Preparation of hybrid AHO-POSS/polypropylene nanocomposite monofilaments by radiation induced grafting

The Allyl-heptaisobutyl-polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (AHO-POSS) grafted polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite monofilaments were prepared by γ-ray irradiation induced grafting. The structure and properties of physically blended and γ-ray irradiated AHO-POSS/PP nanocomposite filaments were investigated by FTIR, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), Thermo-gravimetric Analysis and mechanical property studies. Chemical bonding of AHO-POSS with PP after γ-ray irradiation was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Grafting resulted in change in mechanical and thermal properties and the extent of change was critically dependent on loading of AHO-POSS in PP and radiation dose level. In general, tensile strength decreased almost continuously with increase in radiation dose whereas thermal stability increased upto a radiation dose of 5 kGy and then decreased. The loss in tensile strength was caused due to chain scission, cross linking and loss in orientation.     

Hybrid organic-inorganic POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane)/polypropylene nanocomposite filaments

Octamethyl-POSS and Octaphenyl-POSS reinforced polypropylene nanocomposite monofilaments were prepared by melt blending route. It was observed that incorporation of Octamethyl-POSS and Octaphenyl-POSS in polypropylene show improvement in mechanical as well as thermal properties. Octaphenyl POSS/PP nanocomposites show significant increase in thermal stability even at very low concentration as compared to neat polymer matrix. An increase of 100 and 140 °C was observed in thermal degradation temperature at 5 wt% loss and maximum degradation over neat PP filaments respectively at low OP-POSS loadings (<5 wt%). Both Octamethyl-POSS and Octaphenyl-POSS act as lubricating agents facilitating drawing which results in improvement in orientation as well as mechanical properties.     

Optimizing the morphology,mechanical and crystal properties of in-situ polypropylene/polystyrene blends by reactive extrusion

In this study, in-situ polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends were prepared via a reactive extrusion technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the generation of polypropylene-grafted-polystyrene (PP-g-PS) copolymer in the reactive process. The morphology of the in-situ PP/PS blend tended to form a homogeneous structure, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Owing to the introduction of PP-g-PS in the reactive extrusion, a remarkable enhancement of mechanical properties was achieved for the in-situ PP/PS blend. The elongation at break of the in-situ PP/PS blend with 15 wt% PS can reach 500 %, over 10 times higher than that of the normal PP/PS blend. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed an increased crystallization temperature of PP, which can be attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation effect of the PS and grafted PS. The analysis of wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) indicated the development of beta crystals in the in-situ PP/PS blend.     

Starch esterification by reactive extrusion

The objectives of this study were to synthesize starch-fatty acid esters via a reactive extrusion process and to determine the effects of level and chain length of the anhydrides used on the physical properties of the extrudates. Starch esters were synthesized by extruding 70% amylose starch with fatty acid anhydrides and sodium hydroxide (catalyst) in a single screw extruder. Acetic, propionic, heptanoic, and palmitic anhydrides were used at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mol levels to obtain different degrees of substitution (DS) in the starch. Physical properties of the extrudates such as unit and solid density, specific mechanical energy, water absorption, and water solubility indices as well as molecular degradation and DS of the starch were measured. DS increased as the level of anhydride increased. Lower molecular weights and higher levels of anhydride resulted in the greatest reduction in starch molecular weight.     

Eco-friendly biopolymer/clay/conducting polymer nanocomposite: Characterization and its application in reactive dye removal

In this study starch-montmorillonite/polyaniline (St-MMT/PANI) nanocomposite was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of starch-montmorillonite nanocomposite dispersion. The prepared ternary nanocomposite was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA and TEM techniques. XRD patterns combined with TEM results confirmed the intercalation of MMT in the starch matrix. SEM micrographs revealed the growth of polyaniline over the surface of the St-MMT nanocomposite. The St-MMT/PANI nanocomposite was used for the adsorption of a reactive dye. Batch removal experiment results showed complete removal of dye in a very short contact time. Further investigations indicated that the removal mechanism was based on both the adsorption and electrostatic attraction between nanocomposite and dye molecules. The experimental data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of reactive dye on St-MMT/PANI nanocomposite was 91.74 mg g^?1. All these results demonstrated the effectiveness of the hybrid system as an efficient adsorbent for removal of reactive dyes from textile effluents.     

Development of polyurethane based conducting nanocomposite fibers via twin screw extrusion

In the present study, conducting nanofillers are incorporated in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to produce nanocomposite fibers through melt compounding route using micro twin screw extruder attached to a fiber drawing device. Nanocomposite fibers using bulk graphite, nanographite and carbon nanofiber were produced using varying amounts of these nanofillers. Metal coated nanographite, new hybrid nanoparticle produced in house, were also used to impart conductivity to the TPU fiber. The process parameters such as processing temperature, mixing time and rpm of the screw have been optimized considering minimum change in TPU bulk properties. It has been found that the nanofillers can be melt mixed safely up to 4 min with the TPU at 180 °C and 100 screw rpm. These mixing conditions give reasonable amount of dispersion. The studies on such fibers in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) reveals that the metal coated nanographite particles make the nanocomposite fibers more thermally stable. Both the D. C. conductivity and A. C. impedance of the nanocomposite fibers have reduced significantly even at very low loading of nanofillers, although the conductivity of the produced fibers are in antistatic range (D.C. conductivity ～10^?4 S/m).     

Mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polypropylene non-woven fabrics reinforced with POSS and SiO2 nanoparticles

PP/POSS and PP/SiO₂ composite non-woven fabrics filled with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and SiO₂ respectively using a convenient blending method were prepared through melt-blown process with corona charging. The morphology of the composite fibers and the distribution of POSS and SiO₂ nanoparticles in PP matrix were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. POSS and SiO₂ can act as nucleating agent and accelerate the crystallization process during nonisothermal cooling. The shear storage modulus G??, loss modulus G??, and complex viscosity ??* of non-woven fabric reduce when 1 wt % POSS was added and increase for PP5/POSS composite non-woven fabric compared with pure PP non-woven fabrics. However, all G??, G?? and ??* of PP/SiO₂ non-woven fabric decrease with increasing SiO₂ content owing to plasticization by SiO₂. Both stress and elongation at break of the PP/POSS melt-blown non-woven fabrics are improved compared with PP non-woven fabrics, however decrease when SiO₂ was added, as compared to the neat PP non-woven fabric. The onset temperature of decomposition for both the PP/POSS and PP/SiO₂ composite non-woven fabrics is higher (5?C10 °C) than pure PP and char content is increased with increasing POSS and SiO₂.     

A study of mechanical behavior and morphology of carbon nanotube reinforced UHMWPE/Nylon 6 hybrid polymer nanocomposite fiber

We report a phenomenal increase in strength, modulus, and fracture strain of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber by 103 %, 219 %, and 108 %, respectively through hybridizing this fiber with Nylon 6 as a minor phase and simultaneously reinforcing it with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Loading of Nylon 6 and SWCNTs into UHMWPE was 20.0 wt% and 2.0 wt%, respectively. Hybridized fibers were processed using a solution spinning method coupled with melt mixing and extrusion. We claim that the enhancement in strain-to-failure of the nanocomposites is due to induced plasticity in the hybridized Nylon 6-UHMWPE polymers. The enhancement in strength and stiffness in the nanocomposites is attributed to the load sharing of the SWCNTs during deformation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies showed that changes in percent crystallinity, rate of crystallization, crystallite size, alignment of nanotubes, sliding of polymer interfaces and strong adhesion of CNT/polymer blends were responsible for such enhancements.     

Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch and glass fibre reinforced recycled polypropylene hybrid composites

The effects of hybridization of glass fibre on oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and recycled polypropylene-based composites are described in this paper. The compounding process involved extrusion followed by injection moulding technique to prepare the samples for characterizations. Fibre loading were considered as 40 % of the total weight of the blends and EFB:glass fibre ratio was maintained as 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 90:10. Two types of coupling agents of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene such as polybond-3200 and fusabond P-613 of different molecular weight and maleic anhydride level were used to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and the matrix. Composites were characterized by density, melt flow index, tensile, Izod impact and flexural testing. Morphological images of the fractured surfaces of the composites were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Samples were also characterized by thermal tests such as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the thermal and crystalline properties, respectively. Optimization of hybridization of the fibres and effect of coupling agents were evaluated in terms of various properties of the samples. The composite prepared with EFB:glass fibre ratio of 70:30 showed better reinforcing properties than that of others.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of polyurethane/nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposite

Nanocomposite of polyurethane (PU), Nylon66 (nylon), and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared by a twin screw extruder, and the dispersion of MMT and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were analyzed. Dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2-ethylhexyl ammonium modified Cloisite 25A (C25A) and methyl tallow bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium modified Cloisite 30B (C30B) were used as MMT. XRD and TEM analysis indicated that the continuous melt mixing by a twin screw extruder was effective in MMT dispersion. C30B having hydroxyl group on its surface has better dispersion than C25A in the PU/nylon matrix. Maximum stress and strain at break were the maximum at 1 wt% MMT regardless of matrix composition, and decreased at higher MMT content. Best MMT dispersion was also observed at 1 wt% MMT for the entire matrix composition. Aggregation of MMT occurred at MMT content higher than 1 wt%. Nylon addition also induced the aggregation of MMT because of the high polarity of nylon surface. Dispersion of MMT was very important in improving the mechanical properties of PU/nylon nanocomposite.     

Structures and physical properties of graphene/PVDF nanocomposite films prepared by solution-mixing and melt-compression

We have manufactured poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposite films with different graphene contents of 0.1～10.0 wt% by ultrasonicated solution-mixing and melt-compression. As a reinforcing nanofiller, graphene sheets are prepared by rapid thermal expansion of graphite oxide, which are from the oxidation of natural graphite flakes. Graphene sheets are characterized to be well exfoliated and dispersed in the nanocomposite films. X-ray diffraction data confirm that the α-phase crystals of PVDF are dominantly developed in the nanocomposite films during the meltcrystallization. DSC cooling thermograms show that the graphene sheets serve as nucleating agents for the PVDF α-form crystals. Thermal stability of the nanocomposite films under oxygen gas atmosphere is noticeably improved, specifically for the nanocomposite with 1.0 wt% graphene. Electrical volume resistivity of the nanocomposite films is substantially decreased from ～10¹⁴ to ～10⁶ W cm, especially at a critical graphene content between 1.0 and 3.0 wt%. In addition, mechanical storage modulus is highly improved with increasing the graphene content in the nanocomposite films. The increment of the storage modulus for the nanocomposite film at 30 °C with increasing the graphene content is analyzed by adopting the theoretical model proposed by Halpin and Tsai.     

Evaluation of rice flour modified by extrusion cooking

Flour from long-grain, high-amylose, milled rice was extruded in a double screw extruder. Response surface methodology (RSM) using a face-centered cube design was used to evaluate the effects of operating variables, namely the screw speed (200–300 rpm), barrel temperature (100–160 °C), and feed moisture content (16–22%) on some functional, physical, pasting, and digestibility characteristics of the extrudates. Regression analyses showed that water absorption index (WAI) was significantly (P<0.05) affected by all linear, quadratic, and interaction terms. Viscosity values of extruded rice flours were far less than those of their corresponding unprocessed rice flour dispersed in the Micro Visco Amylo Graph (MVAG) indicating that the starches had been partially pregelatinized by extrusion process. Peak viscosity indicated a high positive correlation with hot paste viscosity (HPV) and cold paste viscosity (CPV) with r>0.700 (P<0.01). The effects of processing on the in vitro digestibility of starch fractions in rice extrudates was tested using controlled enzymatic hydrolysis with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase. The starch-digestion rate depended mainly on processing conditions. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) was found to correlate negatively with slowly digestible starch (SDS) (r=−0.964, P<0.01) and with resistant starch (RS) (r=0.793, P<0.01), respectively. Whereas SDS correlated positively with RS (r=0.712, P<0.01).     

Preparation and characterization of silk sericin/glycerol/graphene oxide nanocomposite film

Sericin (SS) is a protein that is secreted by silkworms, but it is usually discarded during the degumming process. To obtain and make use of the sericin, we prepared sericin/glycerol/graphene oxide nanocomposite film. The inherent brittleness of pure sericin film was improved by the addition of glycerol (Glc) as a plasticizer. To compensate for the reduced stiffness, we added graphene oxide (GO) into the SS/Glc film. At concentrations of up to 0.8 wt% relative to SS, GO dispersed evenly in the SS matrix without any agglomeration. The maximum tensile strength (9.5±0.7 MPa) and Young’s modulus (414.4±23.2 MPa) were obtained when the GO content was 0.8 wt% relative to SS. The elongation of SS/Glc/GO nanocomposite film also increased by approximately 40 % compared to SS/Glc film. The strong interfacial interaction between the SS and the GO was responsible for the increased stiffness. The increased elongation was due to the reduced crystallinity of the sericin matrix in the presence of GO.     

Chemical modification of isotactic polypropylene by melt blending

The branched polypropylene (b-PP) was prepared by melt blending process with initiator, antioxidant, and functional monomers to improve the melt strength through the melt grafting. The melt flow index (MFI) of theb-PP was increased with increasing the initiator content. On the introduction of the alkylamine as the branching agents the MFI of theb-PP was increased, while that of theb-PP with the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PT) was decreased. It may be caused by the chain scission of thei-PP backbone due to the reduced thermal stability of thei-PP on the melt blending. The MFI of theb-PP without the antioxidant was increased due to the chain scission occurred during the melt processing, while on the introduction of the antioxidant, the MFI of theb-PP was decreased. The crystallization temperature of theb-PP was higher than that of PP, which was attributed to the branched chain structure. It was found that the PT was the most effective functional monomers for enhancing the melt properties of theb-PP.     

挤压膨化技术生产大豆蛋白面的研究

通过对挤压膨化技术生产大豆蛋白面工艺过程的研究，确定了生产过程中脱脂、粉碎、配料和挤压膨化各主要工序等操作的最佳生产工艺条件。     

大豆蛋白挤压组织化过程中生物大分子之间的相互作用

组织化大豆蛋白是现代大豆蛋白工业的重要组成部分,可作为功能助剂或营养强化剂用于乳化肉制品、面制品、乳制品以及仿肉制品的开发。本文概述了大豆蛋白挤压组织化过程中蛋白质、多糖、油脂等生物大分子之间的相互作用。为揭示大豆蛋白挤压组织化机理和大豆组织蛋白的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

Effect of reinforcement and chemical treatment of fiber on The Properties of jute-coir fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites

Present research investigates the mechanical properties of jute-coir fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene (PP) composite with fiber loading variation and observes the effect of chemical treatment of fiber on property enhancement of the composites. Composites were manufactured using hot press machine at four levels of fiber loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%). Fiber ratio’s were varied (jute:coir=1:1, 3:1 and 1:3) for 20 % fiber loaded composites. Both jute and coir fiber was treated using 5 % and 10 % NaOH solutions. Composites were also prepared using treated fiber with jute-coir fiber ratio of 3:1. Tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis were conducted for characterization of the composites. Tensile test of composite showed a decreasing trend of tensile strength and increasing trend of the Young’s modulus with increase in fiber loading. During flexural, impact and hardness tests, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength and hardness values were found to be increased with increase in fiber loading. All these properties enhanced with the enhancement of jute content except impact strength. 5 % NaOH treatment provided an improving trend of properties whereas, 10 % NaOH treatment showed the reverse one. The FTIR analysis of the composites indicated decrease of hemicelluloses and lignin content with alkali treatment.     

Electrospinning and microwave absorption of polyaniline/polyacrylonitrile/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite fibers

Electrical conductive nanocomposite fibers were prepared with polyaniline (PANI), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via electrospinning. The morphology and electrical conductivity of the PANI/PAN/MWCNTs nanocomposite fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Van De Pauw method. Electrical conductivity of nanocomposite fibers increased from 1.79 S·m^?1 to 7.97 S·m^?1 with increasing the MWCNTs content from 3.0 wt% to 7.0 wt%. Compared with PANI/PAN membranes, the mechanical property of PANI/PAN/MWCNTs nanocomposites fiber membranes decreased. The microwave absorption performance of composite films was analyzed using waveguide tube, which indicated that with the thickness increasing the value of R_L reduced from ?4.6 to ?5.9 dB.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of developed antimicrobial PPsuture/Ag nanocomposite

In order to prevent surgical complications due to microbial infections, we have developed polypropylene suture grafted with silver nanoparticles (PPsuture/Ag nanocomposite) by a simple immersion procedure. Physical and mechanical properties of developed suture are investigated. Suture surface characteristics are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Silver content on suture surface was determined by Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The mechanical properties of developed antibacterial PP suture/Ag were studied. We note that proposed silver coating method has not affected mechanical performances of suture. Antimicrobial performances of PP suture/Ag nanocomposites against S. aureus and E. coli colonies were also investigated.