羊饲养的基本知识

1消化器官特点 嘴尖、唇薄、齿利，上唇有一纵沟，采食能力强，尤以山羊更甚。绵羊喜食杂草，包括非禾本科草和一些草本植物，可以作为控制草地杂草，如大戟、艾菊、带斑的黑矢车菊、高的燕草属植物等的除草剂；山羊喜欢灌木的嫩枝叶包括叶、茎和嫩枝。     

山地夏季人工草场山羊放牧适口性研究

在福州北峰的夏季人工草场,通过划区轮牧试验对山羊的适口性进行了研究。试验结果表明,在对杂交狼尾草、甘薯、百喜草等7种牧草进行的适口性评价,甘薯对山羊的适口性最好,表现为嗜食;对杂交狼尾草表现为喜食;羽叶决明、南非马唐、俯仰马唐对山羊的适口性较差。同样,山羊对百喜草、印度豇豆等牧草的不同生育期,其适口性系数也发生变化。     

山地夏季人工草场山羊放牧适口性研究

在福州北峰的夏季人工草场,通过划区轮牧试验对山羊的适口性进行了研究.试验结果表明,在对杂交狼尾草、甘薯、百喜草等7种牧草进行的适口性评价,甘薯对山羊的适口性最好,表现为嗜食;对杂交狼尾草表现为喜食;羽叶决明、南非马唐、俯仰马唐对山羊的适口性较差.同样,山羊对百喜草、印度豇豆等牧草的不同生育期,其适口性系数也发生变化.     

波尔山羊的防疫

波尔山羊是一个优秀的肉用山羊品种。波尔山羊是最耐粗饲和适应性最强的家畜品种之一。有放牧习性，可采食小树和灌木以及其他动物不吃的植物。采食范围大，可采食高至160厘米的树叶和树皮，低至10厘米的牧草。因而适于与牛混牧提高单位牧地的产肉量。     

三峡地区灌丛草地放牧山羊日粮组成及其喜食性

在三峡地区灌丛草地研究放牧山羊的日粮组成及其喜食性。结果表明,在山羊日粮中50%以上由灌木植物组成。山羊对灌木的喜食性指数极显著地高于禾草和杂类草(P<0.01),而对禾草和杂类草喜食性的差异不明显。在灌木中,山羊对马桑和杉木等的喜食程度较高,其中马桑的喜食性指数为63%,而麻栎、水锦树和柳杉仅为15%、13%和12%。对于禾草,山羊明显喜食芒和黄背草(P<0.05),喜食性指数分别为16%和12%。对杂类草中的竹节草喜食性指数为13%。     

贵州灌丛草地春,秋季山羊放牧的日采食量及牧草消化率的研究

通过对山羊在灌丛草地春，秋季放牧的日采食量，采食率，牧草消化率及消化能的研究，表明春季山羊的日采食量，采食率高于秋季；随着牧草的粗纤维含量的增加，山羊对各种营养物质和能量的消化率及消化能呈有规律下降的趋势。     

不同载畜率条件下绵羊选择性采食的研究

2002年7-11月,在内蒙古畜牧科学院四子王旗试验站,对短花针茅Stipa brevi flora荒漠草原不同载畜率条件下的蒙古细毛羊的选择性采食进行了观察研究.结果表明:绵羊对适口性好的牧草有很强的选择性采食能力,其食谱主要由几种适口性好的牧草组成;绵羊的选择性采食有明显的季节变化,8月对银灰旋花Convolvulus ammannii的嗜食性指数高于其他牧草,9月对栉叶蒿Artemisia pectinata的嗜食性指数有所增大;同一季绵羊食谱各放牧处理间无显著差异,但随着放牧时间的延续和气温的下降,食谱中的植物种类组成明显减少.     

高山草原绵羊放牧生态及消化代谢的研究：Ⅰ放牧绵羊嗜食性研究

利用植物显微技术镜检法和食道瘘管法对放牧绵羊采食的高山草原植物成分与嗜食性指数进行分析。结果表明，绵羊在黄草期采食植物成分比青草期多，其嗜食性指数在不同时期变幅较大，随着冬季来临，绵羊对草地植物的嗜食性不如青草期强烈，至某些植物嗜食性是相对稳定的。     

羊饲养的基本知识

<正>1消化器官特点嘴尖、唇薄、齿利,上唇有一纵沟,采食能力强,尤以山羊更甚。绵羊喜食杂草,包括非禾本科草和一些草本植物,可以作为控制草地杂草,如大戟、艾菊、带斑的黑矢车菊、高的燕草属植物等的除草剂;山羊喜欢灌木的嫩枝叶包括叶、茎和嫩枝。羊有四个胃,内中寄居着大量的细菌、纤毛原虫和厌氧性真菌,与动物本身保持着密切的共生关系。瘤胃23.4升,占胃总容积的79%;网胃2升,占胃总     

山羊的饲养和管理

全世界饲养的山羊头数大约有5亿头,其中90％集中在亚洲和非洲地区。与其他畜种相比,山羊的饲养和管理技术有待于进一步提高。山羊对廉价的饲草(茎叶饲料)利用率较高,饲料费用占整个生产成本约55％。专家指出,饲料营养的合理组成对降低饲养成本还有不少潜力可挖。 一、饲料与营养 山羊喜食叶菜、根菜及其加工副产物,也能广泛利用各种森林植物资源。山羊消化器官的构造和生理功能与其他的反刍家畜一样,能高效选择、摄取灌木(包括有刺灌木)、禾本植物和杂草等植物。在热带和温带地区,山羊能常年放牧,但牧草地必须进行护养,定期撒布石灰和施肥。     

Toxicity of Saskatoon Serviceberry to Cattle

Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) twigs were administered to cattle in feed rations and by intraruminal dosing to determine the toxicity of the cyanogenic shrub. When chopped twigs were fed as 75% of the diet, cattle exhibited restlessness, shivering, loss of weight, scours and shortness of breath. Low level dosing experiments indicated a rapid turnover of hydrogen cyanide in the rumen. When potential doses were increased to 5 mg hydrogen cyanide/kg (body weight) progressive stages of poisoning developed rapidly, rumen hydrogen cyanide levels were elevated for at least three hours and the increase in heart rate correlated with the rise in blood hydrogen cyanide concentration.     

中草药提取物饲料添加剂饲喂皖西白鹅雏鹅的试验研究

为了研究中草药提取物饲料添加剂对皖西白鹅雏鹅的饲喂效果,选取40只3日龄体重相近、健康的雏鹅,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组20只。试验组基础日粮中添加中草药提取物饲料添加剂＂浩农宝＂,对照组只喂基础日粮,其他饲养条件均一致,试验期30 d。比较试验组和对照组雏鹅的平均日增重、成活率及饲料转化率。结果表明,试验组雏鹅的平均日增重比对照组增加7.05 g/d,提高了10.85%（P〈0.05）;试验组雏鹅的精神状态良好,无疾病发生,成活率为100%,比对照组高10%（P〈0.05）;试验组雏鹅的饲料转化率比对照组提高8.96%（P〈0.05）。中草药提取物饲料添加剂＂浩农宝＂能够显著提高皖西白鹅雏鹅的平均日增重、成活率及料重比,具有良好的推广应用价值。     

补饲马铃薯藤对山羊生长性能、消化率和胴体特征的影响

本研究旨在探讨马铃薯藤饲喂水平对山羊生长性能、养分消化率和胴体特征的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（14.42±0.24）kg的40头山羊随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复2头。T1组仅饲喂干草,T2组饲喂干草+100%马铃薯藤,T3组饲喂干草+50%马铃薯藤+50%浓缩料,T4组饲喂100%浓缩料。在为期10周的饲养试验后屠宰,分析胴体特征。结果：T2～T4组山羊的末重、增重、日增重和饲料效率显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）,其中T1组山羊的日增重和增重均表现出负增长。T2～T4组山羊的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和代谢能摄入量均显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）,但T2和T3组山羊中性洗涤纤维摄入量显著高于T1和T4组（P＜0.05）。T2、T3和T4组山羊干物质和有机物表观消化率显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）,T4组山羊粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）。T2、T3和T4组山羊屠体重、热胴体重、眼肌面积、可食用内脏和不可食用内脏重量均显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）。T3组山羊的屠宰率显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）。结论：在干草为基础的日粮中添加马铃薯藤可以提高山羊采食量、饲料转换率、养分消化率、屠宰率和胴体特征。 [关键词]马铃薯藤|山羊|生长性能|消化率|胴体特征     

Sheep and Goat Grazing Effects on Three Atlantic Heathland Types

Heathlands in the northwest of Spain have been traditionally used by domestic herbivores as a food resource. However, their abandonment in the past decades has promoted a high incidence of wildfires, threatening biodiversity. Sheep and goats exhibit different grazing behavior, affecting rangelands dynamics in a different way, but the botanical and structural composition may also affect such dynamics. The aim of this article was to compare the grazing effects of sheep and goats on three different heathland types: previously burned grass- or gorse (Ulex gallii Planchon)-dominated and unburned heather (Erica spp.)-dominated shrublands. Two grazing treatments (sheep or goats) were applied in each vegetation type in a factorial design with two replicates (12 experimental plots). A small fenced area was excluded from grazing in each plot (control treatment). The experiment was carried out from 2003 to 2006, and the grazing season extended from May to October–November. Plant cover, canopy height, and phytomass amount and composition were assessed in each plot. Results showed that goats controlled shrub encroachment, phytomass accumulation, and canopy height more than sheep in either burned grass– and gorse– and unburned heather–dominated shrublands. It was accompanied by a higher increase of herbaceous species under goat grazing. Nevertheless, plant dynamics showed different trends between the three vegetation types studied. Grazing effects were more important in previously burned grass-dominated heathlands than in unburned heather-dominated shrublands. At the end of the experiment (May 2006), shrub cover, height, and woody phytomass were significantly higher in the ungrazed enclosures than in the grazed plots. Small ruminant grazing, especially with goats, is proposed as an efficient tool to reduce shrub encroachment and woody phytomass accumulation in heathlands, thus reducing fire hazard, although these grazing effects depend on heathland composition.     

Short-term transportation in a small vehicle affects the physiological state and subsequent water consumption in goats

We investigated the physiological effects on goats of transportation for one hour in a small truck. We also investigated food and water consumption after transportation. Eight adult goats (four castrated males and four ovariectomized females) were used. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids increased significantly within 15 min of the start of transportation, and these higher levels were maintained throughout transportation. These results indicate that transportation in a small truck activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. Despite activation of the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate (HR) in subjected animals during transportation did not differ from during the control animals, which were housed in their usual pen. However, after the transportation had ended and the goats started to eat fodder, HR increased significantly. There was no difference in the amount of food consumption between the control and transported goats. Water consumption in the first three hours after transportation was significantly lower in the transported goats than in the controls for the equivalent period. In the subsequent three hours, however, the transported goats consumed more water than the controls. Consequently, the total water consumption of the transported goats did not differ from that of the controls during the six hours after transportation. In conclusion, short-term transportation with a small vehicle activated the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. HR was not increased during transportation, but after the transportation had ended HR in transported goats was higher than that in control goats. After transportation, goats had consumed the same amount of food as control goats, but water consumption during three hours after the transportation was lower than that of control goats.     

世界及我国奶山羊产业发展现状及趋势分析

近年来,世界山羊养殖数量持续增长,据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计显示,2018年全球山羊养殖数量已超10.4亿只,其中奶山羊养殖数量超2.16亿只,约有90%以上的奶山羊和山羊奶产自亚洲和非洲。欧洲的奶山羊存栏和产奶量均在亚洲和非洲之后,但其单产水平远高于其他各大洲,在世界奶山羊每只平均年产奶量100 kg以上的国家中,前十位均为欧洲国家。我国奶山羊产业发展迅速,2018年我国奶山羊实际存栏约518万只,年产羊奶量约100万t,约占全国鲜奶产量的3.3%。本文对全球及我国奶山羊产业进行了纵向和横向比较,客观分析我国奶山羊产业的地位、发展现状以及未来发展趋势,旨在为我国奶山羊产业的发展提供参考。     

不同精粗比日粮对山羊生产性能、血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵的影响

在相同蛋能比和钙磷比下,研究不同精粗比全混合日粮对努比亚山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和瘤胃发酵的影响.选择健康、体重相近的2月龄努比亚山羊母羊36只,随机分为3组,每组12只羊,分别饲喂精粗比为40:60(L)、50:50(M)和60:40(H)的全混合日粮.试验期70 d.结果表明:1)正试期第14天,L组山羊的平均日...     

柠条对牛的饲用价值研究

柠条在北方旱区防风固沙、环境保护等生态建设中起着重要的作用,作为改善生态环境的先锋植物,在北方旱区已经大面积种植。柠条———作为耐牧植物,是夏秋季牛、羊等草食畜的良好饲料。本试验对柠条在冬春季节的饲料化开发利用上进行了探索性研究。结果表明:柠条无叶期枝条,同样具有一定的饲用价值:其代谢能(ME)为6.559MJ/kg.干物质);可消化总养分(TDN)达43.63%;泌乳净能(NEL)为3.265MJ/kg.干物质;每千克干物质中含奶牛能量单位(NND)为1.035。研究表明,柠条在饲料化开发利用方面前景广阔。     

Copper,iron, zinc and tannin concentrations throughout the digestive tract of tropical goats and sheep fed a high-fibre tannin-rich diet

The dry season in tropical regions urges livestock to feed on nutritionally very poor diets. It has not been explored how tropical sheep—assumed grazers—and tropical goats—intermediate browsers—cope with a high-fibre tannin-rich diet. This study was designed to determine the effects of a high-fibre and tannin-rich diet on the flow of important microminerals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) throughout the digestive tract of tropical sheep and goats. The feeding trial was set up with twelve adult male animals, six sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 30.3 ± 1.6 kg and six goats with mean BW of 26.4 ± 2.2 kg. The feed consisted of 36% leaves of Millettia ferruginea, 61% hay and 3% concentrate and was offered at 3% of BW (all on dry matter (DM) basis). The total faecal collection was carried out for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered to collect liver and digesta samples from the gastrointestinal tract. Feed, digesta and faecal samples underwent analysis of Fe, Zn, and Cu and total tannins (TT). Goats had significantly higher reticulum Cu concentrations expressed on DM as compared to sheep. Faecal Cu concentrations were higher for goats compared to sheep. Reticulum and colon digesta Zn levels were higher in goats than sheep. Abomasum and colon Fe levels were higher in sheep than goats when expressed on DM. These results suggest differences in feed intake, micromineral absorption, secretion and excretion between sheep and goats, pointing to a divergent mineral metabolism as an adaptation to the challenge of a dry season diet having very low nutritive value.