Elevated concentrations of actinides in mono lake

Tetravalent thorium, pentavalent protactinium, hexavalent uranium, and plutonium (oxidation state uncertain) are present in much higher concentrations in Mono Lake, a saline, alkaline lake in eastern central California, than in seawater. Low ratios of actinium to protactinium and of americium to plutonium indicate that the concentrations of trivalent actinides are not similarly enhanced. The elevated concentrations of the ordinarily very insoluble actinides are maintained in solution by natural ligands, which inhibit their chemical removal from the water column, rather than by an unusually large rate of supply.     

Radionuclides in mono lake, california

Several radioisotopes of the naturally occurring uranium and thorium decay series, in addition to fallout plutonium, have unusually high concentrations in the water column of Mono Lake, a natural alkaline, saline lake. Complexing by carbonate ions appears to be responsible for the enhanced solubility of actinide elements with oxidation states of IV to VI. In contrast, fallout strontium-90 has been largely removed from the water, probably as a result of coprecipitation with calcium carbonate. The daughter/parent activity ratios of thorium, radium, and uranium isotopes suggest that thorium is removed from the water column to the sediments on time scales substantially longer than a month and that the desorption of thorium from the sediments to the water column requires less than a few years.     

Reaction of plutonium dioxide with water: formation and properties of PuO(2+x)

Results show that PuO(2+x), a high-composition (x 相似文献   

Plutonium speciation in water from mono lake, california

The solubility of plutonium in Mono Lake water is enhanced by the presence of large concentrations of indigenous carbonate ions and moderate concentrations of fluoride ions. In spite of the complex chemical composition of this water, only a few ions govern the behavior of plutonium, as demonstrated by the fact that it was possible to duplicate plutonium speciation in a synthetic water containing only the principal components of Mono Lake water.     

Catalysis by transition metals: metal-carbon double and triple bonds

Several well-characterized transition metal catalysts contain a metal-carbon double bond or a metal-carbon triple bond. In other homogeneous (or heterogeneous) catalyst systems in which the metal is likely to be in a relatively high oxidation state, such as molybdenum(VI) or tungsten(VI), metal-carbon multiple bonds may play an important role. Some recent results suggest that even supposedly well understood reactions such as ethylene polymerization may actually involve catalysts that behave as if they contained a metal-carbon double bond instead of a metal-carbon single bond. The chemistry of metal-carbon double and triple bonds should eventually complement and perhaps. overlap the known chemistry of complexes containing metal-oxygen double bonds or metal-nitrogen triple bonds, respectively; unique catalytic reactions involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ligands multiply bonded to transition metals are therefore possible.     

Retention of plutonium and americium by rock

The relative migration ratio of plutonium in various rocks is approximately 100 micrometers per meter of waterflow; the corresponding migration ratio for americium is about 500 micrometers per meter of water flow. Under these conditions radioactive decay will have taken place to such an extent that little plutonium and americium can reach the external environment from a well-designed and isolated geological repository site.     

An octahedral coordination complex of iron(VI)

The hexavalent state, considered to be the highest oxidation level accessible for iron, has previously been found only in the tetrahedral ferrate dianion, FeO4(2-). We report the photochemical synthesis of another Fe(VI) compound, an octahedrally coordinated dication bearing a terminal nitrido ligand. M?ssbauer and x-ray absorption spectra, supported by density functional theory, are consistent with the octahedral structure having an FeN triple bond of 1.57 angstroms and a singlet d2(xy) ground electronic configuration. The compound is stable at 77 kelvin and yields a high-spin Fe(III) species upon warming.     

花溪河水中铬（VI）污染分析

在分析微量元素铬与健康的关系的基础上,采用二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定花溪河水中的铬（VI）,得到花溪河的准确的铬污染参数。并以此为依据分析河水中的铬（VI）来源、评价其影响并积极探讨其治理方式、方法。     

Hg~(2+)与Cr(VI)对富营养化水体中藻类生长的毒性效应

[目的]研究Hg2+与Cr(VI)对富营养化水体中藻类生长的毒性效应,为富营养化水体的生物监测以及生物修复提供参考依据。[方法]分别用不同浓度的Hg2+、Cr(VI)以及两者的混合营养液培养从富营养化水体中分离的藻母液,观察Hg2+与Cr(VI)对藻类生长繁殖的毒性效应。[结果]富营养化水体中的藻类对Cr(VI)表现相当敏感,当Cr(VI)浓度超过1mg/L时即对藻类的生长产生了明显的影响。在Hg2+浓度较低时,藻类对Hg2+不是十分敏感,当Hg2+浓度增大至一定程度,毒性愈来愈强,而Cr(VI)毒性效应则相反。当离子浓度小于10mg/L时,Hg2+对藻类的毒性低于Cr(VI),大于10mg/L时,Hg2+毒性超过Cr(VI)。Hg2++Cr(VI)混合离子对藻类生长的抑制具有协同作用,但只有当浓度超过4mg/L时才表现出来。[结论]重金属离子对藻类的毒性不但与藻细胞本身有关,还与重金属离子的浓度有关。     

Colloid transport of plutonium in the far-field of the Mayak Production Association, Russia

Sorption of actinides, particularly plutonium, onto submicrometer-sized colloids increases their mobility, but these plutonium colloids are difficult to detect in the far-field. We identified actinides on colloids in the groundwater from the Mayak Production Association, Urals, Russia; at the source, the plutonium activity is approximately 1000 becquerels per liter. Plutonium activities are still 0.16 becquerels per liter at a distance of 3 kilometers, where 70 to 90 mole percent of the plutonium is sorbed onto colloids, confirming that colloids are responsible for the long-distance transport of plutonium. Nano-secondary ion mass spectrometry elemental maps reveal that amorphous iron oxide colloids adsorb Pu(IV) hydroxides or carbonates along with uranium carbonates.     

Phagocytosis of inhaled plutonium oxide-239pu particles by pulmonary macrophages

Pulmonary macrophages and plutonium particles were removed by washing the lungs of rats that had inhaled plutonium oxide-(239)Pu. A significant amount of plutonium was found in multiple washings of the same lung. The removal of toxic particles by washing is of potential therapeutic value. Particles were phagocytized by macrophages during the first 3 hours and retained within these cells for up to 25 days. Nearly all particles in washings were found in macrophages after the second day. The percent of macrophages with engulfed particles increased with increasing amounts of plutonium deposited in the lungs. The ability of pulmonary macrophages to rapidly phagocytize and retain plutonium particles deposited in the lungs has been shown.     

Hanford-derived plutonium in columbia river sediments

Mass spectrometry data on plutonium isolated from Columbia River sediments exhibit mean ratios of plutonium-240 to plutonium-242 consistent with those observed for integrated global fallout. Ratios of plutonium-240 to plutonium-239 show marked deviations from accepted fallout values, suggesting a second source of plutonium-239. This additional plutonium-239 arises from the decay of neptunium-239 produced in reactor effluent water from the old plutonium production reactors located on the Hanford Reservation. An estimated 20 to 25 percent of the total plutonium inventory in sediments behind McNary Reservoir, the first downriver site of fine sediment accumulation below the Hanford Reservation, is ascribed to reactor operations.     

六安市淠河水质时空变异研究

应用改进的灰色关联分析法对2001~2007年六安市淠河水质进行全面评价与分析,不仅采用"中心化"方法进行数列的无量纲化处理,还运用点到区间距离法计算关联系数,克服了传统灰色关联分析法的不足,使评价结果更为合理和可行。结果表明,2001年水质级别为Ⅲ类,轻度污染;2002年和2004年的水质较清洁,水质级别为Ⅱ类,其中2002年比2004年的水质好;2003年、2005年和2006年的水质清洁,水质级别均为Ⅰ类,其中2003年比2005年、2006年的水质好;2007年水质级别为Ⅲ类,轻度污染。2001~2007年水质均能达规划目标,2001~2006年水质逐渐变好,但2007年水质有反弹趋势。2007年度,窑岗嘴大桥和大店岗断面的水质均为Ⅰ类,光华厂渡口和新安渡口断面的水质级别均为Ⅱ类,各断面水质较清洁。同时在2007年度,枯水期、丰水期、平水期淠河水质依次属于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,总体水质较清洁,但平水期水质受轻度污染。     

南极磷虾粉中氟形态及其分析技术

[目的]建立南极磷虾氟形态分析方法,为南极磷虾的开发利用提供技术支持.[方法]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术对南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态进行分析研究,并对提取条件进行优化.[结果]南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态可分为水溶态氟、可交换态氟、氧化态氟、有机束缚态氟和残渣态氟,分别占总氟的15.7%、17.1%、31.7%、21.5%和14.0%,总氟含量为2518.6 mg/kg,各形态氟含量次序为:氧化态氟>有机束缚态氟>可交换态氟>水溶态氟>残渣态氟.[结论]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术能有效地定量研究南极磷虾中氟的赋存形态.     

采油废水中硫酸盐还原菌Fe(VI)杀灭试验

采油所产生的废水中产生的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)可造成注水系统的腐蚀、结垢和阻塞,严重影响原油的开发与生产。以Fe(VI)作为氧化型杀菌剂杀灭SRB,试验结果表明:Fe(VI)对SRB具有很强的灭菌能力;Fe(VI)投加量C>10 mg/L时就能满足回注水的要求;适宜的接触反应时间为t>10 min;相应地有Ct>100 mg·min·L-1。     

Actin polymerization and ATP hydrolysis

F-actin is the major component of muscle thin filaments and, more generally, of the microfilaments of the dynamic, multifunctional cytoskeletal systems of nonmuscle eukaryotic cells. Polymeric F-actin is formed by reversible noncovalent self-association of monomeric G-actin. To understand the dynamics of microfilament systems in cells, the dynamics of polymerization of pure actin must be understood. The following model has emerged from recent work. During the polymerization process, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that is bound to G-actin is hydrolyzed to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) that is bound to F-actin. The hydrolysis reaction occurs on the F-actin subsequent to the polymerization reaction in two steps: cleavage of ATP followed by the slower release of inorganic phosphate (Pi). As a result, at high rates of filament growth a transient cap of ATP-actin subunits exists at the ends of elongating filaments, and at steady state a stabilizing cap of ADP.Pi-actin subunits exists at the barbed ends of filaments. Cleavage of ATP results in a highly stable filament with bound ADP.Pi, and release of Pi destabilizes the filament. Thus these two steps of the hydrolytic reaction provide potential mechanisms for regulating the monomer-polymer transition.     

Local structure and chemical shifts for six-coordinated silicon in high-pressure mantle phases

Most of the earth's mantle is made up of high-pressure silicate minerals that contain octahedrally coordinated silicon (Si(VI)), but many thermodynamically important details of cation site ordering remain unknown. Silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is potentially very useful for determining short-range structure. A systematic study of silicon-29 chemical shifts for Si(VI) has revealed empirical correlations between shift and structure that are useful in understanding several new calcium silicates. The observed ordering state of a number of high-pressure magnesium silicates is consistent with the results of previous x-ray diffraction studies.     

水稻抗稻瘟病广谱基因型鉴定及稻瘟病菌生理小种型研究

水稻稻瘟病是世界范围内水稻主要病害之一。掌握水稻广谱抗病基因型及病原菌的致病特征特性,对培育抗病品种、指导品种布局具有重要意义。通过抗稻瘟病单基因系水稻品种与稻瘟病菌互作,鉴定出Pi19、Pi20、Pi12、Pi9、Piz5、Piz-t为吉林省水稻广谱抗病基因型,筛选出2014-17-1,2014-66-1等可用于抗性评价标准菌株,建立了一套以IRBL9-W(Pi9)、IRBL12-M([Pi12(t)]、IRBLta-CT2(Pib)、IRBLz-Fu(Piz)、IRBL5-M[Pi5(t)]、IRBLkm-Ts(Pik-m)、IRBLta2-Pi(Pita-2)这7个抗稻瘟病单基因系品种组成的生理小种鉴定体系,优势小种不显著。     

Intracellular plutonium: removal by liposome-encapsulated chelating agent

Chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were successfully encapsulated within lipid spherules (that is, liposomes). Encapsutlated [(14)C]EDTA, given intravenously to mice, was retained longer in tissues that nonencapsulated [(14)C]EDTA. Encapsulated DTPA, given to mice 3 days after pluttonium injection, removed an additional fraction of plutonium in the liver, presumably intracellular, not available to nonencapslulated DTPA. It also further increased urinary excretion of plutonium. Introduction of chelating agents into cells by liposomal encapsulation is a promising new approach to the treatment of metal poisoning     

Corrections and clarifications

The Random Sample item, "Russians, U.S. differ on Arctic sub threat" (25 June, p. 1881) should have said that the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant has dumped 1 million curies of cesium-137 (not plutonium) into the North Sea. The plant has dumped more than 18,000 curies of plutonium.