共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系(Robot 系统),分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理(CN)土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15~50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57~14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理(CK)剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43~2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。 相似文献
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Zhijun Wei Chenglin Li Xiaofang Ma Shutan Ma Zongyang Han Xiaoyuan Yan Jun Shan 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(6):e13428
Biochar is an efficacious amendment for mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in soils. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for reduced N2O emissions by biochar in paddy soils remain inadequately elucidated. Here, using two typical paddy soils with contrasting pH values (5.40 and 7.56), the N2 and N2O fluxes and the associated functional genes were investigated in soil amended with varying amounts of biochar (0%, 0.5%, and 5%, weight/weight) via soil slurry incubation integrated with the N2/Ar technique and qPCR analysis. The results showed that N2O fluxes were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 0.65–3.64 times following biochar amendment, concomitant with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in N2 fluxes (5.47–46.14%) in both acidic and alkaline paddy soils. As a result, the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 1.53–4.65 fold in both soil types. In acidic paddy soils, the enhanced denitrification rates and the decreased N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios exhibited a strong correlation with increased pH values. In alkaline paddy soil, these changes were ascribed to the enhanced nosZ Clade I gene abundance and nosZ/(nirS + nirK) ratio. Our findings reveal that biochar primarily mitigates N2O emissions in paddy soils by promoting its reduction to N2. 相似文献
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Teresa Wodarczyk Witold Stpniewski Magorzata Brzeziska Zofia Stpniewska 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(6):693-700
The objective of this laboratory study with six loess soils (three Eutric CambisoIs and three Haplic Phaeozems) incubated under flooded conditions was to examine the effect of a wide range of NO doses under anaerobic conditions on soil redox potential and N2O emission or absorption. Due to the fact that loess soils are usually well‐drained and are expected to be absorbers during prevailing part of the season, the study aimed at determination of the conditions decisive for the transition from emission to absorption process. On the basis of the response to soil nitrate level, the two groups of soils were distinguished with high and low denitrification capacity. The soil denitrification activity showed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with respect to soil nitrate content with KM in the range 50–100 mg NO ‐N kg–1. Percentage of nitrates converted to N2O increased linearly with nitrate concentration in the range from 25 to 100 mg NO ‐N kg–1 up to 43% and decreased linearly at higher concentrations reaching practically zero at concentrations about 600 mg NO ‐N kg–1. No denitrification was observed below 25 mg NO ‐N kg–1. Nitrous oxide absorption in soil occurred only at nitrate concentrations to 100 mg NO ‐N kg–1 and in this concentration range was proportional to the denitrification rate. Nitrous oxide was formed at redox potentials below +200 mV and started to disappear at negative Eh values. 相似文献
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N2O是重要的温室气体之一,由此引起的全球变暖和臭氧层破坏是当今重要的环境问题。采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究了氮肥施用对小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理N2O平均排放通量分别为2.71、2.42、1.97 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均N2O排放通量分别为2.42、2.14、3.13 gN.hm-2.d-1。小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理平均反硝化速率分别为4.91、4.50、1.67 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均反硝化速率分别为4.50、3.68、5.29 gN.hm-.2d-1。氮肥施用明显促进了土壤-植物系统中N2O排放通量和反硝化作用,氮肥施用量水平和N2O排放通量、反硝化作用呈正相关。硝酸钾对N2O排放通量和反硝化作用贡献最大,硫酸铵最小。研究还表明,小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用与季节有一定相关性,温度较高季节排放量及反硝化作用明显,反之则较弱。 相似文献
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设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤(碱性土壤/酸性土壤)为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气(N2)和二氧化碳(CO2)等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因(amoA)、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因(nirK和 nirS,统称nir)和N2O还原酶调控基因(nosZ)的丰度和转录情况。结果显示:受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数(IN2O)(P<0.05)。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加(P<0.05);60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。 相似文献
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生物质炭对土壤结构改良、土壤肥力提升和农田温室气体排放具有重要意义。本研究以吉林省梨树县典型黑土为研究对象,通过培育实验,研究不同土壤水分含量(40%WHC和100%WHC)下,生物质炭种类(玉米秸秆生物质炭和稻壳生物质炭)和施加量(0%、1%和4%(w/w))对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明,随着秸秆生物质炭施加量的增加,土壤N2O排放呈下降趋势,4%高量秸秆生物质炭添加下,土壤N2O排放量仅为1%低量秸秆生物质炭添加下的33.9%。同时土壤NO- 3-N也表现出一致性规律,4%高量生物质炭添加下土壤NO- 3-N含量显著低于1%低量生物质炭。在100%WHC土壤水分状况下,玉米秸秆生物质炭显著增加了土壤N2O排放,而稻壳生物质炭则显著降低了土壤N2O排放。高土壤水分显著促进了土壤N2O排放,进一步为实时荧光定量PCR结果所证实,高土壤水分通过增加nirS基因丰度进而促进了土壤反硝化作用过程,而4%高量稻壳生物质炭添加下nosZ基因丰度显著高于玉米秸秆生物质炭添加,表现出更强的N2O还原潜力。尽管amoA-AOA基因丰度在不同生物质炭添加量下并未发生显著变化,但amoA-AOB基因丰度在高量玉米秸秆生物质炭添加下显著下降。结果说明,土壤水分和生物质炭通过影响土壤硝化反硝化微生物的营养底物和代谢过程,进而影响土壤N2O排放特征。 相似文献
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通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分含量下水稻土的N2O排放,结果表明,在水分含量相当于田间持水量时,土壤具有最大的N2O排放速率,当水分含量在田间持水量之上时,反硝化作用是N2O的主要来源。水分含量在田间持水量之下时,尽管硝倾作用强烈,但N2O排放量较小。通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理措施下,水稻土N2O和CH4的排放,同常规水分管理方式相比,长期淹水显著增加CH4的排放而减少了N2O的排放。相反,湿润灌溉的处理在整个水稻生长期内没有明显的CH4排放,但其N2O排放对水分状况敏感,出现数次峰值,从而总排放量远高于其它两处理。 相似文献
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中国亚热带人工林处于全球氮沉降高值区,土壤氮素相对富集,土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)产生与排放对外源性氮素输入响应敏感。然而,现有氮沉降模拟控制实验多采用单一氮肥类型,没有原位区分氧化态氮与还原态氮素影响的差异。以千烟洲亚热带湿地松林为研究对象,增氮控制实验采用随机区组设计,包括2种形态(NO_3~-、NH_4~+)和3个施氮水平(0、40、120 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))。利用静态箱—气相色谱法高频(8次月~(-1))测定土壤N_2O净交换通量以及温度、水分、溶解性氮含量等相关环境变量,分析土壤N_2O通量对外源性氮素输入的响应特征及主控因子。结果表明:施氮不影响亚热带人工林土壤温度和水分,显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和总溶解性氮(TDN)的含量,对溶解性有机氮(DON)含量无显著影响。施氮显著促进亚热带人工林土壤N_2O排放,增幅为378%~847%,施加NH4Cl的促进效应显著高于Na NO_3。土壤N_2O通量与10 cm土壤温度、10 cm土壤体积含水量呈正相关,土壤N_2O通量的变化量与土壤无机氮含量的变化量呈正相关。上述研究结果表明,虽然水热因子驱动着亚热带人工林土壤N_2O的排放,但是氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O的增加主要由底物可利用性的变化所致,并且还原态NH_4~+的促进效应显著高于氧化态NO_3~-。 相似文献
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针对城市河道污染水体治理这一问题,采用自主研发的自然水体原位收集装置对微生物和微生物-植物联合修复过程中气体N_2O、N_2及O2释放的特征进行野外原位监测。结果表明:微生物菌剂和微生物-植物联合净化期间水体氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放速率均值分别为10.68、5.91μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与对照比,降幅分别为16.37%和53.86%;氮气(N_2)释放速率均值分别为1.49、0.87 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为5.70%和67.54%;氧气(O_2)释放速率均值分别为1.14、0.69 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为14.93%和72.06%;微生物菌剂及微生物-植物联合净化期间,目测水体透明度转好,藻类含量降低,水体溶氧由超饱和状态(17.17 mg·L~(-1))降至正常水体溶氧水平(9.49 mg·L~(-1)),降幅达到50%,可能是水体氧气释放速率降低的原因。因此,微生物-植物联合净化能显著降低水体N_2O、N_2及O_2的释放速率,推测是由于微生物和水生植物对水体养分的同化作用产生营养竞争,抑制了微生物反硝化作用产生N_2O、N_2并抑制藻类生长产生O_2及增加水体溶氧的原因。 相似文献
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硝化作用和反硝化作用是氮素气态损失的主要途径,在实验室培养条件下,研究了3种菜地土壤之间硝化反硝化活性的差异,反硝化作用利用乙炔抑制培养法对其进行测定。结果表明,培养33d后红泥土、灰沙土和灰泥土的氮素硝化率均很高,分别为96.1%、88.3%和70.4%,其中红泥土与灰泥土的硝化率差异达到了极显著水平(P〈0.01),而灰沙土与红泥土、灰泥土之间的差异不显著(P〉0.05)。pH值最高和最低的菜地土壤其硝化率分别表现出最高和最低,值得注意的是,在pI-14.61条件下灰泥土的硝化率可达70.4%。氮肥的施用显著或极显著增加了3种土壤硝化过程的N2O排放量,占施氮量的0.59%-0.70%。3种菜地土壤之间氮肥的反硝化活性表现为灰泥土〉红泥土〉灰沙土,其差异也极显著(P〈0.01),氮肥的反硝化损失量占施氮量的-0.02%-0.20%。土壤硝化和反硝化氮素损失累积量随时间t的变化均符合修正的Elovich方程:y=bln(t)+a。 相似文献
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It is commonly believed that nitrification is the dominant process for N2O production under aerobic conditions. However, this has been challenged by recent studies on acidic soils, where denitrification has been found to dominate N2O production. Analyzing the data collected from peer‐reviewed literature, we found that pH was a critical factor regulating N2O production pathways under aerobic conditions. There is a pH threshold of approx. 4.4, below which denitrification dominated N2O production and vice versa. A decrease in soil pH can significantly increase the contribution of denitrification to N2O production. Overall, this mini‐review increases our understanding of N2O sources in soils under aerobic conditions. 相似文献
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Abdul HADI Oslan JUMADI Kazuyuki INUBUSHI Kazuyuki YAGI 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2008,54(4):644-649
Field experiments were designed to quantify N2 O emissions from corn fields after the application of different types of nitrogen fertilizers. Plots were established in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, and given either urea (200 kg ha−1 ), urea (170 kg ha−1 ) + dicyandiamide ([DCD] 20 kg ha−1 ) or controlled-release fertilizer LP-30 (214 kg ha−1 ) prior to the plantation of corn seeds (variety BISI 2). Each fertilizer treatment was equivalent to 90 kg N ha−1 . Plots without chemical N fertilizer were also prepared as a control. The field was designed to have three replicates for each treatment with a randomized block design. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at 4, 8, 12, 21, 31, 41, 51, 72 and 92 days after fertilizer application (DAFA). Total N2 O emission was the highest from the urea plots, followed by the LP-30 plots. The emissions from the urea + DCD plots did not differ from those from the control plots. The N2 O emission from the urea + DCD plots was approximately one thirtieth of that from the urea treatment. However, fertilizer type had no effect on grain yield. Thus, the use of urea + DCD is considered to be the best mitigation option among the tested fertilizer applications for N2 O emission from corn fields in Kalimantan, Indonesia. 相似文献
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Today, a large share of mineral fertilizer is substituted by biogas digestates. Biogas digestates are known to promote N2O production, compared to mineral fertilizer. In particular, the initial phase following fertilizer application is crucial for the N gas release as N2O and also N2. However, this period impact has been rarely investigated, especially not across various field sites. Thus, undisturbed soil cores from two fertilizer types (biogas digestate vs. mineral fertilizer) at five sites with different site characteristics were investigated in a short‐term laboratory experiment under N2‐free helium–oxygen incubation atmosphere. Across sites, biogas digestate soil cores showed significantly higher absolute N2O fluxes compared to mineral fertilizer soil cores, even though this effect was dominated by samples from one site (Dornburg with the highest biogas digestate fertilization rate). Also relative N2O fluxes showed a similar tendency. On average, absolute and relative N2 fluxes differed between the two fertilizer types, while N2 fluxes were highest at the Dornburg site. A N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio of denitrification below or equal to 0.5 clearly highlighted the importance of N2O reduction to N2 for three of five the biogas digestate soil cores. Soil characteristics like bulk density and water‐filled pore space as proxies for gas diffusivity in soil, as well as N availability ( , ), significantly affected the N2O and N2 fluxes from the biogas digestate soil cores. While this study presents data on short‐term N2O and N2 fluxes, there is a need for further studies in order to investigate the dynamics, the duration of the observed effects and their significance at the field scale. 相似文献
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利用改进的漂浮箱法,通过直接测定水体释放的N2O、N2,在模拟实验中研究种养及未种养漂浮植物凤眼莲条件下富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2、N2O特征及其对消减水体氮的贡献。结果表明,种养或未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮的产物以N2为主,硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O而脱除的氮仅占水体TN损失量的0.01%+0.003%。在实验设定的水体富营养化条件下(NH4^+ —N浓度6.0~7.2mg·L^-1、NO3^- -N浓度0.81~5.14mg·L^-1、TN浓度为8.9~12.07mg·L^-1),种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体(无底泥)以向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮量(N2-N量,以N计)为(1609.1±303.4)-(2265.2±262.6)mg,占水体氮损失量的63.2%-17.0%,凤眼莲吸收的N仅占水体TN损失量的(23.7±3.1)%~(28.7±4.8)%,并不是净化水体氮的唯一途径。未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体(无底泥)向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮占整个水体N损失量的(40.7±8.6)%-(43.6±0.8)%,是富营养化水体自净脱氮的主要途径。施加底泥进一步促进了水体通过反硝化脱氮释放N2而损失的氮量。凤眼莲与底泥对促进反硝化脱氮过程具有良好的交互作用(P〈0.01)。种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体向大气界面释放N2的浓度显著(P〈0.05)高于相应处理下未种养凤眼莲的对照水体,说明凤眼莲可能对水体反硝化脱氮过程有促进作用。 相似文献
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华北春玉米田施用纳米增效氮肥的增产减排作用初探 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用静态箱自动采样监测系统,对生长季内华北平原春玉米田在不同施肥处理下(尿素U、纳米增效碳铵NA、纳米增效尿素NU和不施肥CK)土壤N2O排放通量进行监测,以寻求在相同施氮量条件下既增产又能减少N2O排放的施肥措施.结果表明,不同施肥处理下N2O排放通量存在显著差异(P<0.05),全生育期U、NU、NA和CK处理区的N2O排放总量依次为1.17、0.78、0.70、0.18kgN·hm-2,NA和NU分别比U减少了40%和33%的N2O排放;而玉米产量依次为NU> NA>U>CK,与U相比,NU和NA分别显著高出11%和9%的玉米产量(P<0.05).可见,与施用尿素相比,在玉米产量显著增加的前提下,纳米增效氮肥具有明显的减排效果. 相似文献
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For a long time, farmers in the red soil region of southern China have returned crop residues to the soil, but how various crop residues influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is not well understood. We compared the influence of returning different crop residues [rapeseed cake (RC), maize straw, rice straw and wheat straw (WS)] in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (nil, low and high) on red soil N2O emissions. Results confirmed the inverse relationship between cumulative N2O emissions and residue C:N ratio in red soil under different levels of N fertilizer. However, N‐fertilizer application did not significantly influence N2O emissions in the WS (which had the highest C:N ratio) and corresponding control treatments, while it enhanced N2O emissions in the RC (which had the lowest C:N ratio) treatment and displayed significantly higher cumulative N2O emissions with low N fertilizer application. This phenomenon may be attributed to the poor nutrient content in red soil, which leads to ‘Liebig's Law of the Minimum’ on available C. N fertilizer application provided sufficient available N, while the readily available C, which was mainly dependent on the degradability of the residue, became the crucial factor influencing N2O emissions. Additional experiments, which showed that the addition of glucose and sucrose could increase N2O emissions when N () was sufficient, confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, to reduce N2O emissions when returning residues to red soil, we suggest that both the residue C:N ratio and the quality should be considered when deciding whether to apply N fertilizer. 相似文献