Biochar mitigates N2O emissions by promoting complete denitrification in acidic and alkaline paddy soils

Biochar is an efficacious amendment for mitigating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in soils. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for reduced N₂O emissions by biochar in paddy soils remain inadequately elucidated. Here, using two typical paddy soils with contrasting pH values (5.40 and 7.56), the N₂ and N₂O fluxes and the associated functional genes were investigated in soil amended with varying amounts of biochar (0%, 0.5%, and 5%, weight/weight) via soil slurry incubation integrated with the N₂/Ar technique and qPCR analysis. The results showed that N₂O fluxes were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 0.65–3.64 times following biochar amendment, concomitant with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in N₂ fluxes (5.47–46.14%) in both acidic and alkaline paddy soils. As a result, the N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) ratios were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 1.53–4.65 fold in both soil types. In acidic paddy soils, the enhanced denitrification rates and the decreased N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) ratios exhibited a strong correlation with increased pH values. In alkaline paddy soil, these changes were ascribed to the enhanced nosZ Clade I gene abundance and nosZ/(nirS + nirK) ratio. Our findings reveal that biochar primarily mitigates N₂O emissions in paddy soils by promoting its reduction to N₂.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

农田土壤N2O排放和减排措施的研究进展

氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种受人类活动影响的重要温室气体。农业土壤是其主要的排放源之一,土壤中硝化和反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要过程。N2O的排放受多种因素的影响,农业活动尤其是施用化学氮肥是农田N2O排放量增加的主要因素。提高氮肥利用率,使用硝化抑制剂等措施将有助于减少N2O的排放量,更有效的减排措施还有待进一步的研究与应用。     

Effect of crop residue returns on N2O emissions from red soil in China

For a long time, farmers in the red soil region of southern China have returned crop residues to the soil, but how various crop residues influence nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is not well understood. We compared the influence of returning different crop residues [rapeseed cake (RC), maize straw, rice straw and wheat straw (WS)] in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (nil, low and high) on red soil N₂O emissions. Results confirmed the inverse relationship between cumulative N₂O emissions and residue C:N ratio in red soil under different levels of N fertilizer. However, N‐fertilizer application did not significantly influence N₂O emissions in the WS (which had the highest C:N ratio) and corresponding control treatments, while it enhanced N₂O emissions in the RC (which had the lowest C:N ratio) treatment and displayed significantly higher cumulative N₂O emissions with low N fertilizer application. This phenomenon may be attributed to the poor nutrient content in red soil, which leads to ‘Liebig's Law of the Minimum’ on available C. N fertilizer application provided sufficient available N, while the readily available C, which was mainly dependent on the degradability of the residue, became the crucial factor influencing N₂O emissions. Additional experiments, which showed that the addition of glucose and sucrose could increase N₂O emissions when N () was sufficient, confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, to reduce N₂O emissions when returning residues to red soil, we suggest that both the residue C:N ratio and the quality should be considered when deciding whether to apply N fertilizer.     

城市污水的微生物-植物联合修复对水体N_2O、N_2和O_2释放的影响

针对城市河道污染水体治理这一问题,采用自主研发的自然水体原位收集装置对微生物和微生物-植物联合修复过程中气体N_2O、N_2及O2释放的特征进行野外原位监测。结果表明:微生物菌剂和微生物-植物联合净化期间水体氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放速率均值分别为10.68、5.91μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与对照比,降幅分别为16.37%和53.86%;氮气(N_2)释放速率均值分别为1.49、0.87 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为5.70%和67.54%;氧气(O_2)释放速率均值分别为1.14、0.69 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),降幅分别为14.93%和72.06%;微生物菌剂及微生物-植物联合净化期间,目测水体透明度转好,藻类含量降低,水体溶氧由超饱和状态(17.17 mg·L~(-1))降至正常水体溶氧水平(9.49 mg·L~(-1)),降幅达到50%,可能是水体氧气释放速率降低的原因。因此,微生物-植物联合净化能显著降低水体N_2O、N_2及O_2的释放速率,推测是由于微生物和水生植物对水体养分的同化作用产生营养竞争,抑制了微生物反硝化作用产生N_2O、N_2并抑制藻类生长产生O_2及增加水体溶氧的原因。     

NaCl浓度对SBBR同步脱氮及N2O释放的影响

盐度是影响生物脱氮过程的重要因素。盐度增加会导致生物硝化和反硝化过程中N_2O的产生并释放。该文以添加NaCl的生活污水为研究对象,采用固定填料序批式生物膜反应器(sequencing batch biofilm reactor,SBBR),考察了不同NaCl浓度(0、5、10、15和20g/L)对SBBR脱氮性能及N_2O释放的影响。结果表明,试验NaCl浓度范围内,SBBR出水COD稳定在40～60mg/L。硝化过程NO_2~-/NO_3~-随NaCl浓度增加而增加。NaCl浓度≤10g/L时,NH_4~+-N去除率大于95%,N_2O产率由4.08%(NaCl浓度为0)增至6.72%(NaCl浓度为10 g/L)。NaCl浓度为20 g/L时,驯化后SBBR内平均NH_4~+-N去除率为70%,平均N_2O产率为13.60%。无添加NaCl时,N_2O主要产生于硝化阶段的AOB好氧反硝化过程,SBBR内缺氧区有助于减少N_2O释放;高NaCl浓度条件下,N_2O主要产生于AOB好氧反硝化过程和内源同步反硝化过程,高盐度加剧内源反硝化阶段NO_2~-和N_2O之间电子竞争,抑制N_2O还原,其活性抑制性能与电子受体和初始C/N有关。与硝态氮还原速率和亚硝态氮还原速率相比,氧化亚氮还原速率受NaCl抑制最为明显,是导致高盐度条件下N_2O释放量增加的重要因素。     

亚硝酸盐添加对土壤硝化和反硝化基因转录活性及N2O排放的影响

设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤（碱性土壤/酸性土壤）为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气（N2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因（amoA）、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因（nirK和 nirS,统称nir）和N2O还原酶调控基因（nosZ）的丰度和转录情况。结果显示：受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数（IN2O）（P<0.05）。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。     

Effect of cattle slurry application techniques on N2O and NH3 emissions from a loamy soil

We determined N₂O fluxes from an unfertilized control (CON), from a treatment with mineral N‐fertilizer (MIN), from cattle slurry with banded surface application and subsequent incorporation (INC), and from slurry injection (INJ) to silage maize (Zea mays, L.) on a Haplic Luvisol in southwest Germany. In both years, amount of available N (total N fertilized + N_min content before N application) was 210 kg N ha^?1. In the slurry treatment of the 1^st year, 140 kg N ha^?1 were either injected or incorporated, whereas 30 kg N ha^?1 were surface applied to avoid destruction of the maize plants. In the 2^nd year, all fertilizers were applied with one single application. We calculated greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) on field level including direct N₂O emissions (calculated from the measured flux rates), indirect N₂O emissions (NH₃ and ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ induced N₂O emission), net CH₄ fluxes, fuel consumption and pre‐chain emissions from mineral fertilizer. NH₃ losses were measured in the 2^nd year using the Dräger‐Tube Method and estimated for both years. NH₃ emission was highest in the treatment without incorporation. It generally contributed less than 5% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from silage maize cultivation. The mean area‐related N₂O emission, determined with the closed chamber method was 2.8, 4.7, 4.4 and 13.8 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 y^?1 for CON, MIN, INC, and INJ, respectively. Yield‐related N₂O emission showed the same trend. Across all treatments, direct N₂O emission was the major contributor to GHG with an average of 79%. Trail hose application with immediate incorporation was found to be the optimum management practice for livestock farmers in our study region.     

菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律

为了解不同集约化类型菜地土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子,选取京郊20年露地老菜地(OV20)、3年菜地种植历史的露地新菜地(OV3)、3年大棚菜地(GV3),以及相邻的当地典型粮田玉米地(Maize)4个类型地块,研究了春黄瓜生育期间土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子。结果表明:1)春黄瓜生育期间的土壤CO2排放通量主要受土壤5 cm处温度(指数关系)和土壤水分(对数关系或二次抛物线关系)影响;期间玉米地土壤CO2平均排放通量为(346.8±56.5)mg.m-2.h-1,20年露地菜地、3年露地菜地有机肥处理、3年露地菜地配施处理、3年大棚菜地的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别是玉米地的1.38、1.21、1.39和1.56倍。2)土壤N2O排放通量与施肥活动密切相关,排放高峰都出现在氮肥施用后,并受土壤温度和水分的影响。基肥后土壤温度低(15～20℃),排放峰出现在第5 d,排放峰持续时间(长达20 d)与施肥量相关;追肥后土壤温度高(>20℃),排放高峰发生早(追肥后第3 d),但因追肥用量低,因此持续时间短(仅一周)。3)黄瓜生长期内玉米地N2O累积排放量为N(1.95±0.10)kg.hm-2,20年老菜地、3年大棚菜地和3年新菜地N2O累积排放量分别是同期大田玉米地的1.67、1.95和1.99倍。4)本实验中春黄瓜生长季菜地土壤化肥氮N2O排放系数在1.86%～4.71%之间,显著高于IPCC旱地排放缺省值1%。其中,新菜地排放系数高于老菜地,设施菜地排放系数高于露地菜地;但有机肥氮的N2O排放系数则远远低于化肥氮的排放系数,仅为0.11%。     

Effect of crop residue C:N ratio on N2O emissions from Gray Lowland soil in Mikasa,Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract

We studied the effect of crop residues with various C:N ratios on N₂O emissions from soil. We set up five experimental plots with four types of crop residues, onion leaf (OL), soybean stem and leaf (SSL), rice straw (RS) and wheat straw (WS), and no residue (NR) on Gray Lowland soil in Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan. The C:N ratios of these crop residues were 11.6, 14.5, 62.3, and 110, respectively. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey of farmer practices, we determined appropriate application rates: 108, 168, 110, 141 and 0 g C m^?2 and 9.3, 11.6, 1.76, 1.28 and 0 g N m^?2, respectively. We measured N₂O, CO₂ and NO fluxes using a closed chamber method. At the same time, we measured soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm, water-filled pore space (WFPS), and the concentrations of soil NH⁺ ₄-N, NO^? ₃-N and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Significant peaks of N₂O and CO₂ emissions came from OL and SSL just after application, but there were no emissions from RS, WS or NR. There was a significant relationship between N₂O and CO₂ emissions in each treatment except WS, and correlations between CO₂ flux and temperature in RS, soil NH⁺ ₄-N and N₂O flux in SSL and NR, soil NH⁺ ₄-N and CO₂ flux in SSL, and WSOC and CO₂ flux in WS. The ratio of N₂O-N/NO-N increased to approximately 100 in OL and SSL as N₂O emissions increased. Cumulative N₂O and CO₂ emissions increased as the C:N ratio decreased, but not significantly. The ratio of N₂O emission to applied N ranged from ?0.43% to 0.86%, and was significantly correlated with C:N ratio (y = ?0.59 ln [x] + 2.30, r ² = 0.99, P < 0.01). The ratio of CO₂ emissions to applied C ranged from ?5.8% to 45% and was also correlated with C:N ratio, but not significantly (r ² = 0.78, P = 0.11).     

秸秆施用位置、矿质氮的添加及翻耕措施对只施秸秆的黑土和红壤中微生物生物量碳变化趋势的影响

Quantifying trends in soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) under contrasting management conditions is important in understanding the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) in soils and in ensuring their sustainable use. Against such a background, a 60-day greenhouse simulation experiment was carried out to study the effects of straw placement, mineral N source, and tillage on SMBC dynamics in two contrasting soils, red soil (Ferrasol) and black soil (Acrisol). The treatments included straw addition + buried (T1); straw addition + mineral N (T2); and straw addition + tillage (T3). Straw was either buried in the soil or placed on the surface. Sampling was done every 15 days. Straw placement, addition of external mineral N sources (Urea, 46% N) and soil type affected SMBC. SMBC levels decreased with exposure durations (15 days, 30 days, 45 days, and 60 days). Rate of SMBC fixation was more in buried straw than in surface placed straw at all sampling dates in both soils. Addition of an external N source significantly increased SMBC level. Soil pH increased in both soil types, with a greater increase in black soil than in red soil. The study could not, however, statistically account for the effect of tillage on SMBC levels because of the limited effect of our tillage method due to the artificial barrier to mechanical interference supplied by the mesh bags, although differences in absolute values were quite evident between treatments T1 and T3.     

N dynamics and sources of N2O production following pig slurry application to a loamy soil

Carbon (C) and Nitrogen dynamics and sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O) production were investigated in a loamy soil amended with pig slurry. Pig slurry (40000kgha^–1) or distilled H₂O was applied to intact soil cores of the upper 5cm of a loamy soil which were incubated under aerobic conditions for 28 days at 25°C. Treatments were with or without acetylene (C₂H₂), which is assumed to inhibit the reduction of N₂O to dinitrogen (N₂), and with or without dicyandiamide (DCD), which is thought to inhibit nitrification. Volatilization of ammonia (NH₃), pH, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and N₂O production, and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrate NO₃ ^–) concentrations were monitored. The pH of the pig slurry amended soil increased from an initial value of 7.1 to pH 8.3 within 3 days; it then decreased slowly but was still at a value of 7.4 after 28 days. Twenty percent of the NH₄ ⁺ applied volatilized within 28 days. Sixty percent of the C applied in the pig slurry evolved as CO₂, if no priming effect was assumed, but only 38% evolved when the soil was amended with DCD. Pig slurry significantly increased denitrification and the ratio between its gaseous products, N₂O and N₂, was 0.21. No significant increases in NO₃ ^– concentration occurred, and N₂O produced through nitrification was 0.07mg N₂O-N kg^–1 day^–1 or 33% of the total N₂O produced. C₂H₂ was used as a C substrate by microorganisms and increased the production of N₂O. Received: 12 May 1997     

不同配比有机无机肥料对菜地N2O排放的影响

【目的】 采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究有机无机肥料配施对菜地N₂O排放的影响。【方法】 试验期间连续种植了4季蔬菜,分别为香菜、空心菜、菜秧、菠菜,其中香菜和菠菜种植期间有塑料大棚覆盖。每季蔬菜收获后至下季蔬菜种植前有时间不等的休耕期。每季蔬菜种植前肥料作为基肥一次性施入,施肥量均为N 250 kg/hm2,其中空心菜在第二茬收获后追施N 250 kg/hm2一次,整个观测期共施肥5次,总施氮量为N 1250 kg/hm2,同时施入等量P₂O₅、K₂O。试验共设4个处理:不施氮对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、有机无机肥料1:1配施（M1N1）和有机无机肥料2:1配施（M2N1）。N₂O排放通量测定频率为每周一次,每次施肥后则每2天测定一次。【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在4~10月份,并与10 cm土层土壤温度呈显著正相关;NPK处理菜地N₂O排放通量与土壤无机氮含量显著相关,其他处理N₂O排放通量与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮以及无机氮含量间无显著相关。整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度（WFPS）介于39%~59%之间,土壤水分含量的变化对N₂O排放通量无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,M1N1和M2N1处理均能保证蔬菜产量稳定,并显著提高空心菜的产量。与NPK处理相比,M1N1处理显著降低菜地N₂O周年累积排放量36%,显著降低N₂O周年排放系数64%。与M2N1处理相比,M1N1处理的N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数分别显著降低29%和56%;而M2N1处理较NPK处理的减排效果不显著。【结论】 在集约化菜地适宜的无机有机肥料配比既能保证蔬菜产量,又能减少N₂O排放,不施或施用有机肥比例过高均不利于减少N₂O周年排放。本试验条件下,有机无机肥料以1:1配施是合适的稳产减排措施。     

竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O通量的影响

【目的】氧化亚氮(N2O)是温室气体的主要组成部分,其增温效应极强,陆地生态系统是N2O的主要排放源之一。人工林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,但目前关于经营措施对人工林生态系统土壤N2O通量的影响研究较少。本文研究了竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O排放通量的影响,为调控亚热带人工林土壤N2O排放通量提供理论基础与科学依据。【方法】定位试验于2012年7月~2013年7月在浙江省临安市三口镇典型板栗林区进行,设对照、输入竹叶、输入生物质炭3个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定板栗林土壤N2O通量的动态变化以及土壤温度、土壤含水量、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量。【结果】不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈显著的季节性变化特征,最高值出现在7月,最低值出现在1月。与对照相比,竹叶处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别增加了17.2%和12.8%,而生物质炭处理的土壤N2O年平均通量和年累积排放量分别降低了27.4%和20.5%。竹叶处理的土壤WSON、MBN、NH+4-N及NO-3-N含量增加12.4%、19.1%、8.3%和13%,而生物质炭处理的NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量分别降低了14.1%和18%。在对照、竹叶以及生物质炭处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度(表层5 cm处)和WSOC含量均有显著相关性(P 0.05),与土壤MBC含量均无显著相关性。竹叶处理土壤N2O通量与NH+4-N、NO-3-N及WSON含量均有显著相关性(P0.05)。【结论】在不同处理条件下,板栗林土壤N2O排放通量均呈现明显的季节性变化特征,表现为夏季高、 冬季低。输入竹叶可显著增加板栗林土壤N2O排放通量,而输入生物质炭N2O排放通量显著降低;输入竹叶和生物质炭可能是通过影响土壤碳库与氮库特征而影响土壤N2O的排放通量。     

The effect of reduced tillage on nitrous oxide emissions of silt loam soils

The effect of reduced tillage (RT) on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions of soils from fields with root crops under a temperate climate was studied. Three silt loam fields under RT agriculture were compared with their respective conventional tillage (CT) field with comparable crop rotation and manure application. Undisturbed soil samples taken in September 2005 and February 2006 were incubated under laboratory conditions for 10 days. The N₂O emission of soils taken in September 2005 varied from 50 to 1,095 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in September 2005 were statistically (P < 0.05) higher or comparable than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. The N₂O emission of soils taken in February 2006 varied from 0 to 233 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in February 2006 tended to be higher than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. A positive and significant Pearson correlation of the N₂O–N emissions with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻–N) content in the soil was found (P < 0.01). Leaving the straw on the field, a typical feature of RT, decreased NO₃ ⁻–N content of the soil and reduced N₂O emissions from RT soils.     

施氮方式对玉米氮吸收及土壤养分、N2O排放的影响

通过3年定位试验,研究不施氮肥、农民传统施氮、比传统施氮减量20%、减氮20%配合秸秆还田、减氮20%施用包膜尿素处理对玉米年际产量、植株氮吸收、土壤养分变化及N2O排放的影响。结果表明:包膜尿素处理产量最高,比空白处理增产18.50%,比产量次高的秸秆还田处理仅增产0.51%,二个处理间产量差异不显著;包膜尿素处理和秸秆还田处理可增加植株氮的吸收固定;秸秆还田处理的肥料利用率和植株总氮积累量高于包膜尿素处理,但其氮收获指数最低,为0.606,从注重品质角度,包膜尿素处理的效果略好于秸秆还田处理;各施肥处理都比空白处理提高了土壤主要养分含量,但从有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量提升综合评价,包膜尿素处理和秸秆还田处理对土壤的培肥作用好于农民习惯施肥处理;秸秆还田处理的N2O-N季节排放总量和排放系数都最高,分别为N 1.50 kg·hm-2·季-1和0.27。因此,从保产稳产、培肥地力、提升品质、减少N2O排放综合考虑,建议推广比农民习惯施肥量减少氮量20%的包膜尿素一次性施入在玉米生产中的应用。     

不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N_2O排放特征

为探讨日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内N2O排放动态变化及其对不同氮水平的响应规律,采用密闭静态箱法,研究了常规氮量(黄瓜季1 200 kg/hm2,番茄季900 kg/hm2)、比常规氮量减25%(黄瓜季900 kg/hm2,番茄季675 kg/hm2)、减50%(黄瓜季600 kg/hm2,番茄季450 kg/hm2)以及不施氮对日光温室土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,温度是影响日光温室土壤N2O排放强度的重要因素,4-10月(平均气温为27.4℃)的N2O排放通量最高达818.4μg/(m2·h);而2-3月(平均气温15.1℃)以及11-12月(平均气温14.7℃)期间的N2O排放通量最高仅为464.5μg/(m2·h),比4-10月的N2O排放峰值降低了43.2%。N2O排放峰值在氮肥追施后5 d内出现,N2O排放量集中在氮肥施用后7 d内,可占整个监测期(271 d)排放量的64.7%~67.8%。施氮因增加了土壤硝态氮含量而引起N2O排放爆发式增长,0~10 cm土壤硝态氮含量与N2O排放量呈指数函数关系(P0.01)。日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内的N2O排放量为0.99~9.92 kg/hm2,其中75.6%~90.0%由施氮造成。与常规氮用量相比,氮减量25%和50%处理的N2O排放量分别降低了40.4%和59.3%,总产量却增加4.9%和7.4%。综上所述,合理减少氮用量不仅可显著降低日光温室土壤N2O排放,而且不会引起产量的降低。该研究为日光温室蔬菜生产构建科学合理的施氮技术及估算中国设施农田温室气体排放量提供参考。