匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

经济过渡时期中的匈牙利林业

经济过渡时期中的匈牙利林业１森林资源匈牙利是一个少林国家，其森林覆盖率仅为１８％。匈牙利现有森林面积１７０万ｈｍ２，其中１６０万ｈｍ２是郁闭林。３５万ｈｍ２为速生人工林；９０万ｈｍ２为原始森林，其余为引进树种人工林。森林主要由阔叶林组成。匈牙利现有森...     

刺槐人工林更新方法及萌芽林经营类型划分的研究

刺槐人工林更新方法及萌芽林经营类型划分的研究兰健（国营朝阳县朝阳林场１２２０００）刺槐是朝阳林场主要造林树种之一．现有刺槐林面积４８６７ｈｍ２，占全场有林而积３４．３％，已成为山地造林重要的阔叶用材树种，发挥着重要的生态经济作用。由于１９８０～１９８...     

太行山刺槐人工林多目标经营计算机管理系统软件的研制

太行山刺槐人工林多目标经营计算机管理系统软件的研制王振亮，毕君（河北省林业科学研究所石家庄０５００６１）科学的森林经营方式对保护开发现有的森林资源是一分重要的。传统的营林生产由于某一环节的失误可导致整个营林活动的失败，如何做到科学决策、科学营林并做到...     

沂山刺槐人工林立地质量数量化评价

沂山刺槐人工林立地质量数量化评价低产林分改造的研究课题组（山东省林科所）刺槐是山东省山区造林的主要树种之一。它适应性强，但在不同立地条件下生长差异较大。因此，合理选择造林地成为提高刺槐林分生产力的关键技术。１９９１年我们在临朐县沂山林场对现有刺槐林进...     

西部地区生态环境建设的优良树种四倍体刺槐

刺槐（Robiniapseudoacacia）原产北美东部阿帕拉契亚山脉和奥萨克山，是我国温带及三北地区重要的造林先锋树种，栽培面积达1300万hm2，为我国面积最大的人工林树种。四倍体刺槐是由韩国山林厅林木育种研究所应用倍性育种技术培育成功的刺槐优良品种，1997年引入我国。经过西北农林科技大学林学院引种繁育及区域化栽培试验，从五个无性系中筛选出了适宜西北地区干旱、半干旱自然条件下营造速生丰产用材林、饲料林及道路绿化多用途优良品系两个，掌握了其繁育技术及各品系适应范围。四倍体刺槐在保持了刺槐原有的耐干旱、耐瘠薄和耐盐碱（…     

锦州地区刺槐人工林经营问题探析

刺槐是锦州地区的用材林和防护林树种,为了提高刺槐人工林的经营管理水平,该文介绍了刺槐特点、生长环境和经营现状,分析了锦州地区刺槐人工林的经营问题,并提出了经营策略和建议。在锦州地区进行刺槐人工林的栽植时,应根据地区具体情况来选择合适的刺槐优良品种和林种,建议以栽植刺槐蜜源林为主,在春季或秋季,采用埋根造林或者容器大杯育苗造林。     

海南350万亩浆纸林基地项目建设的生态、经济效益分析

海南350万亩浆纸林基地项目建设在海南各阶层反映褒贬不一。本着对350万亩浆纸林基地规划造林树种中有争议的树种——桉树的经济生态效应进行了中肯的分析。得出结论：桉树这个有争议的树种，利远大于弊，生态效益负面影响与其它人工林树种没有明显差异。只要营林措施科学合理，生态负面影响就能控制在生态允许的范围之内。海南可以并且应该发展桉树这一人工林速生丰产用材树种。     

匈牙利结合养蜂、用材要求营造刺槐林

刺槐是匈牙利养蜂业的基础。花好的年景,50—60％商品蜜产自刺槐。1982年蜂蜜出口收入外汇达1,650万美元(全国平均每公顷刺槐林这项年收入31美元)。目前匈牙利的刺槐林约占整个森林总面积的18％,但现有的刺槐木材质量差,很难开发利用。林业研究所根据不同培育目标,选出了10     

北京山区主要造林树种刺槐的适地性研究

以北京山区主要造林树种刺槐为研究对象,采用数量化理论Ⅰ的方法,通过研究不同立地因子对人工刺槐林高生长与径生长的影响来分析刺槐的适地性。结果表明:土壤厚度、坡度是制约人工刺槐林高生长的最重要因子,坡位、土壤类型是影响人工刺槐林高生长的重要因子;土壤厚度是制约人工刺槐林径生长的最重要因子,坡度是影响人工刺槐林径生长的重要因子。研究结果确定了影响北京山区刺槐人工林生长的主导因子,可以为刺槐造林地的选择和科学经营提供依据。     

Influence of different forest conversion strategies on ground vegetation and tree regeneration in pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.) stands: a case study in NE Germany

The conversion of anthropogenic into more natural, self-regenerating forests is one of the major objectives of forestry throughout Europe. In this study, we present investigations on permanent plots with different silvicultural treatment in NE German pine stands. Management of old-growth pine stands on acidic and nutrient-poor sandy sites differs in fencing, thinning, and planting of certain tree species. The investigations were carried out on the community, population, and individual level of the pine forest ecosystems. Thus, vegetation changes, size and height of tree populations, and height increment of tree individuals were observed over a time span of 6 years. Special attention was paid to short-lived tree species such as, e.g., Frangula alnus and Sorbus aucuparia, as well as to Fagus sylvatica as one of the most typical forest tree species of Central Europe. Vegetation changes are interpreted as a consequence of natural regeneration of formerly degraded forest sites, involving an increase in nutrient availability. High browsing pressure can be considered as a key factor for the inhibition of tree seedlings and growth of saplings. Some Sorbus aucuparia individuals, however, succeeded in growing out of the browsing height also in unfenced stands. Few found specimens of Fagus sylvatica proved that this species is able to establish spontaneously on these relatively dry, acidic sites under continental climate influence. Such natural regeneration processes, also including spontaneous rejuvenation of trees, can be integrated into silviculture as passive forest conversion management. An active management like thinning of stands, planting of trees, and fencing can accelerate forest conversion with regard to height growth and species number of trees.     

Thirty Year History of Even-Aged Management

Abstract

Forests of Turkey were severely degraded and depleted as a result of mismanagement particularly during the application of uneven-aged management periods. With the beginning of a national call for planning, all forests except fir-dominated stands are planned for management under even-aged management methods. This paper explains and discusses the results of application of even-aged management on Calabrian pine forests and Eastern spruce forests in Turkey. As shown in 1973 with the first timber inventory, the implementation of even-aged management failed in the first planning period to create an optimal forest structure. It was observed, however, that even-aged management is beginning to accomplish an optimal forest structure in Calabrian pine forests with successful silvicultural treatments. In contrast, implementations of the even-aged management method on spruce forests was found unsuccessful so far. It is concluded that the method would be implementable in spruce-dominated forests and the other light-demanding commercial tree species as well if the silvicultural plans are prepared carefully based on site classification, and if the welfare system of the forest villagers in Eastern Black Sea region is improved.     

Fine root biomass,distribution, and production in young pine-hardwood stands

Patterns of fine root biomass, production, and distribution were estimated for pure stands and mixtures of three-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with red maple (Acer rubrum L.) or black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on the Virginia Piedmont to determine the role of fine roots in interference between pine and hardwood tree species. Estimates were based on amounts of live and dead fine roots separated from monthly core samples during the third growing season after planting. Live and dead fine root biomass and production varied by species, but mixtures of loblolly pine and black locust generally had greater fine root biomass and fine root production than pure stands or loblolly pine-red maple mixtures. Hardwood species had greater live fine root biomass per tree in mixtures with pine compared to pure stands. Greater live fine root biomass in pine-locust stands may be attributed to differential utilization of the soil volume by fine roots of these species. For all stands, approximately 50% of live five root biomass was located in the upper 10 cm of soil.     

Recruitment of tree species in mixed selection and irregular shelterwood forest stands

Context

Recruitment is an important process in forest stand dynamics, especially in uneven-aged stands. Continuous recruitment is a prerequisite for diverse, uneven-aged silvicultural systems, but patterns may vary significantly.

Aims

The main goals of the study were to examine the recruitment of the main tree species in selection and irregular shelterwood stands in silver fir?CEuropean beech?CNorway spruce forests and to determine the main predictors of the recruitment occurrence.

Methods

Data from 5,486 permanent inventory plots were used to study recruitment of saplings into the tree layer (diameter at breast height ??10?cm).

Results

Recruitment rate differed significantly between selection (7.6?trees?ha^?1?year^?1) and irregular shelterwood (26.1?trees?ha^?1?year^?1) stands. Shade-tolerant fir and beech recruited with higher probability in selection stands, while light-dependent sycamore recruited with higher probability in irregular stands. In addition, forest types, soil pH, stand basal area, mean diameter, and the basal area of the same tree species with respect to recruitment were found to be important predictors of recruitment occurrence.

Conclusions

The application of different uneven-aged silvicultural systems and their forms makes it possible to considerably influence the future tree species composition of uneven-aged forests.     

Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany

Current silvicultural treatments in beech forests are aimed at achieving thick logs without discoloured hardwood. Therefore intensive thinning is applied already in younger stands with the objective of large-sized trunks at an age of 100 years. However, this approach bears the risk that dead wood structures and broken trees are completely removed from the forest. The impact of three different silvicultural management intensity levels on wood-inhabiting fungi over decades was investigated in a large beech forest (>10,000 ha) in southern Germany in 69 sampling plots: A Intensive Thinning and Logging with high-value trees, B Conservation-Oriented Logging with integration of special structures such as dead wood and broken trees and C Strict Forest Reserves with no logging for 30 years. The analysis of community showed marked differences in the fungus species composition of the three treatments, independent of stand age. The relative frequencies of species between treatments were statistically different. Indicator species for naturalness were more abundant at sites with low silvicultural management intensity. Fomes fomentarius, the most common fungus in virgin forests and strict forest reserves, is almost missing in forests with high-management intensity. The species richness seemed to be lower where intensive thinning was applied (P = 0.051). Species characteristic for coarse woody debris were associated to low management intensity, whereas species with a significant preference for stumps became more frequent with increasing management intensity. A total amount of dead wood higher than 60 m³/ha was found to enable significantly higher numbers of species indicators of naturalness (P = 0.013). In conclusion, when applying intensive silvicultural treatment, the role of dead wood needs to be actively considered in order to maintain the natural biocoenosis of beech forests.     

Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion is a major socioeconomic and environmental problem in Turkey. Almost 86% of the land in Turkey has suffered various degrees of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tree species affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in degraded soils. Results from this study showed that organic C (C_org) was highest in the black locust soil at 0–20 cm depth and lowest in the bare land. Microbial biomass C (C_mic) increased in the order black locust > Scotch pine > bare land at two soil depths. One-way ANOVA demonstrated that afforested soils contain significantly higher microbial biomass C than those in the bare land soils. Microbial quotient (C_mic/C_org) of soils are positively influenced by afforestation as the bare land soils exhibited lower microbial quotient than the associated Scotch pine and black locust soils. Microbial communities in black locust soils were energetically more efficient—had a lower metabolic quotient (qCO₂)—with a higher C_mic/C_org compared to those in Scotch pine soils. However, the microbial quotient in our study was still below range and cannot reach equilibrium again 15 yr after afforestation. Restoration of degraded lands could be a long-term process from microbial activity in the observed regions.     

Comparison of stand structure and growth between artificial and natural forests of Pinus sylvestiris var, mongolica on sandy land

Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestiris Linnaeus var. mongolica Litvinov) as a valuable conifer tree species has been broadly introduced to the sandy land areas in “Three North” regions (North, northwest and northeast of China), but many prob-lems occurred in the earliest Mongolian pine plantations in 7hanggutai, 7hangwu County, Liaoning Province (ZZL). In order to clarify the reason, comprehensive investigations were carried out on differences in structure characteristics, growth processes and ecological factors between artificial stands (the first plantation established in ZZL in 1950s) and natural stands (the origin forests of the tree species in Honghuaerji, Inner Mongolia) on sandy land. The results showed that variation of diameter-class distributions in artificial stands and natural stands could be described by Weibull and Normal distribution models, respectively.Chapman-Richards growth model was employed to reconstruct the growth process of Mongolian pine based on the data from field investigation and stem analysis. The ages of maximum of relative growth rate and average growth rate of DBH, height, and volume of planted trees were 11,22 years, 8, 15 years and 35, 59 years earlier than those of natural stand trees, respectively. In respect of the incremental acceleration of volume, the artificial and natural stands reached their maximum values at 14 years and 33 years respectively. The quantitative maturity ages of artificial stands and natural stands were 43 years and 102 years respectively. It was concluded that the life span of the Mongolian pine trees in natural stands was about 60 years longer than those in artificial stands. The differences mentioned above between artificial and natural Mongolian pine forests on sandy land were partially attributed to the drastic variations of ecological conditions such as latitude, temperature, precipitation, evaporation and height above sea level. Human beings‘‘ disturbances and higher density in plantation forest may be ascribed as additional reasons. Those results may be potentially useful for the management and afforestation of Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Predicting Potential Density and Basal Area Development in the Social Forestry Plantations of Acacia nilotica in Gujarat State of India

ABSTRACT

Growth modelling is an important and effective tool for evaluating the effects of a particular management action on the future development of a forest ecosystem. However, such necessary growth models are not available for many indigenous tree species in India. Acacia nilotica is an important multipurpose tree species found in India and growth models are required for proper management of the species in the region. This paper presents equations for estimating potential stand density and predicting basal area in pure even-aged stands of A. nilotica in Gujarat State of India. Although no thinning was suggested, decrease in the number of trees in the stands was observed because of mortality due to overcrowding and some biotic factors. Relationships between quadratic mean diameter and stems per hectare were developed, which was used to establish the limiting density line. Eight different stand level models, belonging to the path invariant algebraic difference form of a non-linear growth function, were compared for projecting basal area. They can be used to predict future basal area as a function of stand variables like dominant height and stem number per hectare and are crucial for evaluating different silvicultural treatment options. The performance of the models was evaluated using different statistical criteria to recommend the suitable model for projecting the basal area in A. nilotica stands.     

Propagation methods for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) improvement in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, by seed and by root cuttings. Tissue culture propagation can be considered as a relatively new method. Growing trees from seed is a relatively simple method for reliably producing seedlings on a large scale under a variety of circumstances. Mechanization of the method is easy and the production cost is relatively low. Propagation from root cuttings and tissue culture are valuable for reproduction of superior individuals or varieties. By applying these methods, superior traits of the selected trees can be preserved in the clones. Recent experiments demonstrated that micropropagated trees could be successfully transplanted into soil, hardened and grown in the field. Biography: Karoly Redei (1952), male, doctor, deputy director general of Hungarian Forest Research Institute H-1023 Budapest, Frankel Leó Str. 42 44, HUNGARY. Responsible editor: Chal Ruihai