干旱区季节性积雪融雪期含水率变化及其模拟—以新疆军塘湖流域为例

积雪含水率是干旱区季节性积雪出流的重要条件。描述了融雪期干旱区季节性积雪含水率的变化,利用数理统计方法分析了影响因素,并采用多元统计模型进行模拟。结果表明:1)融雪期干旱区季节性积雪含水率变化范围在0-8%之间。积雪含水率融雪前期变化较小,在0-1%之间,融雪后期变化幅度增加,在1-8%之间;2)融雪前期、后期积雪含水率大致从下层至上层依次减少,中期反之;3)气温是积雪含水率变化的主要影响因素,其具有滞后性。     

基于MODIS数据的2001—2016年内蒙古积雪分布及其变化趋势

积雪融水是干旱区重要的水资源之一,积雪分布变化的监测对区域雪冰资源的合理利用及灾害防治至关重要。基于内蒙古地区2001-2016年MOD10A2积雪数据对研究区进行分带提取,分析不同海拔高度积雪年内年际变化特征,结合气温和降水气象因素,分析其分布变化原因。研究表明:积雪面积、积雪覆盖率年内分布呈单峰形,10个海拔带的积雪期为9月到次年5月,峰值出现在冬季,积雪覆盖率增减的临界高度在952~1 114 m;不同高程带的积雪面积在春季、夏季、秋季整体上呈现出"增加-减少-增加-减少"的年际变化规律,冬季整体上表现出"减少-增加-减少"的变化规律;积雪面积受降水量和气温相互的影响,其中海拔高度可能起到间接作用。内蒙古地区春季、冬季积雪覆盖率均与冬季降水量呈显著正相关,各季节积雪覆盖率基本与温度呈负相关关系。     

天山北坡积雪期不同下垫面雪密度及液态含水率对比分析

利用Snow Fork雪特性分析仪和超声波雪深传感器,分别对林地、草地和灌木地的积雪深度、雪密度及液态含水率进行监测,对比分析3种下垫面雪密度、液态含水率在积雪垂直剖面分布的差异性及积雪深度随时间累积的变化特征。结果表明:主要积雪期为历年11月至次年2月,积雪期3种下垫面雪深变化规律基本一致,呈累积变化趋势,但林地因自身树冠层的截留作用,其平均积雪深度最小,较林外草地积雪总量,林地树冠层对降雪的截留量约为45.33%;积雪初期(10月底至11月中旬)各下垫面雪密度、液态含水率从积雪底层至表层变化趋势基本一致,最大值均出现在积雪表层或中间层;积雪后期(12月至次年2月中旬)3种下垫面雪密度峰值均出现在积雪底层,而液态含水率存在差异性,林地、草地液态含水率在积雪底层0cm-10cm处达到峰值,灌木地在中间层20cm-30cm处达到峰值;不同下垫面在同一积雪层处雪密度、液态含水率随时间累积均呈递增趋势。     

近30年来乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗季节性积雪对气候变暖的响应

利用中国科学院天山冰川观测试验站提供的1987-2014年的乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗的气象观测资料,同时结合1987-1993/2006-2007/2014-2015对空冰斗季节性积雪的观测资料,分析了该区域积雪厚度,积雪日数的变化特征以及最大积雪深度与气温降水的关系。结果表明:1)在积雪稳定期,气温和降水总体呈增加趋势,且这种趋势主要发生在春季。2)稳定期积雪的持续时间有明显的缩短趋势。积雪的最大深度出现在海拔3865m处,这一高度以下,积雪深度随海拔升高呈现上升趋势,而这一高度以上的地区则相反。3)积雪稳定期,降水对最大积雪深度的影响远远大于气温等其他气象因素。     

积雪变化特征及与气候之间的关系——以乌鲁木齐地区为例

本文研究和探讨了乌鲁木齐地区积雪的变化特征,利用1990年—2004年遥感气象卫星积雪监测资料和地面观测点信息,一方面对积雪的时间变化进行回归分析,提出了雪盖和雪深的增长和衰减模型;另一方面与气候因子(气温与降水)进行复合分析,提出雪盖和雪深的气温降水复合模型。从而加深对乌鲁木齐积雪的认识,其定性和定量分析可为农牧业、水利部门提供有益参考。     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪时空分布特征研究

基于2001-2014年的MODIS10A2积雪产品数据,对新疆阿尔泰地区积雪的年际变化特征、年内变化特征及空间分布进行了分析研究,得到以下结论:1)年内积雪一般由10月中旬左右便开始累积建立,在第二年1月份积雪覆盖面积到最大值,7月份积雪覆盖面积达到最小值,其中,冬季积雪面积所占比例最大,夏季最小。2)2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪覆盖面积呈减少趋势。阿尔泰地区积雪空间分布极不均匀,北部积雪分布明显多于南部,山区及高海拔地区为积雪频次分布的高值区,平原及流域地区为积雪覆盖频次的低值区。3)永久性积雪主要分布在阿尔泰山北部的高海拔区(3000-3923m),且面积较小。     

基于GIS的东北及邻近地区积雪深度空间化方法

根据近50 a东北及邻近地区122个地面测站逐日积雪深度观测资料,采用REOF方法划分为5个气候区,利用DEM资料建立经度、纬度、海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库,并结合三维二次趋势面方法对研究区域雪深进行GIS模拟。结果表明：宏观地形因子与雪深呈较好的正相关关系,大、小兴安岭是东北地区积雪分布较多区域,大致按山脉走向分布,海拔高、纬度高的地区雪深较大。分区模拟,微观地形因子对积雪深度的影响增大,突出积雪深度分布的局地特征,同时相对误差显著减小。     

天山山区一次强降雪过程GPS可降水量特征分析

利用2012年新建成的天山山区地基GPS遥感大气水汽总量（GPS PWV）资料、再分析资料、自动站逐时降雪量资料等,对2012年11月6-9日新疆北部地区、天山山区一次强降雪过程发生、发展前后GPS PWV演变特征进行分析。结果表明：GPS PWV的持续上升对未来一段时间内出现降雪过程有一定的预示意义,降雪发生前GPS PWV有十几个小时的持续上升（增幅为近10 a该月平均大气可降水量的1倍左右）,在其达到峰值前后3 h内出现降雪;GPS PWV空间分布大值区与降雪落区有较好的对应关系。随着水汽汇聚和堆积,天山山区各站点GPS PWV随时间持续上升;水汽随偏西气流进入北疆及沿天山地区。与之对应,GPS PWV也呈现出自西向东逐渐增加的空间分布型,说明GPS PWV能够较准确的从时间和空间上反映大气中水汽的特征。     

烟粉虱受持续低温冰雪天气影响的研究

1 近年海门烟粉虱发生概述 烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]是海门市自2002年开始新发生在蔬菜、花卉、棉花等园艺和农作物上的1种为害严重的外来入侵害虫.至2004年调查,海门市郊附近及临近的开发区、常乐镇、三厂镇等地区保护地茄子、辣椒、番茄等茄果类和黄瓜等蔬菜上及麒麟镇鲜切花基地非洲菊上烟粉虱均普遍发生,但发生量不大,为害程度中等偏轻.2005～2006年在暖冬气候的有利保护下.     

鄂尔多斯高原清代霜雪灾害研究

根据历史文献统计分析,并应用最小二乘法和小波分析法,研究了鄂尔多斯高原清代霜雪灾害发生频次、等级、阶段、周期规律及其成因。结果表明:鄂尔多斯高原清代发生霜雪灾害75次,平均每3.5a发生1次,其中轻度霜雪灾害13次、中度霜雪灾害53次、重度霜雪灾害9次,分别占灾害总数的17.3%、70.6%、12.1%。鄂尔多斯高原清代霜雪灾害变化可分为5个阶段,分别在1644~1753年、1754~1783年、1784~1803年、1804~1863年、1864~1911年。第1、3、5阶段为霜雪灾害低发期,第2、4阶段是霜雪灾害高发期。霜雪灾害发生频次和强度显示,研究区清代发生了两个霜雪灾害爆发期,代表了两次寒冷气候事件,分别发生在公元1764~1783年和1834~1863年。研究发现该区西部清代霜雪灾害主要为发生在冬季的强冷空气引起气温降至-6.4℃以下的强低温型霜冻灾害,东部地区主要是发生在秋季偏暖月份冷空气引起的气温降至0℃以下的弱低温型霜冻灾害。研究区清代霜雪灾害变化主要有40~45a的长周期,16~18a、11~15a的中周期和5~8a的短周期。该区的霜雪灾害发生周期可以作为霜雪灾害预防的参考依据。     

Characteristics and hazards of different snow avalanche types in a continental snow climate region in the Central Tianshan Mountains

Snow avalanches are a common natural hazard in many countries with seasonally snow-covered mountains.The avalanche hazard varies with snow avalanche type in different snow climate regions and at different times.The ability to understand the characteristics of avalanche activity and hazards of different snow avalanche types is a prerequisite for improving avalanche disaster management in the mid-altitude region of the Central Tianshan Mountains.In this study,we collected data related to avalanche,snowpack,and meteorology during four snow seasons(from 2015 to 2019),and analysed the characteristics and hazards of different types of avalanches.The snow climate of the mid-altitude region of the Central Tianshan Mountains was examined using a snow climate classification scheme,and the results showed that the mountain range has a continental snow climate.To quantify the hazards of different types of avalanches and describe their situation over time in the continental snow climate region,this study used the avalanche hazard degree to assess the hazards of four types of avalanches,i.e.,full-depth dry snow avalanches,full-depth wet snow avalanches,surface-layer dry snow avalanches,and surface-layer wet snow avalanches.The results indicated that surface-layer dry snow avalanches were characterized by large sizes and high release frequencies,which made them having the highest avalanche hazard degree in the Central Tianshan Mountains with a continental snow climate.The overall avalanche hazard showed a single peak pattern over time during the snow season,and the greatest hazard occurred in the second half of February when the snowpack was deep and the temperature increased.This study can help the disaster and emergency management departments rationally arrange avalanche relief resources and develop avalanche prevention strategies.     

银杏水分输导过程研究

用树干液流探针对银杏树干液流流速在标准日昼夜及阴天的变化过程进行了测定。结果表明:在标准日,6∶00~9∶00间,树干内不产生液流;9∶00~11∶00间,树干液流流速递增,并于11∶00达到最大;13∶00~15∶00间,液流流速出现波动,15∶00后液流流速下降,16∶00~20∶00间,液流流速平稳;20∶00~22∶00间,液流流速继续下降;22∶00后树干内不再产生液流。阴天树干液流流速相对平稳,流速的峰值出现时间比晴天推迟约1.5 h。银杏边材在晴天昼夜液流量分别为4.445 L和0.8841 L;阴天昼夜液流量分别为5.3341 L和1.2891 L。晴天树干昼夜液流量均小于阴天。     

河南省城市化进程中的生态环境问题

城市化与生态环境相互制约、相互影响,在城市化迅猛发展的同时,生态环境问题也不容忽视。以河南省城市与环境统计数据为基础,分析了河南省在城市化背景下,生态环境现状及存在问题。研究结果表明：随着城市化水平、产业结构以及城市建设用地的不断变化,生态环境也受到严重破坏,主要表现为公共绿地不足、水资源污染、大气环境恶劣等问题。针对...     

云和雪梨主要病害的发生规律及综合防治技术研究

云和雪梨在生长过程中发生的病害有十几种，但常发生的有4种病害。本文对其4种病害的症状及发生规律进行了描述，并提出综合防治措施。     

天山北坡降雪对葡萄越冬不同覆膜效果的影响

为了省工、省力,又能应对-37℃的极端最低气温和长期低温,对降雪晚而少的干冷年份和早而多的湿冷年份,进行了白塑料和黑塑料薄膜双层和单层覆盖的比较.结果表明:采用双层覆盖比单层优越.在积雪深度不足9cm,最低气温-22℃时,双层覆盖下的最低温度是-9.9℃,而单层覆盖则是-16.0℃,出现了减产,果穗变得小而轻、新枝条短等生产性能不良的影响.在塑膜覆盖中,采用白塑料薄膜较黑塑料薄膜优越.在干冷年份,黑塑膜上不容易保留雪被,单层覆盖-16℃时,而白塑膜因为有雪被覆盖,则是-13.2℃,而且白塑料薄膜价格比黑塑料薄膜便宜近一半.     

Spatiotemporal variation in snow cover and its effects on grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau

Snow cover is an important water source for vegetation growth in arid and semi-arid areas,and grassland phenology provides valuable information on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.The Mongolian Plateau features both abundant snow cover resources and typical grassland ecosystems.In recent years,with the intensification of global climate change,the snow cover on the Mongolian Plateau has changed correspondingly,with resulting effects on vegetation growth.In this study,using MOD10A1 snow cover data and MOD13A1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data combined with remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in snow cover and grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2018.The correlation analysis and grey relation analysis were used to determine the influence of snow cover parameters(snow cover fraction(SCF),snow cover duration(SCD),snow cover onset date(SCOD),and snow cover end date(SCED))on different types of grassland vegetation.The results showed wide snow cover areas,an early start time,a late end time,and a long duration of snow cover over the northern Mongolian Plateau.Additionally,a late start,an early end,and a short duration were observed for grassland phenology,but the southern area showed the opposite trend.The SCF decreased at an annual rate of 0.33%.The SCD was shortened at an annual rate of 0.57 d.The SCOD and SCED in more than half of the study area advanced at annual rates of 5.33 and 5.74 DOY(day of year),respectively.For grassland phenology,the start of the growing season(SOS)advanced at an annual rate of 0.03 DOY,the end of the growing season(EOS)was delayed at an annual rate of 0.14 DOY,and the length of the growing season(LOS)was prolonged at an annual rate of 0.17 d.The SCF,SCD,and SCED in the snow season were significantly positively correlated with the SOS and negatively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCOD was significantly negatively correlated with the SOS and positively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCD and SCF can directly affect the SOS of grassland vegetation,while the EOS and LOS were obviously influenced by the SCOD and SCED.This study provides a scientific basis for exploring the response trends of alpine vegetation to global climate change.     

南岭眼蝶科区系及冰冻灾害前后的调查

南岭是广东的屏障和南北动植物的起源和分化中心,生物资源十分丰富,巳发现50种眼蝶,其中分布在东洋区有44种,占总数的88%;东洋区与古北区共有种5种,占10%;跨区系分布的占2%。今年初的雨雪冰冻灾害使南岭海拨500～1000m森林生态遭受严重破坏,许多野生动物被冻死,眼蝶只发现14种,与常年相比,见到的种群仅为常年的28%,种群密度则不到常年的10%。     

Impacts of snow on seed germination are independent of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics in a temperate desert of Central Asia

Seed germination profoundly impacts plant community composition within the plant life cycle. Snow is an important source of water for seed germination in the temperate deserts of Central Asia. Understanding how seed germination responds to variations in snow cover in relation to seed traits and plant ecological characteristics can help predict plant community sustainability and stability in Central Asia under a scenario climate change. This study investigated the seed germination of 35 plant species common to the Gurbantunggut Desert in Central Asia under the three snow treatments: (1) snow addition; (2) ambient snow; and (3) snow removal. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess interactions among the impacts of snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics on seed germination. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) model was used to test the relationships between seed traits and seed germination. The results demonstrated that snow variations had no significant impacts on seed germination overall. Seed germination under the snow addition treatment was similar with that under the ambient snow treatment, irrespective of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Snow removal only had negative impacts on seed germination for certain groups of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Seed mass positively affected seed germination, showing a linear increase of arcsin square root-transformed seed germination with log-transformed seed mass. Seed shape also profoundly impacted seed germination, with a higher germination percentage for elongated and flat seeds. Seed germination differed under different plant life forms, with semi-shrub species showing a significantly higher germination percentage. Most importantly, although snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics had no interactive effects on seed germination overall, some negative impacts from the snow removal treatment were detected when seeds were categorized on the basis of seed mass and shape. This result suggests that variations of snow cover may change plant community composition in this temperate desert due to their impacts on seed germination.