矿山开采水土流失现状与治理措施

为减少矿产资源开采过程中造成的水土流失,掌握矿区水土流失规律,探索矿区恢复治理模式,在分析矿山开采水土流失概况及其原因的基础上,总结相应的工程措施、植物措施、土地整治和复耕措施等治理措施,同时提出治理过程中严格执行"三同时"的原则.     

西南紫色土区水土流失综合治理技术体系

[目的]系统梳理西南紫色土区已实施的水土保持技术,为区域水土保持实践工作提供借鉴。[方法]通过文献查阅,从不同层面开展综述和分析。[结果]针对紫色土区自然概况和水土流失现状,阐述了区域水土流失治理思路,总结了采用的主要水土保持措施,简要综述了各项水土措施的适宜条件及技术构成,同时分析了当前存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议。[结论]西南紫色土区水土流失治理方向重点是坡耕地整治和坡面水系配套为主的小流域综合治理,沟坡兼治,并在实践中形成了丰富多样的单项工程、植物和农业技术措施。但实际应用中存在缺乏针对西南紫色土区的相关技术规范和标准,欠缺水土保持措施优化配置和适宜性评价等问题。今后应加强技术标准编制、水土流失防治效益评估、分区治理技术优化配置等方面的工作。     

梯田与植物篱的结构、功能与适用性

梯田和植物篱都是治理山丘区坡耕地水土流失的重要的水土保持措施。介绍了梯田和植物篱的结构、功能及其适应性,并进行了对比分析,同时对长江上游坡耕地整治提出了建议,以期促进坡耕地水土流失的科学治理。     

河北隆化金谷铁矿绿色矿山建设水土保持措施浅谈

十九大提出绿色发展,生态优先的理念,促进矿山全面开展生态修复和治理工作,关键要对矿山布设有效的水土保持综合措施。本文介绍了汤头沟铁矿基本情况,分析了矿山水土流失特征,通过科学划分重点防治区,进行水土流失防治总体布局,通过工程与植物措施相结合,按照拦挡、排蓄、绿化水土流失治理原则形成铁矿矿区综合防治措施体系,以有效防治水土流失,维护矿区运营安全,保护和恢复环境。     

南方红壤花岗岩矿区水土流失治理对策

近些年来，由于矿山大规模开采，带来的水土流失问题日益突出，治理矿区水土流失，恢复和重建矿区生态，建设绿色矿山，是协调矿业发展和生态保护关系，实现矿业绿色发展的必由之路。为探讨南方红壤花岗岩矿区水土流失治理对策，以德庆县花岗岩矿区为研究对象，通过对矿区水土流失治理状况进行现场调查，查阅相关资料，分析矿区水土保持现状及存在的水土流失问题，提出花岗岩矿区水土流失治理需完善水土流失防治措施体系，落实各项水土保持措施，科学合理选择植被恢复物种种类和加强水土保持监测的对策及举措，以期为南方红壤花岗岩矿区水土流失治理及生态保护修复提供参考依据。     

矿区水土保持数据库结构设计

矿区水土流失情况极其严重复杂,为了对矿区的水土流失情况有更好的了解和掌握,建立一个具有收集、存储并可实现修改、更新等功能的矿区水土保持数据库,为矿区的水土保持规划和治理工作提供数据支持。通过对辽宁省全省矿区的水土保持情况进行实地调查和资料收集,对矿区的水土保持数据库的信息编码以及数据库的结构提出了一些设计思路。     

石灰石老矿山水土保持设计理念及防治措施

生产规模较大的老矿山前期水土保持措施不到位,遗留较严重的水土流失问题。在水土保持措施设计时,一定要明确水土流失防治责任,重点分析已采完矿区和现开采矿区的区别及联系,并根据其水土流失的特点采取行之有效的防治措施。布设措施时,应优化水土保持设计理念,工程措施和植物措施相结合,提升景观效果,注重乔灌草的合理配置,充分发挥不同植物的水土保持作用。同时,还应采取不同的措施提高石灰石矿废岩的综合利用率。     

略阳县水土保持区划及防治布局

基于略阳县水土流失发展现状及趋势,根据水土保持区划原则及分区依据,将略阳县划分成4个水土流失防治分区。针对分区水土流失特点,提出防治措施布局：西北部山地轻度水蚀综合治理区以小流域为单元,结合粮食生产、特色生态产品生产、秦蜀古道生态文化旅游开发、县城周边景观建设,进行水土流失综合治理;东北部山地微度水蚀水源涵养区以涵养水源、保护土壤为目标,采取封山育林措施,保护和恢复森林植被,增强森林水源涵养能力,促进植被自然恢复;西南部山地轻度水蚀预防保护区结合美丽乡村建设、人居环境改善和农村特色产业发展,建设生态清洁小流域;东南部山地轻度水蚀生态修复区以加强矿产资源类生产建设项目监督管理及矿区生态修复为主,促进区域水土流失治理。     

矿区水土保持研究进展

随着矿产资源的开发,所造成的生态地质灾害亦在不断加剧,加强矿区的生态恢复治理,预防造成的人为水土流失必要而紧迫。通过收集大量资料,综述了矿区建设生产对土壤环境、水环境的影响以及水土流失防治措施研究进展,展望了矿区水土保持前景。     

荒漠戈壁区尾矿库水土保持措施配置

东虎沟金矿尾矿库地处荒漠戈壁区,库址位于东虎沟金矿三矿区一支沟沟道中,地势东高西低,沟内及两侧山坡覆盖层为粉质砂土层,区域降水稀少,蒸发量大,风大且频,植被稀疏,风蚀严重,这些因素加剧了尾矿库的水土流失。为控制尾矿库水土流失,先要充分利用和发挥尾矿坝自身具有的水土保持功能,再结合分条块土地整治、碎石压盖等水土保持专项工程措施治理,最终全方位控制了尾矿库建设及运行造成的水土流失。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.