厦门海域贝类养殖生态环境质量评价和类别划分研究

根据2005年4月和10月同步进行厦门海域贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、石油类、六六六、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠菌群、腹泻性贝毒和麻痹性贝毒）的调查资料,采用海水质量评价指数（Sj^w）、表层沉积物质量评价指数（Sj^s）和养殖贝类质量评价指数（Sj^o）以及贝类养殖生态环境质量综合评价指数（SI）对厦门海域贝类养殖生态环境质量进行了综合评价和类别划分。结果表明,海水质量、表层沉积物质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围均为2～7级,平均值分别为3级、5级和4级。贝类养殖生态环境质量水平范围为2～7级,平均值为4级。总体上,贝类养殖区海水质量处于较好水平,表层沉积物质量处于较差水平,养殖贝类质量处于一般水平。贝类养殖生态环境质量处于一般水平。其主要污染物为大肠菌群、石油类。厦门贝类养殖区1类区两个,属清洁区,占贝类养殖区总数的8%。2类区共18个,占贝类养殖区总数的72%。其中2a类区9个,属较清洁区,占贝类养殖区总数的36%,2b类区6个,属轻度污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的24%;2c类区3个,属中度污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的12%。3类区5个,属重度的污染区,占贝类养殖区总数的20%。厦门贝类产地环境质量的评价和类别划分的结果与厦门贝类养殖区环境污染现状相吻合。     

福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量评价与划型研究

根据2009年3、5和9月福建诏安湾贝类产区海水、底质和养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质(铜、铅、镉、汞、砷、石油类、有机碳、硫化物、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠菌群、腹泻性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒)的同步调查资料,采用海水质量评价指数(Swj)、底质质量评价指数(Ssj)和贝类质量评价指数(Soj)以及贝类产区生态环境质量综合评价指数(SI),对福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量进行了综合评价和划型。结果表明,海水质量、底质质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围均为2～6级,平均值分别为3级、4级和2级,贝类产区生态环境质量为2～6级,平均值为3级。总体上,贝类产区海水质量处于较好水平,底质量处于一般水平,养殖贝类质量处于良好水平。贝类产区生态环境质量处于较好水平。其主要污染物为石油类、大肠杆菌、滴滴涕和多氯联苯。福建诏安湾贝类产区无1类区,属自然本底区;2类区共15个,占贝类产区总数的88%,其中2a类区6个,占贝类产区总数的35%,属清洁区,2b类区5个,占贝类产区总数的30%,属较清洁区,2c类区4个,占贝类产区总数的24%,属轻度污染区;3类区共2个,占贝类产区总数的12%,其中3a类区和3b类区各1个,均占贝类产区总数的6%,分别属中度污染区和重度污染区。福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量的综合评价和划型的结果与诏安湾贝类产区污染现状相一致。     

大亚湾生态系统对人类活动的响应及健康评价

根据1982—2007年共26年的海洋生态调查数据,研究了大亚湾海洋生态环境与生物资源的演变趋势,并利用基于GIS的海湾生态系统健康评价法,对大亚湾海洋生态系统健康状况进行了评价与诊断。结果表明,2007年海水总无机氮(TIN)比1985年增长了338.1%,而活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐分别比1985年降低了88.6%和71.2%,氮磷比则从1.38∶1升高至大于50∶1,营养盐限制因子已由氮限制转变为磷限制,处于中等营养水平。浮游植物在1982—1990年和1994—2007年2个时段之间,硅藻平均减少了10属47种,甲藻平均减少了2属14种,以翼根管藻(Rhizosolenia alata)等为代表的细胞个体较大的藻类,所占比重由1982年的91.0%下降到2007年的19.6%,群落组成趋向小型化。浮游动物生物量总体呈增长趋势,其中湿重生物量2007年比1982年增长87.3%,1998—2007年比1982—1994年常见种减少了15种,球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)、夜光虫(Noctiluca scientillans)等取代部分桡足类成为优势种。底栖动物生物量呈上升趋势,但群落组成变化明显,2000年后底栖甲壳类完全退出优势种的行列。大亚湾游泳生物的渔获率总体呈下降趋势,2007年大亚湾海域渔获率比1985年下降33.9%,鱼类小型化和低值化的趋势十分明显。2007年大亚湾生态系统健康评价所得的健康综合指数平均值为0.64,仍处于"较好"水平,但面临着向"临界"状态转化的危险。大亚湾生态系统正经历着快速的退化过程,本研究结果可为基于生态系统水平的大亚湾综合管理提供科学依据。     

海洋渔场生态环境质量状况综合评价方法探讨

海洋渔场生态环境质量状况的评价与保护是海洋渔业资源和渔业生态环境的基础。西方从海洋水文、海洋化学、初级生产力水平和饵料生物水平等方面对其进行综合性探讨，初步建立了海洋渔场生态环境质量综合指数评价方法，并以北部湾渔场为例进行评价实践，旨为建立一套较成熟的综合评价方法，从而为我国海洋渔业生态环境评价提供参考依据。     

近十年三沙湾海水增养殖区环境质量状况与变化趋势评价

根据2009至2018年三沙湾海水增养殖区水质、沉积物和养殖生物监测数据,按照环境质量综合指数法评价三沙湾海水增养殖区环境质量综合状况。结果发现,近十年三沙湾海水增养殖区环境质量综合状况呈现稳中有升的趋势,2009年环境质量等级仅为及格,个别时段不能满足功能区环境质量要求;2010至2012年转为较好,一般能满足功能区环境质量要求;2013年以来均为优良,能满足功能区环境质量要求,但2018年环境质量综合指数略有下降,这种变化趋势与近年来三沙湾水产养殖业、临港工业的发展和海洋环境保护的力度存在一定的关系。通过分析评价近十年来三沙湾海水增养殖区环境质量综合状况,掌握养殖环境变化趋势,为渔业水域环境保护提供依据。     

铜合金围栏养殖大黄鱼海域水质综合评价与分析

为了评价铜合金围栏养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)海域的水质状况,通过大黄鱼养殖期与非养殖期的4次调查,分析评价了调查海域海水中的p H、溶解氧、铜、锌、无机氮、活性磷酸盐等指标的区域分布、季节变化及污染水平,并利用内梅罗指数对调查海域水体进行了质量综合评价。结果表明:调查海域大黄鱼非养殖时间段的海水综合质量整体上属于清洁或者较清洁状态,大黄鱼养殖时间段的海水综合质量下降,分布趋势是以养殖网箱为高值中心,向外缘逐渐下降。     

夏季渤海中部表层沉积物重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解渤海中部海域沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2013年8月采集了渤海中部海域34个站点的表层沉积物,检测了Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn和As 6种重金属的含量,分析了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn 4种重金属的空间分布特征,采用污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法对其表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行评价。结果显示,渤海中部海域表层沉积物重金属含量较低,符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求。表层沉积物重金属的空间分布总体呈现由近岸向中心海域降低的趋势。Cu、Zn和Pb含量空间变化趋势比较明显,靠近渤海湾海域重金属含量高,离岸距离越远,重金属含量逐渐降低。Cd含量在靠近黄河入海海域最高,呈现自高值区向东西两边海域减小的趋势。各个站位的重金属单因子污染程度较轻,单因子污染系数均值大小顺序为PbCuZnAsCdHg;重金属综合污染指数都小于5,表现为低污染水平。除1号站位的Hg单因子潜在生态风险系数为54.44之外,其他站位表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的单因子潜在生态风险系数Eir小于40,范围为0.39～38.80,风险程度由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu和Zn;其综合潜在生态风险系数小于150,范围为16.39～79.57。其中,1号站位综合潜在生态风险系数最高达到79.57。研究表明,此海域属于低潜在生态风险水平,风险指数高值区出现在唐山大清河口海域。     

永定河流域水生态环境质量综合评价

永定河流域是京津冀区域重要水源涵养区和生态屏障。通过对流域30个站点的物理生境、水质理化、水生生物等指标进行评价参数选取、指标赋分及加权求和,获得永定河流域各站点水生态环境质量综合指数,基本可以代表永定河流域水生态环境质量状况。评价结果表明,永定河流域不存在清洁站点,除少数监测站点水生态状况为较清洁外,轻度污染和中度污染站点占据了永定河流域的大部分,可以看出永定河流域整体水生态状况不容乐观,这与该区域生态环境所受外部胁迫程度较强有关。对比了水生态环境质量综合指数与大型底栖动物完整性指数评价结果的吻合性,探讨了利用对永定河流域进行水生态系统状况综合评价的可行性和合理性,以期为河流管理和健康评价提供参考依据。     

深圳海域造礁石珊瑚分布特点与多样性

2015年7月,采用国际通用的截线样带法对大亚湾海域的造礁石珊瑚进行普查,并采用ShannonWeaver多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J)分析大亚湾海域造礁石珊瑚多样性情况,通过统计造礁石珊瑚覆盖率、死亡率、白化率和基底岩石、碎石、沙子覆盖率来分析大亚湾海域石珊瑚分布特点。结果表明:调查海域共记录54种珊瑚,调查海域主要优势种珊瑚以块状居多,主要为厚板页表孔珊瑚(Montipora incrassata)、团状滨珊瑚(Porites lobata)、隐形角菊珊瑚(Favites abdita)。统计分析数据表明:西涌海域所获珊瑚覆盖率(55%±3%)、多样性(3.039)都较高,但近期珊瑚白化率也较高(6%±2%);东山海域珊瑚覆盖率(13%±2%)、多样性(0.618)均最低。调查海域整体珊瑚覆盖度较高达到41.15%,最高覆盖率为55%,最低覆盖率仅为13%,覆盖度差异较大,近3年内珊瑚死亡率较高,建议加强大亚湾海域珊瑚生态系统的保护。     

大亚湾海域鱼类分类多样性研究

根据20世纪80年代起大亚湾海域鱼类调查研究的历史资料,采用Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种组成进行了系统整理,从不同分类阶元分析了大亚湾海域鱼类的多样性。分类阶元包含指数(TINCL_i),分类多样性指数(Δ⁺和∧⁺),目级和科级水平丰富度(R)以及目级和科级水平相似性系数(C)为本研究的主要研究指数,其中分类阶元包含指数TINCL_i为本文首次提出。结果显示,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类22目94科206属,以鲈形目种类居绝对优势。采用分类阶元包含指数分析,大亚湾海域鱼类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种),(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(4.27、9.36、14.55),(2.19、3.40)和(1.55),高于东海陆架,而低于东沙群岛海域,并且与纬度梯度成反比,证明低纬度海域的鱼类分类多样性低,种类组成主要集中分布于较少数的分类类群。使用PRIMER 5.2软件计算了平均分类差异指数Δ⁺和分类差异变异指数∧⁺,数值分别为62.2和110.0,其中Δ⁺低于东海陆架区(65.7),高于东沙群岛海域(55.2),说明大亚湾海域鱼类的亲缘关系比东海陆架区海域鱼类近,比东沙群岛海域鱼类的远,并且分布较不均匀。3个海区的相似性系数比较结果显示,在目级水平上,大亚湾海域鱼类组成同东沙群岛接近,而科级水平上同东海陆架区更为接近。本研究在种以上的分类阶元审视大亚湾海域鱼类组成,以期增加对大亚湾鱼类多样性的认识,为该区域鱼类资源的开发、利用和保护提供参考依据。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.