吐鲁番盆地水环境同位素分析与应用

在吐鲁番盆地范围内进行水环境取样,运用同位素技术及分析方法,对吐鲁番盆地各类水体进行研究,分析了研究区水环境同位素特征,并讨论各类水体间的相互关系。盆地地表水的δ18O值在-13.62~-9.00‰之间,平均值为-10.31‰;δD值在-79.73~-60.09‰之间,平均值为-65.98‰。地下水的δ18O值在-12.28~-7.02‰之间,平均值为-10.30‰;δD值在-86.54~-48.98‰之间,平均值为-68.27‰。结果表明二者之间具有较强的水力联系。高昌区、鄯善县地表水、地下水起源自北部山区内水系,托克逊县地表水、地下水起源即来自北部山区内水系,又来自西部山区内水系。盆地内泉水起源即有潜水也有承压水,坎儿井水起源较为复杂,即有潜水也有人为灌溉入渗补给。     

鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

应用环境同位素识别松嫩平原西南部地下水的补给来源

识别地下水的补给来源是进行合理开发利用与科学管理地下水资源的重要前提.文中根据松嫩平原月大气降水同位素数据,建立了当地大气降水线方程δD =7.29 δ18O-0.81‰;通过分析研究区内110件地下水样品的环境同位素(2H、18O、3H)特征以及结合区域水文地质条件,识别出了研究区地下水的补给来源.结果表明:第四系潜水补给来源以当地降水为主,受蒸发作用影响强烈;第四系承压水补给来源有两种途径,一种是山前平原的侧向补给(降水来源)或上层第四系潜水的渗透补给;另一种可能是δ18O值更为贫化的山区降水入渗所形成的侧向补给.新近系泰康组与大安组承压水的补给来源为历史时期的古降水,其水汽来源特征与现今相比更加湿润.     

闪电河流域“三水”季节变化特征

分析水体中氢(H)、氧(O)稳定同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)的变化,可以判断出不同水体的变化特征及相互关系。通过2014年5、8、10月对内蒙古正蓝旗境内闪电河流域地表水、浅层地下水及大气降水等样品的连续采集,得到地表水样21个、地下水样69个、大气降水样21个,在对"三水"样品δD、δ~(18)O值测试分析的基础,进一步讨论了"三水"变化特征及相互关系,结果显示:1闪电河流域"大气降水线"表达式为:δD=8.01δ~(18)O+6.83‰(r=0.962 1),反映了研究区蒸发量远大于降水量的气候特征。而不同月份d(氘盈余参数)出现差异,降水最多的8月d值最低,降水最少的10月d值最高,显示了大气降水次数或强度对二次蒸发作用产生了一定程度的影响。2闪电河流域地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值,不仅位于"大气降水线"之下,而且不同月份地表水与地下水中δD、δ~(18)O值的变化区间也出现差异。5月,各断面地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值差异不大,说明地下水与地表水得到充分混合;8月和10月,地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值比地下水明显偏重且各断面中大气降水所占比例较高,显示了大气降水过程对地表水H、O同位素变化的影响。此外,闪电河流域自上游到下游地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值在8月相近,而在10月逐渐出现偏大,指示了10月强烈蒸发作用对地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值变化的影响。     

内蒙古东乌旗地区地下水水文地球化学

以内蒙古东乌旗地区为例,分析地下水化学成分、同位素D,18O和3H以及铀、氡元素含量,研究干旱地区地下水水化学类型、成因、年龄和放射性环境问题。结果表明:①东乌旗地区地下水类型有HCO3-Na型,主要为氧化环境的潜水;SO4.Cl.HCO3-Na、SO4.Cl-Na型,主要为氧化-还原环境混合成因承压水;Cl-Na,Cl.SO4-Na型,为还原环境水化学特征;②同位素D,18O组成特征表明,地下水来自大气降水渗入补给,又表现出不同于大气降水中D,18O的差异性;③放射性同位素3H显示裂隙水、层间承压水可能主要来源于20世纪60年代以前,潜水主要是近期降水结果;④地下水存在一定的放射性危害,作为饮用水水源的砂岩含水层水,应加强对生活水源铀、氡含量检测;⑤地下水中的氡具有两面性。     

宁夏固原地区地下水同位素特征研究

文中通过分析研究区内稳定同位素氘(D)和氧(18O)以及放射性同位素氚(3H)和碳(14C)的空间分布特征,讨论了地下水的补给来源和补给特征,计算了本区地下水的年龄。结果表明:大气降水和地表水对清水河上游平原地下水的补给作用不明显,清水河平原地下水主要接受西部山区侧向径流的补给;研究区地下水年龄在2.03ka～23.81ka之间,并表现出以下两个显著特点:1)深层承压水年龄显著大于潜水年龄;2)东部清水河平原地下水年龄较中西部山区地下水年龄要老。总体上,清水河上游平原地下水更新速率较为滞缓,更新能力较差,该结论对当地地下水水资源的可持续开发利用和科学管理具有重要意义。     

石羊河下游青土湖白刺灌丛水分来源及其对生态输水的响应

通过测定人工湖面不同距离白刺灌丛生长季降水、土壤水、地下水、植物水的稳定氢氧同位素变化特征,结合IsoSource模型,定量分析了白刺灌丛生长季的水分利用策略。结果表明:随样地与人工湖面距离的增加,0-200m水平范围白刺灌丛各土层平均土壤水分逐渐减小,其中0m样地最高为10.02%,200m样地最小为5.24%,对250m-600m样地各土层平均土壤水分的影响不大。受蒸发及降水季节变化的影响,白刺灌丛0-70cm土壤水及其δ~(18)O变化剧烈。土壤水的δ~(18)O介于-8.78‰～16.39‰,平均值为0.14‰。地下水的δ~(18)O介于-4.19‰～-3.55‰,平均值为-3.89‰。降水的δ~(18)O介于-17.31‰～3.37‰,平均值为-6.36‰。湖水的δ~(18)O介于-1.84‰～11.66‰,平均值为3.02‰。木质部水的δ~(18)O介于-5.98‰～2.74‰,平均值为-3.59‰,各样地不同土层土壤水分δ~(18)O差异显著(P<0.05)。随样地与人工湖面距离的增加,白刺灌丛逐渐利用更深层次的土壤水及地下水。     

西藏雨季主要水体氢、氧同位素特征

通过对2014年雨季西藏境内63处水体中δD和δ~(18)O值的测定,分析其中氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征。结果表明:水体δD和δ~(18)O的取值范围分别为-152.06‰~-19.05‰和-16.96‰~4.66‰,δD较δ~(18)O的标准差大,平均值分别为-101.38‰和-9.67‰;3种水体的δD和δ~(18)O值关系为湖泊δD相对河流δD富集,河流δD相对沼泽δD富集,湖泊δ~(18)O相对河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O富集,河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O无差异;蒸发趋势方程分别为δD湖泊=6.14δ~(18)O-45.48(n=22,R2=0.855),δD河流=7.83δ~(18)O-26.22(n=32,R2=0.858),δD沼泽=5.93δ~(18)O-52(n=9,R2=0.723),河流相比湖泊和沼泽水体的δD与δ~(18)O更易受大气降水的影响;氘过量参数特征为湖泊-79‰~-17‰,河流-40‰~-5‰,湿地沼泽-34‰~-7‰,表现出蒸发强烈的水体特征;沼泽水体δ~(18)O与纬度的一元线性回归方程为y=1.67x-63.23。     

喀什噶尔河流域平原区深层承压水咸化机理研究

为了解新疆喀什噶尔河流域平原区深层承压水咸化情况,于2016年6—11月采集13组深层承压水样品进行水化学（K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO^-₂3、CO^2-₂3、SO^2-₂4、Cl^-和TDS）及氢氧稳定同位素测试,运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper三线图、矿物饱和指数法揭示研究区深层承压水咸化主要机理。结果表明：研究区深层承压水趋于咸化,淡水、微咸水、咸水的比例分别为46.1%、23.1%、30.8%;研究区深层承压水补给来源主要为大气降水,氢稳定同位素（δD）变化范围为-92.7‰~-58.2‰,平均值为-76.9‰,氧稳定同位素（δ¹⁸O）变化范围为-12.8‰~-7.8‰,平均值为-10.6‰;地下水氘盈余值（d）变化范围为-1.50‰~18.70‰,平均值为7.68‰。地下水的咸化受水岩相互作用影响,其中地下水阳离子交换作用明显,溶滤作用是地下水咸化的主要影响因素。     

银川平原水体氢氧同位素及主要水化学参数特征

运用环境同位素和水化学技术,通过现场测试和室内分析,研究了银川平原不同水体的氢、氧同位素和基本水化学参数特征,结果表明:银川平原各水体δ~(18)O、δD值基本分布在当地降水线和黄河水δD-δ~(18)O关系线下方,由于湖水受到强烈的蒸发作用,与其他各地表水相比同位素组成明显偏正,但其氘盈余(负值)远低于全球降水线;同位素特征显示,地表水和地下水均接受黄河水补给,其中河水、渠水和部分地下水的同位素组成一致,表明地表水与地下水之间水力联系十分密切;研究区地下水δ~(17)O-δ~(18)O拟合线[ln(δ~(17)O+1)=0.524ln(δ~(18)O+1)+0.000 94]和全球降水线[ln(δ~(17)O+1)=0.528ln(δ~(18)O+1)+0.000 33]相近,但~(17)O盈余大于海水;银川平原各水体均呈碱性,水体的化学类型主要有HCO_3-Na、HCO_3-Ca·Mg,阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-为主。Gibbs图显示各水体离子组成主要与岩石风化、蒸发结晶有关。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.