春大豆田杂草生态经济防除阈期研究

通过辽宁省沈阳、庄河两地的田间试验,建立了大豆田苗后有草天数或无草天数与产量损失率间的函数关系模型,明确了辽宁省春大豆田杂草的生态经济防除阈期为大豆出苗后16~40 d。在此期间内保持田间杂草少于经济防除阈值,即可确保杂草造成的减产率低于3%,又能充分发挥杂草在生态系统中的积极作用。     

Critical period for weed control in sesame production

Planning effective weed control in cropping systems requires exact appraisal of the weed intensity and duration of their competition with the crops. This 2‐year study was carried out in order to determine the critical weed control period in sesame fields. Related and relative crop yields were monitored and analyzed using a four‐parametric log‐logistic model. We recorded data from weed‐free plots and compared these with data from different periods of weed interference. In both the study years, the longer period of weed interference decreased the relative yield of sesame, whereas the yield was increased with increasing duration of the weed‐free period. A 51–78.7% decline in sesame yield was noted if the weeds were allowed to compete with the crop from planting to harvest. In the first year, the duration of the critical period for weed control (CPWC) was 177–820 growing degree days (GDD), which corresponded to 14–64 days after crop emergence (DAE), and between 170 and 837 GDD (13–64 DAE) in the second year; this was based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. The results of this study clearly elaborated that maintaining weed‐free conditions is compulsory from as early as the second week after the emergence of sesame plants, and this should be maintained at least until the ninth week to avoid sesame yield losses by more than 5%. These findings show that growers can benefit from CPWC to improve weed control in sesame production, including the efficacy of a weed control program and its cost.     

Critical period of weed control in transplanted chilli pepper

Summary Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to determine the critical period of weed control in chilli pepper. The maximum weed-infested period ranged between 0.7 and 3.2 weeks after transplanting (WAT) at a 5% yield loss level. To prevent losses in total and marketable yields, weeds should be removed 2.1 or 0.9 WAT respectively. The end of the critical period decreased as the predetermined yield loss level increased from 2.5% to 10%. The minimum weed-free period ranged between 6.7 and 15.3 WAT at a 5% yield loss level depending on crop yield category. The chilli pepper crop required an average of 12.2 weeks of weed-free maintenance to avoid losses above 5%. Using a 5% yield loss level, the duration of the critical period of weed control was 14 weeks in 1991 and 11.2 weeks in 1993, but was shortened to 5.1 weeks in 1992. The results suggest that weeds must be controlled during the first half of the crop's growing season in order to prevent yield losses.     

免耕夏玉米田杂草防治关键期研究

环磺酮是2021年在中国登记上市的玉米田对羟基苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶 (HPPD) 抑制剂类除草剂。为明确环磺酮对不同玉米自交系的安全性,以玉米自交系HB05 (‘Mo17’)、HB09 (‘PH6WC’)、HB39 (‘J525’) 和HB82 (‘’KH8’) 为研究对象,进行了环磺酮胁迫对不同玉米自交系幼苗生长及体内生理生化指标的影响研究。结果表明：环磺酮按有效成分120 g/hm²处理,敏感型玉米HB82和HB39表现出叶片失绿白化,直至干枯死亡,严重影响玉米的生长发育;而耐药型玉米HB05和HB09叶片没有出现受害症状,对生长发育无明显影响。环磺酮按有效成分240 g/hm²处理14 d后,对敏感型玉米HB82和HB39株高抑制率分别为64.63%和63.79%,鲜重抑制率分别为70.06%和66.02%。环磺酮按有效成分720 g/hm²处理14 d后,对耐药型玉米HB05和HB09株高抑制率分别为48.61%和38.05%,鲜重抑制率分别为21.93%和43.63%。环磺酮对耐药型玉米HB05和HB09的IC₅₀值分别为223.50和37.42 mg/L,明显高于敏感型玉米HB82和HB39（对的IC₅₀值分别为13.48 和16.13 mg/L)。对叶绿素含量测定结果表明：叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量的变化趋势一致,即随着处理时间的延长,不同玉米自交系体内叶绿素含量呈不同程度的下降趋势,且敏感型玉米下降趋势明显大于耐药型玉米。环磺酮按有效成分120 g/hm²处理7 d后,与0 d相比,敏感型玉米HB82、HB39体内叶绿素总含量较0 d分别下降87.76%和70.55%,而耐药型玉米HB05和HB09分别下降49.86%和33.65%;敏感型玉米HB82和HB39体内类胡萝卜素含量分别下降83.72%和74.02%,耐药型玉米HB05和HB09分别下降40.83%和33.33%。对超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 和过氧化物酶 (POD) 酶活性的测定结果表明：环磺酮胁迫诱导了不同玉米自交系体内SOD和POD酶活性的增加,呈先上升后下降的趋势,其变化幅度为敏感型玉米高于耐药型玉米。综上所述,不同玉米自交系对环磺酮的敏感性存在显著差异,明确不同玉米自交系对环磺酮的耐药性,在生产中可避免环磺酮对玉米产生药害,减少不必要的损失。

     

廊坊市大豆田杂草种群演变及防除策略

随着种植业结构调整，耕作制度的变化，杂危害已成为影响廊坊市大豆高产的主要因素一。全市大豆常年播种面积３万hm２，均不同度地受到杂草的危害。为了指导农民有效地治大豆田杂草，我们于２００１年开展了大规模普查工作。通过在大豆开花初期对不同土壤地，不同区域的大豆田杂草的调查，基本摸清本市大豆田杂草发生情况，并根据调查结果，出了防治杂草的策略。杂草种群发生动态根据本市地理特点和大豆田生产布局分别本市的北、中、南部选定３个县、区（香河县、次区、大城县）有代表性的大豆田，在大豆开前进行调查，共查９个乡（镇），３…     

辽宁省大豆田杂草群落分析及防除策略

通过对辽宁省不同地区大豆田杂草调查,明确了各大豆主要种植区的杂草组成及危害情况,并针对不同地区大豆田杂草群落组成情况提出了防除策略.     

麦后夏播大豆田杂草化学防除试验

随着种植业产业结构调整 ,夏播大豆近年有所扩大 ,由于播后正值高温季节 ,杂草出苗快 ,生长旺 ,与豆苗竞争激烈 ,严重影响大豆产量和品质的提高。 2 0 0 2年 ,我们在本场岳台队进行了土壤封闭防除夏播大豆田杂草的大田试验 ,取得了较好的效果。报告于下 :1　试验设计与方法设每 6 6 7ｍ2 用 5 0 %乙草胺乳油 10 0ｍｌ (江苏常隆化工集团产品 )和 5 0 %双收封草宝乳油 (青岛双收集团产品 )两种处理 ,面积分别为 6 6 7ｍ2和 5 33 6ｍ2 ,另设不施药对照 10 0 0ｍ2 ,未设重复。试验田土质为壤土 ,ｐＨ值 6 8,麦收后整地 ;点播大豆 ,品种早生 0 …     

Critical period of weed interference in chickpea

The critical period of weed interference in one variety of chickpea was determined in field experiments carried out at two sites, Tabriz 2002 and Kermanshah 2003, Iran. Chickpea culture was either kept free of weeds for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 days after crop emergence (DAE) or weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 DAE. In these experiments, chickpea yield increased with increasing duration of weed-free period and was reduced by increasing duration of weed-infested period. Unweeded conditions for the entire growing season caused 66.4% and 48.3% seed yield reduction when compared with the treatment that was weed-free throughout the growing season, at Tabriz 2002 and Kermanshah 2003, respectively. The results indicated that chickpea must be kept weed-free between the five-leaf and full flowering stages (24–48 DAE) and from the four-leaf to beginning of flowering stages (17–49 DAE) at the two sites, respectively, in order to prevent >10% seed yield loss. At both sites, reduction in seed yield, because of the increased weed interference period, was accompanied by simultaneous reduction in plant dry weight, number of branches, pods per plant and 100-seed weight. This was supported by significant and positive correlations between these traits and chickpea seed yield. There was no significant correlation between the number of seeds per pod and seed yield. A linear regression model was used to describe the relationship between weed dry weight and seed yield loss.     

水花生的危害及治理

阐述了目前国内水花生的生态分布与危害情况,列举了各种治理手段及优缺点。     

Critical period for weed control in direct seeded red pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Direct seeded red pepper is a cash crop in Kahramanmara? province of Turkey as well as some other nearby provinces. Weeds are a major constraint in red pepper production. Field studies were conducted to determine critical period for weed control (CPWC) in direct seeded spice pepper in Kahramanmara?, in 2008 and 2009. The CPWC in red pepper based on a 2.5%, 5% and 10% acceptable yield loss (AYL) was calculated by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data. The CPWC in red pepper was determined from 0 to 1087 growing degree days (GDD) in 2008 and from 109 to 796 GDD in 2009 for 10% AYL after crop emergence in red pepper. For 2.5–5% AYL, the CPWC starts with germination and lasts until harvest. Direct seeded red pepper is very vulnerable to weed competition and weed control programs for direct seeded spice pepper in Turkey should include pre‐emergence and residual herbicides.     

Development of chemical weed control and integrated weed management in China

More than 200 species of weeds are infesting main crop fields in China, among which approximately 30 species are major weeds causing great crop yield losses. About 35.8 million hectares of crop fields are heavily infested by weeds and the annual reduction of crop yields is 12.3–16.5% (weighted average). Along with rural economic development, approximately 50% of the main crop fields undergo herbicide application. Chemical weed control has changed cultural practices to save weeding labor in rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and cotton. At the same time, continuous use of the same herbicides has caused weed shift problems and weed resistance to herbicides. Consequently, integrated weed management in main crops is being developed.     

Maize–soybean intercropping effect on yield productivity,weed control and diversity in northern Ghana

The cereal–legume cropping system is a common practice across the tropical world. However, there are limited quantitative data on the effect of cereal–legume intercropping on weed species diversity. A study was conducted in the Guinea savanna zone of Ghana to evaluate the effect of maize–soybean intercropping on yield productivity and weed species control. The treatments used include three maize maturity types (extra‐early: Abontem, early: Sammaz 27 and medium: Obatanpa) intercropped with soybean at three intraspacing (10, 20 and 30 cm), and their sole crop treatments were laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the land equivalent ratio (LER) for the intercrops was above 1, indicating better intercrop productivity than the sole crops. An average of 40% land was saved for the intercrops compared with the sole crops. Intercropping Sammaz 27 maize with soybean significantly increased LER by 9% compared to the other types. Intercropping maize with soybean significantly reduced weed biomass at 6 and 9 weeks after planting (WAP) and at harvest relative to the sole maize. The weed biomass at 6 and 9 WAP and harvest increased (p < .05) with increasing soybean intraspacing. The grass and broadleaf weed species count at 6 WAP and harvest from the sole crops were significantly higher than that of the intercrops. The results suggest that intercropping early maize maturity type with soybean at 10 cm intraspacing could be used to increase grain yield, LER and control of grass and broadleaf weeds in a maize‐based cropping system in the Guinea savanna zones of West Africa.     

The use of fomesafen for pre-emergence weed control in cotton

The herbicide fomesafen was found to be selective in preplanting and pre-emergence treatments in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). It was effective due to residual soil activity in controlling some of the most troublesome weeds in cotton fields,i.e., pigweed (Amaranthus spp.), black nightshade (Solarium nigrum L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) and cocklebur (Xanthium spp.). The best soil activity of fomesafen was achieved from pre-emergence or preplanting applications which were activated when the soil was wetted by rain or sprinkler irrigation, but the herbicide caused damage to the crop’s foliage if rain fell just after the cotton emergence. The most effective and safest method for applying fomesafen in cotton fields was preplanting followed by mechanical incorporation to a depth of 10 cm. Combinations of fomesafen with trifluralin were effective and completed the spectrum of controlled weeds in cotton, including annual grasses, common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.).     

Site-specific weed control technologies

Site-specific weed control technologies are defined as machinery or equipment embedded with technologies that detect weeds growing in a crop and, taking into account predefined factors such as economics, take action to maximise the chances of successfully controlling them. In this study, we describe the basic parts of site-specific weed control technologies, comprising weed sensing systems, weed management models and precision weed control implements. A review of state-of-the-art technologies shows that several weed sensing systems and precision implements have been developed over the last two decades, although barriers prevent their breakthrough. Most important among these is the lack of a truly robust weed recognition method, owing to mutual shading among plants and limitations in the capacity of highly accurate spraying and weeding apparatus. Another barrier is the lack of knowledge about the economic and environmental potential for increasing the resolution of weed control. The integration of site-specific information on weed distribution, weed species composition and density and the effect on crop yield, is decisive for successful site-specific weed management.     

Weeds —influences of weed vegetation in ipm and non-chemical weed control

Weed vegetation can have both detrimental and beneficial effects on populations of aphids and their natural enemies. Examples are given of these effects in relation to aphid and virus problems of vegetable crops. Important factors in these relationships are discussed and possible lines of future research are indicated.     

Row spacing impacts the critical period for weed control in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>)

The knowledge on the critical crop-weed competition period is important for designing an efficient weed management program. Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at the Agricultural Research Institute, Kahramanmaras, Turkey to determine the effects of three row spacing (50, 70 and 90 cm) on the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in cotton. A four parameter logistic equation was fit to data relating relative crop yield to both increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-free period. The relative yield of cotton was influenced by the duration of weed-infested or weed-free period, regardless of row spacing. In cotton grown at 50 cm row spacing, the CPWC ranged from 117–526 growing degree days (GDD) (V2–V11 growth stages) in 2012 and 124–508 GDD (V2–V10) in 2013 based on the 5% acceptable yield loss level. At 70 cm row spacing, the CPWC ranged from 98–661 GDD in 2012 (V2–V13) and 144–616 GDD (V2–V12) in 2013. At 90 cm row spacing, the CPWC ranged from 80–771 GDD in 2012 (V1–V14) and 83–755 GDD (V1–V14) in 2013. In order to obtain a 95% weed-free yield, the weed management should start at 16 days after crop emergence (DAE) and continued until 52 DAE (V2–V11) for crops grown in 50 cm row spacing, 15 and 60 DAE (V2–V13) for 70 cm row spacing and 11 and 67 DAE (V1–V14) for crops grown in 90 cm row spacing. This suggests that cotton grown in narrow row spacing (50 cm) had greater competiveness against weeds compared with wider row spacing (70 and 90 cm). Cotton growers can benefit from these results by improving cost of weed control through better timing of weed management.     

Chemical weed control in rainfed peanuts

Field studies at Bangalore, India, demonstrated that benfiuralin, fluchloralin and profluralin were effective for the selective control of many weed species in field experiments with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.‘BH-8-18′). Trifluralin and dinitramine were effective against many weed species but reduced crop stand by about 10%. These two herbicides also reduced the incidence of leaf spot disease (Cercospora arachidicola) and peanut pod yields were similar to clean weeded treatments. Bentazon was ineffective on most weed species and metribuzin was lethal to the crop. Alachlor, nitrofen and chloramben were only partially effective and would require supplemental hand weeding or mechanical tillage to obtain satisfactory weed control.     

Competitive ability of five common weed species in competition with soybean

The competitive ability of five prominent weeds species that have the potential to interact in soybean cropping systems of Argentina (Amaranthus quitensis, Chenopodium album, Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria verticillata and Tagetes minuta) was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2). Crop and weeds were grown in all pairwise mixtures using an additive competition design. Competitive ability was evaluated through competitive indices based on species total biomass. Both experiments showed asymmetric competitive interactions between species, resulting in a competitive network predominantly transitive involving up to four from six species in Exp. 1: Glycine. max > C. album > D. sanguinalis > (A. quitensis, S. verticillata and T. minuta) and up to three from six species in two pathways in Exp. 2: G. max > D. sanguinalis > (C. album, S. verticillata and T. minuta); and G. max > A. quitensis > (C. album, S. verticillata and T. minuta). The hierarchical relationship between species found in this study has implications on weed population dynamics in the context of community assembly framework. We discuss engineered management practices that consider the use of the crop and weed competitive ability to modulate the community structure and the rationalization in the use of herbicides directed to avoid environmental damage.     

丙广防除直播大豆田杂草效果

40％丙广EC是江苏省通州正大农药厂研制生产的一种新型旱田土壤处理除草剂，由丙草胺与广灭灵复配而成。为明确其对大豆田杂草的防除效果及其应用技术，受该厂委托，我们于2001～2002年进行了40％丙广EC防除夏大豆田杂草田间药效试验，现将试验结果报告如下。     

Effects of rye cover crop residue and herbicides on weed control in narrow and wide row soybean planting systems

Α three‐year, non‐irrigated field study was conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 at the Southern Weed Science Research Unit farm, Stoneville, MS to study the effects of rye cover crop residue, soybean planting systems, and herbicide application programs on the control, density and biomass of several weed species and soybean yield. The soybean planting systems comprised 19 cm rows with high plant density, 57 cm rows with medium plant density, and 95 cm rows with low plant density. The herbicide programs evaluated were pre‐emergence, postemergence, pre‐emergence followed by postemergence, and no herbicide. Flumetsulam and metolachlor were applied pre‐emergence, and acifluorfen, bentazon, and clethodim were applied postemergence. The presence or absence of rye cover crop residue and a soybean planting system did not affect weed control of the species evaluated (browntop millet, barnyard grass, broadleaf signal grass, pitted morningglory, yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth and hyssop spurge), when herbicides were applied, regardless of the application program. In addition, rye cover crop residue was not an effective weed management tool when no herbicide was applied, because density and biomass of most weeds evaluated were higher than a no cover crop residue system. Among soybean planting systems, narrow with high plant density soybeans reduced density of grasses, broadleaf weeds and yellow nutsedge by 24–83% and total weed biomass by 38%, compared to wide with low plant density soybeans. Although weed pressure was reduced by narrow with high plant density soybeans, herbicide applications had the most impact on weed control, weed density and biomass. All herbicide programs controlled all weed species 81–100% at two weeks after postemergence herbicide applications, in comparison to no‐herbicide. Density of grasses and all broadleaf weeds as well as total weed biomass was lower with the pre‐emergence followed by postemergence program than these programs alone. Soybean yields were higher in the pre‐emergence followed by postemergence, and postemergence only programs than the pre‐emergence alone program. Planting crops in narrow rows is one cultural method of reducing weed pressure. However, even with the use of this cultural practice, prevalent weed pressure often requires management with herbicides.