Axle-less F1-ATPase rotates in the correct direction

F1-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is an ATP-driven rotary molecular motor in which the central gamma subunit rotates inside a cylinder made of three alpha and three beta subunits alternately arranged. The rotor shaft, an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil of the amino and carboxyl termini of the gamma subunit, deeply penetrates the central cavity of the stator cylinder. We truncated the shaft step by step until the remaining rotor head would be outside the cavity and simply sat on the concave entrance of the stator orifice. All truncation mutants rotated in the correct direction, implying torque generation, although the average rotary speeds were low and short mutants exhibited moments of irregular motion. Neither a fixed pivot nor a rigid axle was needed for rotation of F1-ATPase.     

上游转子对下游静子叶片气动力的影响

为研究轴流压气机下游静子叶片非定常气动力的大小和频率的变化规律，采用在静子叶片表面埋设微型动态压力传感器的方法，在低速单级轴流压气机实验器上进行了静子叶片表面压力的测量。测量了不同轴向间距、不同转速下从近堵塞到近失速的宽广流量范围，并对所测得的静子叶片非定常气动力进行了离散傅立叶变换，以分析其频谱特性。实验结果表明：在转子尾迹的影响下，静子叶片表面的波动频率是转子的尾迹频率及其倍频。转子尾迹频率的高频分量对静子叶片吸力面前缘的影响比对其他位置的影响大。叶片表面的非定常压力和气动力随压气机流量、转速和轴向间距的变化而变化。     

基于自适应磁链观测器的无传感器检测技术研究

基于两相静止坐标系下的永磁同步电动机状态方程,将自适应状态观测器理论应用到磁链位置估计法中,提出了一种基于自适应磁链观测器的估算转子磁极位置和转速的方法.该方法以定子电流和转子磁链为状态变量构造状态观测器,以观测器模型与电机模型的电流误差构成自适应律,通过对线电流和转子磁链的估算实现对转子位置信息的检测.最后用Simulink建立了采用该方法的矢量控制系统的仿真模型,结果表明该估算方法有较高的估算精度和较强的鲁棒性.     

带转子电阻估计的感应电机无速度传感器控制

对于转子电阻未知的感应电机提出了一种可以估计转子电阻的转速估计方法.该方法假设定子电阻已知,用改进的电压模型估计转子磁链.然后根据感应电机的静止坐标系模型推出转速和转子电阻的表达式,在已知转子磁链的情况下,将这两个表达式看作一个二元一次方程组,解出转速和转子电阻的解析表达式,分析了这两个量的表达式的成立条件.提出了感应电机的无速度传感器控制方案.仿真研究表明,本文提出的方法能准确地估计感应电机的转速和转子电阻.     

汽车转鼓试验台表面牵引力标定方法研究

为了确保转鼓试验台系统的精度,需要对其系统进行标定。标定的主要问题是如何对确定量进行测量,并通过何种调节手段,达到显示值与实际值之间的偏差符合精度要求的目的。汽车转鼓试验台转鼓主轴与转鼓电机主轴是重合的,转鼓通过电机主轴将其表面上牵引力传递给电机转子,依靠转子和定子的相互作用,牵引力将被传至与定子固定连接的电机外壳上。因此在电机外壳上安装测力传感器测量电机外壳切线方向上的力实现对转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测量。设计采用双向标定臂可以减小额外扭矩的影响,确保了汽车转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测试精度要求。     

A reversible synthetic rotary molecular motor

The circumrotation of a submolecular fragment in either direction in a synthetic molecular structure is described. The movement of a small ring around a larger one occurs through positional displacements arising from biased Brownian motion that are kinetically captured and then directionally released. The sense of rotation is governed solely by the order in which a series of orthogonal chemical transformations is performed. The minimalist nature of the [2]catenane flashing ratchet design permits certain mechanistic comparisons with the Smoluchowski-Feynman ratchet and pawl. Even when no work has to be done against an opposing force and no net energy is used to power the motion, a finite conversion of energy is intrinsically required for the molecular motor to undergo directional rotation. Nondirectional rotation has no such requirement.     

无位置传感器无刷直流电机启动系统研究

无位置传感器无刷直流电机具有启动时间长，传统的电机启动方法容易使得电机失步，带负载启动能力弱等特点。根据无刷直流电机定子铁心的饱和效应，这里采用三段式中的初始位置预定位法进行转子预定位和两步短时脉冲法进行转子加速。该方法能够快速得到转子的位置，并且在不失步的情况下得到初步速度，建立较低的反电动势，进而切换至反电动势控制方式运行。     

基于LabVIEW的笼型异步电动机转子断条故障在线检测系统

提出了一种基于LabVIEW平台下三相异步电动转子断条故障的在线检测方法.该方法采用光电传感器对电动机的转差率进行精确测量,通过对电动机的定子电流信号进行频谱分析,查找电动机定子电流频谱图中有无转子断条故障特征谱线,从而实现电动机转子断条故障的检测.实验结果表明该方法灵敏度高,具有一定实用价值.     

High-speed atomic force microscopy reveals rotary catalysis of rotorless F₁-ATPase

F(1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven motor in which three torque-generating β subunits in the α(3)β(3) stator ring sequentially undergo conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis to rotate the central shaft γ unidirectionally. Although extensive experimental and theoretical work has been done, the structural basis of cooperative torque generation to realize the unidirectional rotation remains elusive. We used high-speed atomic force microscopy to show that the rotorless F(1) still "rotates"; in the isolated α(3)β(3) stator ring, the three β subunits cyclically propagate conformational states in the counterclockwise direction, similar to the rotary shaft rotation in F(1). The structural basis of unidirectionality is programmed in the stator ring. These findings have implications for cooperative interplay between subunits in other hexameric ATPases.     

计及转子阻尼效应的定子谐波漏抗

给出考虑转子谐波对定子谐波的阻尼作用时,鼠笼式异步电动机定子绕组谐波漏抗的计算方法.这一方法在参数计算准确度方面优于传统方法;同时对变极调速异步电动机,当其定子磁势谐波含量比正规绕组较大时,其电磁计算尤为重要。     

一种监测笼型感应电动机转子断条故障的新方法

电机断电后，如果有导条断裂，转子磁通在定子绕组中的感应电压将直接受到影响。根据这一特点，提出了一种诊断笼型感应电动机转子断条的新方法，即通过分析定子绕组中感应电压高次谐波的变化来确定转子断条故障。与其他方法相比，该方法能消除三相电压不平衡以及电机磁饱和等现象对故障监测所造成的影响。仿真与试验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

刚体相对运动动力学微分方程

以质点相对运动微分方程为基础,利用矢量计算方法,导出空间投影形式刚体相对转动动力学微分方程。     

Inducing and viewing the rotational motion of a single molecule

Tunneling electrons from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope were used to induce and monitor the reversible rotation of single molecules of molecular oxygen among three equivalent orientations on the platinum(111) surface. Detailed studies of the rotation rates indicate a crossover from a single-electron process to a multielectron process below a threshold tunneling voltage. Values for the energy barrier to rotation and the vibrational relaxation rate of the molecule were obtained by comparing the experimental data with a theoretical model. The ability to induce the controlled motion of single molecules enhances our understanding of basic chemical processes on surfaces and may lead to useful single-molecule devices.     

The geometric distance and proper motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)

We measured the angular rotation and proper motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33) with the Very Long Baseline Array by observing two H2O masers on opposite sides of the galaxy. By comparing the angular rotation rate with the inclination and rotation speed, we obtained a distance of 730 +/- 168 kiloparsecs. This distance is consistent with the most recent Cepheid distance measurement. M33 is moving with a velocity of 190 +/- 59 kilometers per second relative to the Milky Way. These measurements promise a method to determine dynamical models for the Local Group and the mass and dark-matter halos of M31, M33, and the Milky Way.     

轴向间距对压气机稳定性的影响

对低速轴流压气机五个轴向间距下的压气机特性进行了试验.通过试验分析了轴向间距对压气机失速点流量,以及对压气机工作于多团旋转失速流量范围的影响,论证了静子在轴流压气机中具有抑制扰动波发展以及增强气动稳定性的作用.实验结果表明,随着转静子之间轴向间距的减小,静子的增稳作用增强,压气机的失速流量减小.     

变速恒频风力发电机数学模型及控制策略研究

本研究分析了当前风力发电机的控制方式及存在的问题,给出了新型变速恒频风力发电机在二相同步旋转坐标系下的数学模型,并在此基础上利用矢量控制达到对定子有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制.     

汽车用永磁无刷直流电机无位置传感器技术研究

研究一种汽车用永磁无刷直流电机无位置传感器控制技术-反电动势三次谐波检测法，它是利用定子反电动势三次谐波积分的方法来估算转子的位置。具体工作过程就是把电枢三相电压进行叠加，然后从中提取出反电动势的三次谐波分量，通过选择其积分过零点为电机的三相逆变电路的换相点。最后通过实验表明其与理论分析完全一致，为其在实际应用提出一种新的方法。     

The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment: Accurate ranges have given a large improvement in the lunar orbit and new selenophysical information

The lunar ranging measurements now being made at the McDonald Observatory have an accuracy of 1 nsec in round-trip travel time. This corresponds to 15 cm in the one-way distance. The use of lasers with pulse-lengths of less than 1 nsec is expected to give an accuracy of 2 to 3 cm in the next few years. A new station is under construction in Hawaii, and additional stations in other countries are either in operation or under development. It is hoped that these stations will form the basis for a worldwide network to determine polar motion and earth rotation on a regular basis, and will assist in providing information about movement of the tectonic plates making up the earth's surface. Several mobile lunar ranging stations with telescopes having diameters of 1.0 m or less could, in the future, greatly extend the information obtainable about motions within and between the tectonic plates. The data obtained so far by the McDonald Observatory have been used to generate a new lunar ephemeris based on direct numerical integration of the equations of motion for the moon and planets. With this ephemeris, the range to the three Apollo retro-reflectors can be fit to an accuracy of 5 m by adjusting the differences in moments of inertia of the moon about its principal axes, the selenocentric coordinates of the reflectors, and the McDonald longitude. The accuracy of fitting the results is limited currently by errors of the order of an arc second in the angular orientation of the moon, as derived from the best available theory of how the moon rotates in response to the torques acting on it. Both a new calculation of the moon's orientation as a function of time based on direct numerical integration of the torque equations and a new analytic theory of the moon's orientation are expected to be available soon, and to improve considerably the accuracy of fitting the data. The accuracy already achieved routinely in lunar laser ranging represents a hundredfold improvement over any previously available knowledge of the distance to points on the lunar surface. Already, extremely complex structure has been observed in the lunar rotation and significant improvement has been achieved in our knowledge of lunar orbit. The selenocentric coordinates of the retroreflectors give improved reference points for use in lunar mapping, and new information on the lunar mass distribution has been obtained. Beyond the applications discussed in this article, however, the history of science shows many cases of previously unknown, phenomena discovered as a consequence of major improvements in the accuracy of measurements. It will be interesting to see whether this once again proves the case as we acquire an extended series of lunar distance observations with decimetric and then centimetric accuracy.     

Curvilinear, three-dimensional motion of chromatin domains and nucleoli in neuronal interphase nuclei

The term "nuclear rotation" refers to a motion of nucleoli within interphase nuclei of several cell types. No mechanism or function has been ascribed to this phenomenon, and it was unknown whether nuclear structures in addition to nucleoli participate in this motion. Moreover, it was unclear whether nuclear rotation occurs independent of concurrent motion of juxtanuclear cytoplasm. The work reported here presents quantitative evidence, for three-dimensional intranuclear, tandem motion of fluorescently labeled chromatin domains associated with nucleoli and those remote from nucleoli. The results show that such motion is curvilinear, that it is not restricted to nucleoli, and, moreover, that it occurs independently of motion of juxtanuclear, cytoplasmic structures. These results suggest that this motion represents karyoplasmic streaming and its function is to transpose to nuclear pores those chromatin domains actively transcribed.     

X-ray Linear Dichroism Microscopy

Chemical-specific x-ray linear dichroism was observed in an x-ray microscope as evidenced by changes in relative contrast upon azimuthal rotation of the sample. As a demonstration, thin sections of a partially ordered polymer fiber were examined with a transmission x-ray microscope near the carbon K-shell absorption edge to provide chemical-specific imaging at 50-nanometer spatial resolution. The observed dichroism and change in contrast upon rotation arise from the polarization dependence of the near-edge x-ray absorption cross section and can be used to image the orientation of specific chemical bonds.