Aggressive chemical mimicry by a bolas spider

Mature female Mastophora sp. spiders attract prey with a volatile substance which apparently mimics the female sex attractant pheromone of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera). The rate of prey capture is similar to that of a conventional orb weaver of comparable body size.     

Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in Trichoplusia ni: Key Steps Involve Delta-11 Desaturation and Chain-Shortening

In addition to the primary pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the sex pheromone gland of Trichoplusia ni contains the immediate fatty acyl precursor (Z)-7-dodecenoate and a large quantity of (Z)-11-hexadecenoate. Labeling experiments showed that (Z)-11-hexadecenoate is chain-shortened to (Z)-9-tetradecenoate, and that this in turn is chain-shortened to (Z)-7-dodecenoate. The same mechanism appears to explain the sex pheromone compositions of many other moth species.     

Sex pheromone of the winter moth, a geometrid with unusually low temperature precopulatory responses

The sex pheromone for the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), has been identified as the novel compound (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene. The male moths respond to the pheromone at low temperatures (4 degrees to 15 degrees C) and exhibit an upper response limit that coincides with the lower response limit for other reported moth sex pheromone systems. The pheromone attracted two other geometrid species, O. bruceata (Bruce spanworm) and O. occidentalis.     

枣粘虫性信息素的结构鉴定、合成与应用研究

本研究工作表明枣粘虫性信息素为一元不饱和十二碳烯醇乙酸脂的多元体系。经触角电位和大田生测证明, E9 —— C12 :OA C +Z9——C12:OAC有强烈的诱蛾活性,在两者比例为8:2时诱蛾效果最佳。我们用此最佳比例于1983年初在我国首次合成了枣粘虫性诱剂——聚乙烯塑料管诱蕊。通对人工合成性诱剂的活性测定、诱蛾效果比较、剂量筛选,持效期鉴定,测报上的应用以及迷向法、诱捕法防治试验等工作,明确了枣粘虫性诱剂具有诱蛾活性强,不污染环境无残毒,有利于保护天敌,对人畜安全,经济简便等优点,当前在害虫的预测预报中有极重要的利用价值,是一种无公害的害虫防治新技术。在害虫综合治理中具有独特的作用。     

Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) in Xinjiang,China

Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management, especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication. We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée; ACB) in Xinjiang, China. The ACB produces three compounds:(Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(Z12-14:Ac) and(E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(E12-14:Ac)which are two sex pheromone compounds, and n-te...     

小菜蛾性信息素与性信息素结合蛋白、受体蛋白结合机理研究

【目的】研究小菜蛾性信息素与性信息素结合蛋白、受体蛋白之间作用的关键氨基酸残基和作用力类型,揭示小菜蛾识别性信息素的分子机制,为开发新型性诱剂和小菜蛾的无害化防治提供新思路。【方法】运用Discovery Studio 2.5对小菜蛾性信息素结合蛋白PxylPBP2和受体蛋白PxylOR4进行同源建模,运用程序包中LibDock模块进行分子对接,运用Calculate Energy模块计算复合物结合自由能,分析性信息素Z9-14∶AC与PxylPBP2和PxylOR4的结合模式及相互作用力。【结果】Thr9是PxylPBP2与Z9-14∶AC形成氢键的关键氨基酸残基,Z9-14∶AC易与PxylOR4中的Leu残基产生疏水作用力;PxylPBP2与Z9-14∶AC结合的主要驱动力是静电力,PxylOR4与Z9-14∶AC结合的主要驱动力是范德华力,溶剂化能均抑制Z9-14∶AC与PxylPBP2和Z9-14∶AC与PxylOR4的结合。【结论】小菜蛾性信息素受体蛋白和性信息素结合蛋白在识别和结合性信息素分子方面存在明显差异,性信息素受体蛋白与性信息素反应更灵敏、形成的复合物更稳定。     

Sexual role reversal in mate-finding strategies of the cabbage looper moth

The mate-finding behavior of the cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes both female- and male-produced sex pheromones used in distinct mate-finding strategies. Both sexes release multicomponent pheromones attractive to the opposite sex. Male pheromone is comprised of d-linalool, m-cresol, and p-cresol released from abdominal hair pencils. Males exposed to host plant odor or to the female sex pheromone (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate are more attractive to females, suggesting stimulation of male pheromone release.     

Sex attractant pheromone of the house fly: isolation, identification and synthesis

A sex pheromone isolated from the cuticle and feces of the female house fly attracts the male fly; it has been identified as (Z)-9-tricosene. Chemical and biological comparisons of the natural and synthesized compounds show that they are identical.     

Sex stimulant and attractant in the Indian meal moth and in the almond moth

cis-9, trans-12-Tetradecadien-1-yl acetate was isolated from the female Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and the female almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). It is the major if not the sole component of the sex stimulatory and attractant pheromone of female Plodia. It is present in the pheromone of the female Cadra along with at least one synergist.     

小菜蛾成虫对性信息素与寄主挥发性物质的触角电位反应

采用电生理方法测定小菜蛾雌、雄成虫对雌蛾性信息素（8expheromone,SP）两种主要组分顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16：Aid）和顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯（Z11-16：Ac）,以及性信息索与寄主植物5种挥发性物质混合物的触角电位反应．结果表明：当供试浓度为20.0g·L^-1时,雄蛾对Z11-16：Aid的EAG反应相对值显著高于Z11-16：Ac．将Z11-16：Aid和Z11-16：Ae按照质量比5：5和7：3进行混配,当供试浓度为20.0g·L^-1时,雄蛾对5：5配比的EAG反应相对值显著高于7：3配比．部分供试植物挥发性物质能增强小菜蛾对性信息素的EAG反应,但会因植物挥发性物质种类和小菜蛾性别而存在差异．雄蛾对反-2-己烯醛与SP混合物以及正己醛与SP混合物的EAG反应相对值显著高于其它供试混合物,其中对反-2-烯醛与SP混合物的EAG反应相对值显著高于雌蛾,而雌蛾对顺-3-己烯醇与SP混合物、异硫氰酸丙烯酯与SP混合物以及正己醛与SP混合物的EAG反应相对值显著高于其它供试混合物,其中对青叶醇与SP混合物、异硫氰酸丙烯酯与SP混合物的EAG反应相对值要显著高于雄蛾．因此,小菜蛾性信息素主要成分与植物挥发性物质合理混配可以降低性诱剂成本,提高诱蛾效率,特别是具有提高雌蛾引诱比例的潜能．     

Identification of the female Japanese beetle sex pheromone: inhibition of male response by an enantiomer

(Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, isolated from virgin female Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) attracted males of the species infield bioassays. However, the synthesized racemic mixture of this compound did not attract male Japanese beetles. The Z and E isomers and the saturated analog of both enantiomers of this compound were synthesized stereospecifically. Pure synthetic (R,Z)-5-(1-decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone was competitive with live females and with the pheromone isolated from live females in attracting males. Male response was strongly inhibited by small amounts of the S,Z isomer. Although the E isomer and the saturated analog of the pheromone are present in the material obtained from females, the role of these compounds in mediating the insect's behavior is unclear.     

Sex pheromone of the codling moth: structure and synthesis

The structure of a sex pheromone of the codling moth. Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), has been determined by spectrometric and chemical degradative techniques and by synthesis to be (2Z, 6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-decadien-1-ol. In field cage tests the synthesized sex pheromone was as attractive as the natural, but neither was as attractive as ten virgin females per trap.     

Clarification of the chemical status of the pink bollworm sex pheromone

Propylure, 10-n-propyl-trans-5,9-tridecadienyl acetate, and deet, N,N,-diethyl-m-tolumide, were previously reported as the sex pheromone and a sex pheromone activator, respectively, of the pink bollworm. Neither chemical in three extracts of female moth abdomen tips could be detected by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. These compounds, alone or in combination, exhibited little or no biological activity in the laboratory or in the field. Hexalure, cis-7-hexadecenyl acetate, a synthetic attractant for pink bollworm males, could not be detected in female moth abdomen tip extracts. The pink bollworm sex pheromone was identified as a mixture of cis,cis and cis,trans isomers of 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.     

沙柳木蠹蛾性信息素的化学合成

沙柳木蠹蛾是荒漠区灌木林的主要钻蛀性害虫之一,可利用性信息素对其进行生物防治。对沙柳木蠹蛾的性信息素主成分顺-7-十四碳烯-1-醇乙酸酯(Z7-14:OAC)和顺-5-十四碳烯-1-醇乙酸酯(Z5-14:OAC)进行了立体选择性合成,其中,Z7-14:OAC采用炔化物反应引入炔基,经过顺式或反式还原得到相应的不饱和醇类化合物,再酯化为所需的乙酸酯;Z5-14:OAC的合成是将四氢吡喃直接开环制得溴代戊醇乙酸酯,再通过Wittig反应与正壬醛偶联成不饱和酯类化合物。产物经红外光谱仪(IR)和气质联用(GC-MS)确认,可用于该虫的诱杀、交配干扰和虫情测报。     

杨干透翅蛾性信息素的研究

研究表明我国西北、华北地区危害杨树主干的透翅蛾是杨干透翅蛾Sesia siningensis(Hsu)。经室内EAG测试,林间诱蛾和活雌蛾腺体提取及化学分析,证明顺3,顺13—十八碳二烯醇是其性信息素。利用人工合成的性信息素,在山西、甘肃等省连续4年大面积应用,证明可用来检测成虫羽化期和发生量、分布范围,并可降低雌蛾交配率28.1％～98.5％,平均降低42.8％～47.6％;连续3年诱蛾后,虫口密度降低38.2％。     

草地贪夜蛾性诱剂纳米诱芯的制备及其应用

【目的】制备草地贪夜蛾性诱剂纳米诱芯,并开展田间诱捕试验,筛选出最佳且有效的诱芯,为草地贪夜蛾的监测和绿色防控提供参考依据。【方法】采用共溶剂法,以两亲脂质分子（DSPE-mPEG₅₀₀₀）为载体制备草地贪夜蛾性信息素胶体粒子,以0.22μm聚醚砜膜为缓释材料制备纳米诱芯,采用田间生物测定方法比较不同缓释载体材料和不同质量诱芯的诱蛾效果。【结果】性信息素Z9-14:OAc、Z7-12:OAc和Z11-16:OAc质量比为90:0.5:9.5时诱蛾效果最佳;草地贪夜蛾性信息素胶体粒子呈球形,尺寸在40 nm左右,具有良好的分散性。以0.22μm聚醚砜膜缓释载体的纳米诱芯诱蛾量最多,为6.07头/d;缓释载体为PVC毛细管的诱芯诱蛾量次之,天然橡胶塞的诱蛾量最少。纳米诱芯质量为2.0 mg时的诱蛾效果最佳,诱蛾量显著高于除1.5 mg外的诱芯质量（P<0.05）。【结论】纳米载体DSPE-mPEG₅₀₀₀可有效减缓性信息素分解和氧化变质的速度,延长挥发时间。0.22μm聚醚砜膜载体对草地贪夜蛾性信息素胶体粒子有明显的吸附作用,纳米性诱剂对草地贪夜蛾具有良好的室内引诱作用和田间诱捕效果,可进一步开发并应用于草地贪夜蛾的监测与防控。     

An unusual lepidopteran sex pheromone system in the bagworm moth

The female sex pheromone of the bagworm moth is (R)-1-methylbutyl decanoate. The antipode is biologically inactive and it neither enhances nor detracts from the potency of the R enantiomer. Unlike other moths for which female pheromones have been identified, the female secretes the pheromone from glands on her thorax and it is disseminated from hair that is shed from her body.     

新疆棉铃虫性信息素的电生理研究

以新疆喀什和库尔勒的棉铃虫为研究对象,利用触角电位记录技术,测定棉铃虫对标准化合物Ｚ１１－１６：ＡＬＤ、Ｚ９－１６：ＡＬＤ、Ｚ１１－１６：ＡＬＤ、１６：ＯＨ、Ｚ１１－１６;ＡＣ的ＥＡＧ反应,发现这些标准化合物均能引起ＥＡＧ反应,其中Ｚ１１－１６;ＡＬＤ能引起最强的ＥＡＧ反应;Ｚ９－１６：ＡＬＤ引起的ＥＡＧ反应次之,由此认为Ｚ１１－１６,ＡＬＤ,Ｚ９－１６：ＡＬＤ反应中,发现在羽化后的前３ｄ棉铃虫对     

沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素林间诱蛾活性试验

为比较沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素不同配方的诱集效果,该文利用人工合成的性信息素组分顺7-十四碳烯乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)、反3-十四碳烯乙酸酯(E3-14:Ac) 和反7-十四碳烯乙酸酯(E7-14:Ac)按照不同比例配置的4种配方进行了野外诱集试验.结果表明:4组不同配方的性信息素均具有较强的诱集效果,其中平均诱蛾量最高的达17头/诱捕器,日诱蛾量最高的为11头/d,持效期达26 d,不同配方的有效诱捕距离分别达100和150 m.通过比较两种不同诱捕器的野外诱集效果发现:沙棘木蠹蛾实用新型诱捕器的诱蛾效果稍差于三角形诱捕器,但其具有使用方便、易于操作、可长时间使用等特点,诱捕器的最佳悬挂高度为1 m.用性信息素诱杀害虫作为一种高效、无毒、无污染的新方法为沙棘木蠹蛾的综合防治提供了一条崭新的途径.      

A larval specific OBP able to bind the major female sex pheromone component in Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)

Odorant binding proteins(OBPs) in insects are postulated to solubilize and transport the hydrophobic odorants across the hydrophilic antennal lymph to the olfactory receptors(ORs) located on the dendrite membrane of the sensory neurons. OBPs in adult insects have been intensively reported, but those in larvae are rarely addressed. In our study, a full-length OBP c DNA, namely Sexi OBP13, was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE strategy from the heads of Spodoptera exigua larvae. The quantitative real-time PCR(q PCR) measurement indicated that Sexi OBP13 was highly expressed in larval head, but very low in other parts of larva and was not detected in any tissues of adult. The binding affinities of Sexi OBP13 to plant volatiles and female sex pheromone components were measured by competitive binding assays. Interestingly, Sexi OBP13 displayed a high binding affinity(Ki=3.82 μmol L–1) to Z9,E12–14:Ac, the major sex pheromone component of S. exigua, while low affinities to the tested host plant volatiles(Ki27 μmol L–1). The behavioral tests further confirmed that Z9,E12–14:Ac was indeed active to elicit the behavioral activity of the third instar larvae of S. exigua. Taken together, our results suggest that Sexi OBP13 may play a role in reception of female sex pheromone in S. exigua larvae. The ecological significance of the larvae preference to the adult female sex pheromone was discussed.