bB2含量极低等系列单缺、双缺、多缺的贮藏蛋白亚基组成类型新种质,其中A3+α’亚基缺失、只含有α+β亚基、只含有7S亚基3种种质均能正常生长、结实,并稳定遗传;只含7S亚基类型大豆种子贮藏蛋白的7S组分总量含量最高;A3+α’亚基缺失类型大豆种子贮藏蛋白11S组分总含量最高;在11S+7S组分总量上由高到低依次是A3+α’亚基缺失类型只含7S亚基类型只含α+β亚基类型;11S/7S比值的变异范围在0.14~1.27。三种类型种质完熟期基本在105~111 d;百粒重基本一致;A3+α’亚基缺失类型大豆单株产量最高平均为55.12 g;只含α+β亚基类型蛋脂总量最低为57.6%,蛋白质含量由高到低依次为只含7S亚基类型、A3+α’亚基缺失类型、只含α+β亚基类型,脂肪含量由高到低依次为:只含α+β亚基类型、只含7S亚基类型、A3+α’亚基缺失类型。     

密度和施氮量对沿海滩涂中度盐碱地蓖麻磷素吸收的影响

以淄蓖5号和云蓖泰国202为试验品种,研究沿海滩涂中度盐碱地不同种植密度和施氮量条件下蓖麻磷吸收的特点及与产量的关系。结果表明,蓖麻苗期磷吸收百分率和吸收速率很低,蕾期显著增加,开花期达到高峰,花果期和灌浆成熟期逐渐降低。与淄蓖5号相比,云蓖泰国202在苗期吸收百分率和吸收速率较低,蕾期差异不大,开花期明显增高,灌浆成熟期仍保持着较高的磷吸收量。淄蓖5号在种植密度13 000株&;#8226;hm-2、施氮量120 kg&;#8226;hm-2条件下产量最高,每生产100kg的蓖麻籽吸收磷1.23 kg。云蓖泰国202在种植密度16 000株&;#8226;hm-2,施氮量120 kg&;#8226;hm-2的条件下产量最高,每生产100 kg的蓖麻籽吸收磷1.10-1.13 kg。由于盐碱地土壤中的有效磷含量较低,在本试验条件下即使施用50 kg&;#8226;hm-2的P2O5仍不能满足蓖麻对磷的需要,要进一步提高蓖麻产量还需加大磷肥投入。     

大豆7S球蛋白亚基与脂氧酶双缺失性状遗传解析

7S球蛋白是大豆最主要的过敏原蛋白,大豆脂氧酶是大豆腥臭味产生的源泉,两者均是大豆食品深加工过程中有必要去除的成分。本研究以7S球蛋白的?¢、?、?-亚基完全缺失的“1003-44”为母本,以脂氧酶Lox-1,2,3完全缺失的“SI0162”为父本,配制杂交组合,通过基因聚合育种技术,创制出7S球蛋白亚基与脂氧酶同时缺失大豆新种质资源,并分别对F1和F2种子进行遗传解析。结果表明：F1（1003-44×SI0162）种子表型性状,表现为7S球蛋白亚基缺失、脂氧酶不缺失性状;F2种子表型性状显示：7S球蛋白亚基缺失:野生型=375:125=3:1（X2（0.05,1）=0.0964<3.84）,F2种子脂氧酶缺失性状的分离比为Lox-1,2,3野生型:Lox-3缺失:Lox-1,2缺失:Lox-1,2,3缺失=282:96:93:27,符合9:3:3:1的独立分配定律（X2（0.05,3）=0.6275<7.81）。说明7S球蛋白亚基缺失性状受1对显性等位基因控制,脂氧酶3个同工酶同时缺失,受lx1lx2与lx3,2个隐性等位基因位点控制。利用ISDS-PAGE电泳技术对F2及F2:7种子双缺失性状的连续跟踪筛选,获得了脂氧酶与7S球蛋白亚基双重缺失、并可稳定遗传的优良品系2个,说明这种双缺失基因聚合不影响大豆的正常生长发育,为大豆品质遗传改良育种提供理论技术支持,对培育食品加工专用高值大豆新品种具有重要意义。     

大豆种子7S、11S球蛋白及7S球蛋白亚基的研究

利用线性梯度SDS-PAGE方法分析了黑龙江省422份大豆资源材料的7S和11S球蛋白含量、7S球蛋白α′、α和β亚基的含量变化，以及百粒重、蛋白含量、油分含量、11S球蛋白、7S 球蛋白、11S/7S比值的相关性。结果表明大豆种子贮藏蛋白品种间亚基带型基本一致，但是品种间相同亚基含量差异很大，变异系数均大于10％，变异类型丰富，本实验发现1份α′亚基缺失材料。大豆百粒重、蛋白含量、油分含量、11S球蛋白、7S 球蛋白以及11S/7S比值之间的相关性结果表明：11S球蛋白含量和7S球蛋白含量间（r=-1**）、蛋白含量和油分含量间（r=-0.776**）显著负相关；11S/7S 比值和百粒重、蛋白含量以及油分含量间无关.     

吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片性状的演变

以吉林省1923-2005年育成的30个大豆（Glycine max）品种为材料,通过2005和2006两年田间试验在R2﹑R4和R6期对叶部性状演化及其与产量的关系进行研究。结果表明,产量随育成年代呈线性增加,根据回归方程计算,产量从1923年的1197.80kg&;#8226;hm-2增加到2005年的2305.545 kg&;#8226;hm-2,82年来增加了1107.73kg&;#8226;hm-2,平均每年增加14.60kg&;#8226;hm-2;单株叶面积﹑单株叶片数目﹑长宽比和叶面积指数（LAI）随着育成年代的增加而增加,小叶面积随着育成年代的增加而降低;新品种的单株叶面积在生殖生长期均大于老品种,尤其在后期有较长的绿叶期;通过相关分析表明,产量与单株叶面积﹑叶面积指数均达到显著水平（P≤0.05）,在R2和R4期与单株叶片数目到显著水平（P≤0.05）,说明在遗传改良过程中叶部性状与产量关系密切,在品种选育和高产栽培过程中可以考虑作为选择的依据。     

草甘膦对土壤微生物的影响

以东北地区黑土为材料,探讨草甘膦对土壤呼吸、土壤可培养菌种群数量、大豆固氮根瘤菌和大豆根腐镰刀菌数量的影响。研究结果表明,随着草甘膦浓度的加大,土壤呼吸的抑制作用增强,土壤中草甘膦含量为1 mg&;#8226;kg-1、10 mg&;#8226;kg-1、100 mg&;#8226;kg-1时,危害系数分别为1.20、0.322、0.0760,远小于无危害标准系数20,确定草甘膦对土壤微生物低毒或无实际危害。不同浓度的草甘膦对土壤真菌、放线菌种群数量具有一定影响。土壤可培养菌种群数量随草甘膦浓度的升高抑制作用逐渐增强,随着草甘膦加入时间的延长,真菌、细菌、放线菌的种群数量有所恢复,其中放线菌与真菌同细菌相比对草甘膦敏感,土壤细菌对草甘膦具有较强的耐受或降解能力。草甘膦对大豆根瘤菌和大豆根腐镰刀菌有一定影响,对大豆根瘤菌的抑制作用与草甘膦浓度呈正比;低浓度草甘膦对镰刀菌产生激活作用,高浓度草甘膦对镰刀菌具有抑制作用;伴随草甘膦加入时间的延长,其对大豆根瘤菌和大豆根腐镰刀菌的抑制作用逐渐减弱。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).