慈竹材物理力学性质研究

对四川江油1～3年生慈竹材主要物理力学性质进行了测定与分析,结果显示:竹材气千密度,全干密度,基本密度,顺纹抗压强度,顺纹抗剪强度随竹龄和竹秆高度的增加而增加:径、弦向全干缩率随竹龄和竹秆高度的增加而减小:径向全千缩率大于弦向:竹壁厚度随竹龄的增加而增厚,随竹秆高度的增加而减小.方差分析表明,竹材全干密度,基本密度,径、弦向全干缩率,顺纹抗压强度随竹龄变化在0.001水平显著;全千密度,竹壁厚度,顺纹抗剪强度随竹秆高度变化在0.001水平显著.     

毛竹材气干密度的变异研究

利用称重法对毛竹气干密度变异规律进行了系统的研究,结果表明:由竹青到竹黄,密度呈逐渐减小的趋势;从竹青至竹黄的1/3处,密度值减幅逐渐减小;但至竹黄处,密度值有增加的趋势。随着竹龄的增大,竹材密度也相应增大,6年生的竹材密度达到最大。竹秆从下到上,密度逐渐增加。通过对毛竹密度的各个影响因素进行方差分析和多重比较分析,得出部位、年龄、高度3个因素对毛竹密度的影响均显著。     

2年生麻竹不同竹秆部位纤维形态特征的差异分析

分析了2年生麻竹不同竹秆部位纤维长度及其频率分布、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径、壁腔比的差异。揭示了其纤维形态特征随竹秆垂直部位的变化表现为:竹秆离地高度4.5 m处的纤维长度和纤维长宽比最大,纤维宽度和纤维壁厚在2.5 m处最大,纤维腔径、纤维壁腔比分别在6.5 m、0.5 m处最大。2年生麻竹材纤维形态特征随竹秆水平部位变化表现为:竹壁中层纤维长度最长,内层最短。竹壁外层纤维宽度、壁厚和壁腔比最大,内层最小。竹壁内层纤维长宽比最大,外层最小。竹壁内层纤维腔径最大,中层最小。纤维长度大部分集中分布在大于1.5 mm区间范围,占70%左右,属于长纤维类型。研究结果为麻竹材的定向培育和麻竹材的高效合理利用提供重要的依据。     

梁山慈竹材质生成过程中的物理力学性质研究

研究了梁山慈竹在材质生成过程中的物理力学性质的变化情况及其基本密度与力学性质相关性。结果表明:梁山慈竹基本密度、气干密度与绝干密度随竹龄的变化趋势一致,从2～5年生先减小后增大,3年生密度最小。3种密度皆随竹秆高度的增加而增大。方差分析表明,竹龄与竹秆部位对梁山慈竹的3种密度均有极显著影响。主要力学性能随竹龄变化各不相同,表现为顺纹抗压强度和MOE随竹龄增加先增大后减小,4年生时达最大;顺纹抗拉强度随竹龄增加有减小趋势;MOR和顺纹抗剪强度随竹龄增加变化较小;冲击韧性随竹龄增加呈增大趋势。除冲击韧性外,梁山慈竹主要力学性能随竹秆高度的增加而增大。方差分析表明,除MOE外,竹龄对力学强度的影响不显著,竹秆部位对抗压强度、MOR、MOE、冲击韧性的影响表现差异显著。抗压强度和MOR与基本密度的相关性较好,其它力学性质与密度相关性较差。     

6种竹子细胞次生壁微纤丝角的对比研究

应用x射线衍射法对6种竹材的微纤丝角进行了测定分析,所选竹材细胞次生壁的微纤丝角的径向变异规律呈现上升、下降或波动趋势;从竹青到竹黄存在显著差异,径向微纤丝角的差值因竹种而异,介于0.2～18°之间。纵向微纤丝角从下到上逐渐减小,相差最大的是绿皮黄筋竹,为3.84°,最小的是茶秆竹,相差仅为0.2°,各个高度处的微纤丝角存在显著差异。6种竹材微纤丝角以青皮刚竹的最大,为15.21°,毛竹的最小,为9.4°,相差5.8°。不同竹种间的微纤丝角呈现明显差异。     

利用SilvilScan-3测定瓜多竹气干密度

利用SilviScan-3测定了瓜多竹竹材的气干密度,并与常规方法的测定值进行了比较分析,以揭示瓜多竹气干密度的变异规律。SilviScan-3和常规方法测定值差异不显著,也具有较强的线性相关性,决定系数(R2)为0.90。SilviScan-3测定的瓜多竹气干密度平均值为0.520 g.cm-3,分布范围为0.239~1.165 g.cm-3;常规方法测定的平均值为0.604 g.cm-3,分布范围为0.450~0.983 g.cm-3。与常规方法相比,SilviScan-3能连续、快速测定,更适合用于研究竹材气干密度的径向变化。按SilviScan-3方法测定结果,瓜多竹气干密度纵向变化规律为:基部小于中部,中部小于稍部;从竹壁内壁到竹壁厚度1/3处,气干密度缓慢增加,自竹壁厚度1/3处至竹壁外壁,气干密度增加幅度较大。     

厚芯竹帘胶合板制备的研究

将毛竹径向剖分加工成保持竹壁原有厚度和削度的等厚竹片，侧立串合成厚芯板，与竹帘（席）组坯压制成一种厚芯竹帘胶合板，有利于提高竹材利用率和降低胶粘剂使用量。试验结果表明：厚芯竹帘胶合板的物理力学性能达到ＪＧ／Ｔ３０２６—１９９５竹胶合板模板标准的要求。     

竹龄与竹材部位对毛竹材动态黏弹性的影响

以毛竹材为研究对象,探索不同竹龄、竹秆部位、竹壁部位对毛竹材动态黏弹性的影响。结果表明：在相同的测量条件下,随着测试温度的升高,毛竹材的贮存模量逐渐减小,损耗模量先增大后减小。随着竹龄的增加,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量逐渐增大;在竹秆轴向上,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量自下而上逐渐增大;在竹壁径向上,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量由内而外逐渐增大。     

不同竹龄毛竹材物理性质的差异分析

以我国传统竹种——毛竹(Phyllostachy pubescens)为研究对象,在5个竹龄(0.5、1、2、4、6年生)和3个纵向高度水平对其壁厚、基本密度及干缩性(径向干缩率、弦向干缩率和体积干缩率)等主要物理指标进行对比研究。结果表明,毛竹材壁厚6.698-7.875mm,基本密度0.494-0.728g·cm-3,全干、气干体积干缩率分别为10.204%-17.412%、7.881%-14.914%,全干时弦、径向干缩率分别为5.131%-6.119%、4.919%-5.826%,气干时弦、径向干缩率分别为3.953%-5.264%、3.663%-4.612%。壁厚和基本密度随竹龄增加呈增加趋势,干缩率呈减小趋势,2a后干缩率保持在稳定水平。沿纵向高度从基部到梢部,壁厚逐渐减小,基本密度、全干和气干径向干缩率呈增加趋势。双因素方差分析表明:毛竹壁厚、基本密度、体积干缩率和径向线干缩率随竹龄变化在0.001水平显著;竹壁厚度和基本密度随竹秆纵向高度变化在0.001水平显著。     

竹展平板拉伸剪切胶合性能

竹展平板是竹筒最大化利用的一种方式,以竹展平板为单元制备竹质人造板可减少胶黏剂使用量,还有利于加工,具有良好的应用前景。然而,竹材是一种天然梯度复合材料,纤维含量在竹壁径向呈现梯度变异,不同纤维含量的胶合面对竹展平板的胶合性能有重要影响。以无刻痕竹展平板为研究对象,参照拉伸剪切强度测试方法,探讨不同纤维含量的竹展平板胶合面在湿态和干态条件下的拉伸剪切强度和破坏方式;同时,分别研究热压压力和施胶量对不同组坯方式下竹展平板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:热压胶合的竹展平板胶合性能主要由基材性能决定,纤维含量较高的竹青?竹青组坯时的拉伸剪切强度高于其他两种组坯方式。基于不同纤维含量基材的干缩湿胀不一致,纤维含量较高的竹青面与纤维含量较低的竹黄面胶合时的湿态拉伸剪切强度保留率最低。竹黄?竹黄组坯时拉伸剪切强度随热压压力的增大而逐渐增加,而竹青?竹青和竹青?竹黄组坯时则先增大后减小。此外,竹黄?竹黄组坯时的干态剪切强度随施胶量的增大而增加。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.