Studies on the Growth of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in a Lake Fishery

Data are presented on the growth of an artificially stocked population of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. in a South Lancashire rod and line lake fishery. The fish could not be aged from their scales and methods are described for the analysis of directly measured annual growth increments for tagged fish of unknown age in three size classes. Mean growth in weight for carp in the 454–2268 g (1–5 lb) and 2268–4536 g (5–10 lb) size classes was 0.23 and 0.19 kg year^?1; mean annual length increments were 10.8 and 4.4 mm, respectively. Carp >4536 g were observed to lose weight and length at a mean annual rate of 0.17 kg and 3.7 mm. The implication of these results to the stocking policy for the lake are discussed in conjunction with previously reported data on stock density and catchability. Comparisons between June/July length-weight regressions for carp at the time of tagging and after 1 and 2 years indicated no significant differences. Causes of growth inhibition by tagging reported by other authors are examined and considered to have been eliminated from the current study in which no adverse influence on growth could be detected. The effects of population density, competition with other species, chemical factors, weed growths and angling pressure on the growth rates of the carp are discussed and their implications to the management of the fishery considered.     

鲤鱼的补偿生长及饥饿对淀粉酶的影响

在26℃的条件下，对鲤鱼分别进行了饥饿生长试验，并对各组鲤鱼再饥饿开始前，饥饿结束后，恢复生长结束后的体重及淀粉酶活性进行了测定。结果表明鲤鱼的恢复生长属于部分（有限）补偿生长。而淀粉酶的活性则表现为再饥饿后呈上升趋势，恢复生长后则下降，且消化道的淀粉酶活性变化大于消化腺的淀分酶活性变化。     

蓝色鳞（Cyprinus carpio blue vat）的细胞遗传学分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备蓝色鳞鲤染色体,对100个中期分裂相记数统计,确定蓝色鳞鲤（Cyprinus carpio blue var）的染色体数为2n=100。测得核型参数按Levan等的染色体划分标准得出：蓝色鳞鲤有15对中部着丝点染色体（m）;13对亚中部着丝点染色体（sin...     

蓝色鳞（Cyprinus carpio blue vat）的细胞遗传学分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备蓝色鳞鲤染色体,对100个中期分裂相记数统计,确定蓝色鳞鲤（Cyprinus carpio blue var）的染色体数为2n=100。测得核型参数按Levan等的染色体划分标准得出：蓝色鳞鲤有15对中部着丝点染色体（m）;13对亚中部着丝点染色体（sin）;22对端部和亚端部着丝点染色体（st,t）,其染色体总臂数（NF）为156,蓝色鳞鲤核型公式为2n=30m＋26sm＋44st,t。采用流式细胞分析仪测定了蓝色鳞鲤的DNA含量,与鸡血细胞标准对照相比为1．73±0．10,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2．3Pg．N^-1计,则蓝色鳞鲤的体细胞DNA含量为3．99Pg．N^-1。     

镉污染对鲤鱼过氧化氢酶活性的影响

试验结果表明,试验剂量范围内,10 d 后Cd2+ 对鲤鱼的5种组织的过氧化氢酶(CAT)有不同程度的影响,其剂量-效应曲线为抛物线型,CAT活性始终表现为不同程度的诱导作用.当鲤鱼受到低质量浓度(0.00～0.6275 mg/L)Cd2+ 影响时,其5种组织的CAT活性表现为升高,当受到高质量浓度(0.6275～1.2550 mg/L)Cd2+ 影响时,其组织内CAT活性则表现为不同程度的降低,其中血液的敏感性最高,可作为灵敏指示镉污染的优先组织;其次肾脏中的CAT活性受镉离子的影响也很大,可能是因为肾脏是机体主要的排泄器官及肾小球过滤膜带负电荷的缘故.     

Catchability and Stock Density of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. in a Lake Fishery

The methods adopted for a tag-recapture study on the carp population in a South Lancashire lake are described. Fifty-three percent of carp tagged were recaptured on at least one occasion. Catch frequency data from angling were not observed to deviate significantly from Poisson probabilities indicating that, within any one angling year, the first-capture experience of a carp did not significantly decrease the risk of its further capture. These findings differ from those of Beukema (1970) with carp in experimental ponds and a possible reason for the difference is suggested. The total population of adult carp in the lake (± standard error) was estimated in 1972 as 452 ± 32 with a corresponding biomass of 1307.44 ± 93.10 kg, or approximately 380.07 ± 27.06 kg per hectare. In the first three weeks of the 1972/73 angling season the rate of exploitation by angling was 32.6%.     

茭白田培育田鲤鱼种技术

田鲤是浙江省丽水地区青田县稻田中传统水产养殖品种 ,其生长速度快 ,肉嫩味鲜。茭白田水源充足 ,每株茭白之间株距较大 ,适合套养鱼。为了提高茭白田的经济效益 ,充分利用田间水体 ,2 0 0 0年在遂昌县云峰镇上畈和下马村茭白田中套养田鲤夏花培育鱼种 ,获得了较好的产量与效益。现将主要技术总结如下。1　材料与方法1 1　材料茭白苗是从浙江省武义县引进的“浙白 2号” ,每株茭白苗长 10～ 15ｃｍ。田鲤夏花从浙江省青田县引进 ,规格为 2 8～ 3 3ｃｍ ,个体均匀 ,活泼健壮 ,鳞片完整 ,颜色为淡红色或花色。茭白田一般选择水源充足 ,排灌方…     

利用GoldenGate分析的高通量SNP芯片对鲤基因进行分型

单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)标记在大多数物种基因组中数量巨大且分布均匀,是许多水产物种遗传研究的理想标记,因此快速发展了几种高通量、快速的SNP标记分型平台。本研究利用Golden Gate分析技术对鲤Cyprinus carpio转录组测序的1 536个SNP标记合成了一张中等密度SNP芯片,对5个鲤群体的480份样本进行基因分型。结果表明:1 235个SNP标记成功分型,约占80%;915个标记至少在一个家系中呈现多态性,占74.1%;标记最小等位基因频率(MAF)介于0.05~0.5之间,平均为0.334,其中48.9%的标记最小等位基因频率(MAF)大于平均值;5个群体中SNP标记平均多态性信息含量(PIC)在0.3左右,为中度多态,杂合度为0.010~0.990,平均为0.5左右,暗示群体具有丰富的遗传多态性,育种价值及性状改良潜力很大。本研究分型的多态性SNP标记可广泛应用于遗传多样性研究、标记-性状关联分析以及分子标记辅助育种。     

Use of Bacillus coagulans as a Dietary Probiotic for the Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio

Effect of viable Bacillus coagulans as a dietary probiotic on the growth performance, survivorship, immune response, and meat quality of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was investigated. Three treatments (T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3) and a control, each with three replicates, were established. T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3 groups were fed with diets containing different levels of probiotic (1 × 10⁷ cfu/g, 2 × 10⁷ cfu/g, and 4 × 10⁷ cfu/g, respectively). After 45 d, the fish fed with probiotic had significantly higher (P < 0.05) daily weight gain compared to that of the control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in final weight, relative weight gain rate, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and respiratory burst activities were obtained in the T‐2 and T‐3 compared with those of the control. Fish in the control group showed the lowest (P < 0.05) content of complement component 3. Significantly (P < 0.05) improved contents of crude fat, inosine, and inosinic acid were observed in the T‐2 and T‐3. Our results indicated that the use of B. coagulans as a dietary probiotic for the common carp could improve growth performance, meat quality, and induce a positive modulation on immune response.     

Characteristics of Blood in Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio,Exposed to Low Temperatures

Changes in blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocrit, osmolarity, lactate, glucose and cortisol concentrations were monitored in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, exposed to decreasing temperatures (from 24°C to 4°C). Two experiments [rapid change (acute) and slow change (chronic)] were conducted. In the acute experiment, it took 3 days for the decrease of water temperatures from 24°C to 4°C. In the chronic experiment, it took 33 days for the decrease of water temperatures from 24°C to 4°C. Blood lactate and hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit, and leucocrit significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the cold-treated common carp in both experiments. Hemoglobin concentrations did not decrease until the temperature reached 4°C. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels increased in common carp in acute exposure to 4°C. The levels of plasma chloride and osmolarity did not change significantly (P > 0.05) in the cold-treated common carp in both acute and chronic exposure. Data indicate that levels of blood lactate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and leucocrit were consistently responsive to the stress of low temperatures in common carp.     

几种杂交鲤的形态学特征及主要经济性状

杂交鲤1#(高寒鲤♀×建鲤♂)、2#(高寒鲤♂×建鲤♀)体色为青灰色,全鳞,纺锤形,杂交鲤3#(高寒鲤♀×镜鲤♂)、4#(高寒鲤♂×镜鲤♀)为纺锤形,一部分青灰色,全鳞,另一部分为淡黄色,散鳞。二龄鱼的体长/体高为2.28~2.80,体长/头长为3.40~3.75,尾柄长/尾柄高为1.02~1.22,空壳质量/体质量的指数为89.6%~91.5%。杂交鲤3#、4#生长快,群体产量比建鲤高11.3%~61.2%。几种杂交鲤抗寒力均较强,自然越冬成活率一、二龄鱼均超过95%,是适合北方地区养殖的优良鲤鱼杂交种。     

Turmeric Powder,Curcuma longa L., in Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio L., Diets: Growth Performance,Innate Immunity,and Challenge against Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila Infection

Microbial diseases cause economic loss in aquaculture on a global scale, and the use of commercial antibiotics for disease treatment produces undesirable side effects. As many medicinal herbs have evolved a potent defense against pathogenic bacteria, there is a growing interest in these herbs as sources for natural antibacterial agents. In this context, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of turmeric powder (TP), Curcuma longa, on the performance and innate immunity of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and its challenge against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish (1.4 ± 0.06 g) were fed 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 g TP/kg diet up to satiation twice daily for 10 wk. After the feeding trial, fish of each treatment were intraperitoneally injected by pathogenic A. hydrophila, and they were kept under observation for 10 d during which the daily mortality was recorded. The growth‐promoting effect of TP was monitored and observed where fish growth and innate immunity increased significantly as dietary TP levels increased. According to the regression curve, the most suitable TP level for optimal fish growth and health was found to be 2.0 g/kg. On the other hand, TP inclusion in the fish diet did not significantly affect fish body contents. The obtained results indicate that TP supplementation is a promising immunostimulant, which could improve fish performance and innate immunity and prevent common carp aermoniosis at a level of 2.0 g/kg diet.     

鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析

低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育.在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘.本研究对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究...     

水泥池塘培育鲤夏花

观音阁水库坝下水泥池塘建成以来 ,一直以主养鲤成鱼或以鲤成鱼套养鲢、鳙苗种为主。养殖模式比较单一 ,偶尔搞过两次家鱼苗种培育 ,均未成功。 1999年渔场科技人员在总结过去已有的经验和教训基础上 ,打破常规 ,大胆尝试 ,利用水泥池塘培育鲤夏花 ,取得了突破性成功 ,为以后利用水泥池塘培育苗种探索出一条可行的新途径。1　水泥池塘构造池塘四周采用钢筋混凝土结构 ,宽 30ｃｍ ,高 2 4ｍ ,池塘底部结构由下至上依次为细石料、粗沙、细沙、土工布、细沙、粗沙。进水来自大库中层水 ,由池塘上部池壁入水口流入 ,排水由下部底孔流出 ,与土池…     

鲤鱼苗种阶段鼓眼病的诊断和防治

近年来,在池塘和网箱中饲养鲤鱼种均发现因鼓眼、竖鳞而死亡的现象,因未见书籍报道过此病,故暂定名为鼓眼病。据笔者调查,在四川、重庆、云南省的池塘培育鲤鱼种过程中,发病率一年比一年高,相应死亡率也随之增高。在贵州省的乌江库区、红枫湖、万峰湖网箱养鱼中,主要危害进箱后半个月内的苗种。有的网箱养殖户购进鲤鱼苗种尾重0 5～1g,在一个星期左右死亡率高达80%,甚至100%。针对这种鱼病流行情况,笔者近3年的研究发现,有3种原因可导致鲤鱼苗种阶段鼓眼病的发生。下面介绍这种鱼病的3种诊断和防治方法。1　诊断1 1　孢子虫引起的症状在…     

复合酶制剂在鲤鱼饵料中适宜添加量研究

选择155g左右的鲤鱼270尾，随机平均分成6组，分别饲喂含复合酶制剂0、300、500、700、900、1100g/t的饵粒，实验期75d。结果表明：在鲤鱼饵粒中添加酶制剂对增重（P＜0.01）、饵粒系数（P＜0.05）有显著和极显著影响，而对摄饵量、养殖期间和运输成活率没有影响。复合酶适宜添加理为550－630g/t。     

网箱商品鲤生产动态模型的研究

本研究用4800尾建鲤分4组喂给不同配方、营养水平相近的饵料,进行了5个月的饲养及比较屠宰试验,得出网箱商品鲤鱼生长动态模型:G=1/(T·A·P·C)。按此模型结合必要的生产指标研制了一套网箱养鲤生产动态模拟程序;经中试性生产检验,该程序预测的各项生产指标与实际生产效果相近(差异均小于5.0%)。     

黄河鲤嗜水气单胞菌的分离、毒力及用药分析

自发病黄河鲤4种组织中分离致病菌,结合形态学和16SrDNA序列分析,发现分离到的细菌属气单胞菌属。回归感染试验发现,患病鱼体出现鳃盖等多处组织出血且伴随肠炎等症状,表明引起黄河鲤发病的致病菌为嗜水气单胞菌,命名为HNAh01。半致死密度测定发现,嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的半致死密度为1.38×10~7 cfu/mL。药敏结果表明,该致病性嗜水气单胞菌是典型的多重耐药嗜水气单胞菌,但对恩诺沙星极为敏感。因此,选择恩诺沙星对分离菌株进行体外药效学和用药分析试验。药效学试验表明,恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的最小抑菌质量浓度为1.56ng/mL,最小杀菌质量浓度为3.12ng/mL,防耐药突变质量浓度为12.5ng/mL,耐药选择窗的范围为1.56~12.5ng/mL。用药分析结果显示,黄河鲤口服剂量为10mg/kg时对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的相对保护率达83%。本文研究为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了理论基础与实践依据。     

Influence of Egg Yolk on the Quality of Cryopreserved Spermatozoa of Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio

Cryopreservation of fish gametes can help in producing quality fish seeds. Success of cryopreservation is evaluated by the post-thaw motility of the spermatozoa. The changes in the seminal plasma during cryopreservation would alter the energy supply for the motility of the spermatozoa, and thus energy supplementation is found to be useful during cryopreservation. Cyprinus carpio spermatozoa were cryopreserved along with egg yolk as a co-cryoprotectant after 1:100 dilution with 0.85% physiological saline as extender and DMSO as cryoprotectant (85:15). The diluents contained egg yolk at three different concentrations, viz., T₁ (5%), T₂ (10%), and T₃ (15%). The diluted milt was equilibrated for 10 min at 5°C and loaded into 0.25 ml straws. The loaded straws were then frozen with LN₂ vapor for 5 min and immersed in liquid nitrogen. Observations were made once in 7 days for 42 days on motility parameters based on which the duration, score, pattern, and percentage were determined. There were significant differences in the motility duration between treatments, and egg yolk at 5% (T₁) concentration was found to support the cryopreserved spermatozoa better than the other concentrations; the difference in motility duration was statistically significant (P > 0.005).     

Aerobic Bacterial Flora of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Cultured in Earthen Ponds in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

Quantitative and qualitative estimation of bacterial flora present in pond water, sediments, gills, and intestine of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio cultured in Saudi Arabia were performed and identified to species level where possible. Mean total viable bacterial counts in pond water ranged from 1.2?±?2.9?×?10⁴ to 2.5?±?3.5?×?10⁵ cfu/mL; in sediments, 9.3?±?2.1?×?10⁷ to 2.7?±?3.5?×?10⁹ cfu/g; in gills filaments, 4.3?±?2.9?×?10⁶ to 1.6?±?3.9?×?10⁷ cfu/g; and in intestine, 8.7?±?4.1?×?10⁹ to 5.4?±?3.2?×?10¹⁰ cfu/g. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria dominated (76%) the populations. In total, 12 bacterial genera and 15 species were identified. Pond water and sediment bacteria had the reflection on bacterial composition of gills and intestine of carp. Intestinal bacteria showed more diversification in contrast to gill bacteria. Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio sp., and Staphylococcus sp. were the common bacteria in all the populations. In pond water and carp intestine, A. hydrophila, S. putrefaciens, V. cholerae, and C. urealyticum were the most dominant bacteria (prevalence ≥ 10%) where pond sediments and the carp gills experienced with more one dominant bacterium V. vulnificus. Only the A. hydrophila covered one fourth (25%) of the total bacterial populations.