手推式矮丛蓝莓采摘机设计与试验

为实现矮丛蓝莓收获的机械化,降低工人的劳动强度,设计一款手推式矮丛蓝莓采摘机。该文首先对收获机理分析,得到了设计依据。应用ADAMS对关键部位进行仿真,确定采摘部分工作参数,为传动系统设计提供了依据,并试制样机。应用样机进行采摘试验,分析试验数据得到,单台采摘量为12kg/h,果实损坏率10%,采净率86%。分析了影响采摘效率的因素,并提出改进措施。     

Phosphorus Mobility in Soil Columns of Different Manure Treatment Products Under Simulated and Field Leaching Conditions

To investigate a proper way to use animal manure as a fertilizer, simulated leaching experiments with soil columns (40 cm) and field experiments were both conducted. Concretely, biological organic fertilizer (BOF), ordinary organic fertilizer (OF), and swine manure (SM) were utilized, with chemical fertilizer (CF) and no phosphorus (NOP) as controls. The mobility of phosphorus and the amount of organic matter (OM) retention in soil were compared. Total phosphorus in the leachate was SM>BOF>OF (simulated) and SM>OF>BOF (field), and the content of Olsen-P in 0 to 20-cm depth of the soil was CF>SM>OF>BOF>NOP (simulated) and CF>BOF>OF>SM = NOP (field), which was caused by the absorption of vegetables in the latter. Moreover, OM retention of BOF treatment was significantly higher than other treatments in 0 to 20-cm depth of soil with vegetable planting. Consequently, it’s not advised to directly apply SM into the soil, while BOF and OF are the better way.     

农田土壤重组有机碳平衡的研究

Considerable evidence that the soil organic matter （OM） level in agricultural soils will gradually over time reach an equilibrium state under certain bioclimatic conditions and for certain cropping systems has been accumulating. Although models or long-term experiments have been used, this research used physical fractionation procedure to attain an soil OM equilibrium value. To obtain soil OM equilibrium values in the heavy fraction, typical soils from three long-term field experiments at Fengqiu and Yingtan State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Stations in China were studied using a simple density fractionation procedure and employing the Langmuir equation. Results for the fluvo-aquic soil with organic fertilizer treatments indicated that the soil OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction was twofold more than that in the inorganic treatments; however, for the paddy soil developed on red soil the OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction for both treatments was almost identical. It suggested that for fiuvo-aquic soils the increased potential of OM for the heavy fraction in the long run was larger for the organic than the inorganic fertilizer applications, whereas for paddy soils developed on red soils under the same conditions the present OM content in the heavy fraction was at or close to this equilibrium level for all treatments, and increased potential was very limited.     

Phosphorus saturation in soils and groundwaters

On average, crops require about 30 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ of P in humid regions. in some regions fertilizer and manure are applied in amounts that exceed this. the surplus of P in agricultural areas is about 20-45 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. This implies an accumulation of P. the surplus of P estimated from the balance of agricultural soils of industrialized countries in Europe in the last four decades is between 800 and more than 1500 kg ha⁻¹ although this distribution is not even. Phosphorus accumulation is more than one order of magnitude higher than average in areas with intensive livestock farming. Consequently, The application of high levels of manure exceed the capacity of the soil to store P. This implies that P saturation May, pose a problem. Indeed, about half of the Dutch sandy soils (approximately 300 000 ha) are currently considered to be saturated with P, meaning that there is a hazard of P leaching to groundwaters in the future. Assuming current phosphate application rates, phosphate leaching is a distinct possibility over a period of decades to a century. Vulnerable areas are soils with high inputs, low sorption capacities for P, high water-tables and a low retention time for water. the possible consequence is a time-delayed increase of eutrophication of surface waters (lakes, rivers and the sea) caused by a diffuse load of P in the few next decades. Modelling the influence of different agricultural strategies shows that accumulation of P would not increase further only if the use of P increases by an amount that compensates for the increased inputs. It is proposed to change the current support system of agriculture by installing a system of financial incentives and taxes which seek to promote nutrient balances for each farm.     

pH and solubility of aluminium in acidic forest soils: a consequence of reactions between organic acidity and aluminium alkalinity

Data from two Podzol O and E horizons, sampled in 1-cm layers at 13 points within 2 m × 2 m plots, were used to test the hypothesis that the composition of hydrogen ions (H) and aluminium (Al) adsorbed to the solid-phase soil organic matter (SOM) determines pH and Al solubility in organic-rich acidic forest soils. Organically adsorbed Al was extracted sequentially with 0.5 m CuCl₂ and organically adsorbed H was determined as the difference between total acidity titrated to pH 8.2 and Al extracted in 0.5 m CuCl₂. The quotient between fractions of SOM sites binding Al and H (N_Al/N_H) is shown to determine the variation in pH and Al solubility. It is furthermore shown that models in which pH and Al solubility are linked via a pH-dependent solubility of an Al hydroxide and in which cation exchange between Al³⁺ and Ca²⁺, rather than cation exchange between Al³⁺ and H⁺, is the main pH-buffering process cannot be used to simulate pH or Al solubility in O and E horizons. The fraction of SOM sites adsorbing Al increased by depth in the lower O and throughout the E horizon at the same magnitude as sites adsorbing H decreased. The fraction of sites binding the cations Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + K⁺ + Na⁺ remained constant. It is suggested that a net reaction between Al silicates (proton acceptors) and protonated functional groups in SOM (proton donors) is the long-term chemical process determining the composition of organically adsorbed H and Al in the lower part of the O and in the E horizon of Podzols. Thus, in the long term, pH and Al solubility are determined by the interaction between organic acidity and Al alkalinity.     

从高山火山灰中提取铝, 铁和有机碳的可供选择的方法

Montane volcanic ash soils contain disproportionate amounts of soil organic carbon and thereby play an often underestimated role in the global carbon cycle.Given the central role of Al and Fe in stabilizing organic matter in volcanic ash soils,we assessed various extraction methods of Al,Fe,and C fractions from montane volcanic ash soils in northern Ecuador,aiming at elucidating the role of Al and Fe in stabilizing soil organic matter(SOM).We found extractions with cold sodium hydroxide,ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid,sodium pyrophosphate,and sodium tetraborate to be particularly useful.Combination of these methods yielded information about the role of the mineral phase in stabilizing organic matter and the differences in type and degree of complexation of organic matter with Al and Fe in the various horizons and soil profiles.Sodium tetraborate extraction proved the only soft extraction method that yielded simultaneous information about the Al,Fe,and C fractions extracted.It also appeared to differentiate between SOM fractions of different stability.The fractions of copper chloride-and potassium chloride-extractable Al were useful in assessing the total reactive and toxic Al fractions,respectively.The classical subdivision of organic matter into humic acids,fulvic acids,and humin added little useful information.The use of fulvic acids as a proxy for mobile organic matter as done in several model-based approaches seems invalid in the soils studied.     

氟化物对酸性土壤溶液组成的影响

Atmospheric emissions of fluoride from an aluminium smelter-alumina refinery located on the northern coast of Galicia, NW Spain, increase the content of fluorine in soils and vegetation in the vicinity of the complex. The effects of the addition of fluoride solutions on the chemical properties of soil samples from the area surrounding the complex were investigated in laboratory experiments. Addition of fluoride to soils resulted in increases in pH and concentrations of Fe, Al, and organic matter in the equilibrium solutions and decreases in concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K. No consistent effects were observed on the Cu, Mn, or Zn concentrations. Most of the Al in solution was bound to organic matter. Within the fraction “labile aluminium,” the concentration of Al-OH complexes decreased and the Al-F complexes increased, especially AlF3 and AlF4-, which are less toxic than Al3+ and Al-OH species.     

山西省菜园土壤磷素积累特征及流失风险分析

为了解山西省不同区域菜园土壤磷素积累以及流失情况, 本文分析了菜园土壤磷饱和度(DPS)、Mehlich3-P、Olsen-P与水溶性磷(Pw)的积累特征.结果表明: 山西各地菜园土壤4种磷素(土壤全磷、水溶性磷、Olsen-P和 Mehlich3-P)积累明显, 已经远远超过作物需求量; 土壤表层水溶性磷含量随着土壤磷饱和度(DPS)、Olsen-P、Mehlich3-P含量的增加而增加; 且Mehlich3-P与Olsen-P、水溶性磷与Olsen-P、水溶性磷与Mehlich3-P之间具有极显著相关性, 相关系数分别为0.976 6、0.923 2、0.962 0 (P<0.01); 当磷饱和度大于46.64%、Olsen-P大于81.88 mg·kg-1、Mehlich3-P大于164.59 mg·kg-1时, 水溶性磷含量上升幅度迅速增大, 由此将土壤磷饱和度为46.64%、Olsen-P 为81.88 mg·kg-1、Mehlich3-P为164.59 mg·kg-1和水溶性磷为8.05 mg·kg-1初步确定为山西省菜园土壤磷素流失的临界值.该结果将为探讨山西农田土壤磷素的养分管理和环境风险评估提供重要的理论依据.     

Evidence of dissolved trivalent manganese in acidic forest soils

Background

Evidence of trivalent manganese (Mn³⁺) in the aqueous phase of soils is unknown so far although this strong oxidant has large environmental implications.

Aims

We aimed to modify a spectrophotometric protocol (porphyrin method) and to discriminate between Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺ in the aqueous phase of forest soils based on kinetic modeling.

Methods

We investigated manganese speciation in 12 forest floor solutions and 41 soil solutions from an acidic forest site by adjusting pH and correcting for absorbance.

Results

The solutions showed broad ranges in pH (3.4−6.3), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 1.78−77.1 mg C L⁻¹), and total Mn (Mn_T, 23.9−908 µg L⁻¹). For acidic solutions, a pH-buffer was added to increase the pH of the solutions to 7.5−8.0, and background absorption was corrected for colored solutions, that is, solutions high in DOC. This was done to accelerate the reaction kinetics and avoid overestimation of Mn_T concentrations. After the pH and color adjustments, the comparison of Mn_T concentrations between the porphyrin method and optical emission spectrometry showed good agreement. Trivalent Mn, which is stabilized by organic ligands, constitutes significant proportions in both forest floor solutions (10−87%) and soil solutions (0.5−74%).

Conclusions

The dissolved Mn³⁺ is present in acidic forest soils. Thus, we revise the paradigm that this species is not stable and encourage to apply the revised method to other soils.     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同植被类型土壤磷素的比较

以广元市水土流失定位观测站内的3个不同植被恢复模式为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内实验分析,测定了湿地松纯林,刺槐纯林及湿地松刺槐混交林的土壤有机质与P素含量。结果表明：（1）混交林的土壤结构明显好于湿地松与刺槐纯林;（2）混交林中有机质含量高于刺槐与湿地松纯林,3个林地的土壤有机质多集中在土壤上层,并随着土壤深度的增加而减少。（3）土壤全磷与有效磷含量大小顺序基本为：刺槐林〉混交林〉湿地松     

不同氧化还原条件下土壤性质对非石灰性土壤中锌溶解动力学的影响

Zinc(Zn) deficiency in paddy soils is often a problem for rice production.Flooding can decrease metal availability in some noncalcareous soils through different mechanisms associated with soil redox status.Laboratory experiments were performed in order to better understand the processes that governed the dynamics of Zn in non-calcareous paddy soils at varying redox potentials(Eh).Airdried non-calcareous soil samples collected from four different paddy field sites in the Philippines were submerged and incubated in a reaction cell with continuous stirring and nitrogen purging for 4 weeks,and then purged with compressed air for another week to reoxidize the system.The Eh of the four soils started at 120 to 300 mV,decreased to —220 to —300 mV after 100 to 250 h of reduction,and was maintained at this low plateau for about 2 weeks before increasing again upon reoxidation.Zinc solubility showed contrasting patterns in the four soils,with two of the soils showing a decrease in soluble Zn as the Eh became low,probably due to zinc sulfide(ZnS) precipitation.In contrast,the other two soils showed that Zn solubility was maintained during the reduced phase which could be due to the competition with iron(Fe) for precipitation with sulfide.Differences in the relative amounts of S,Fe,and manganese(Mn) oxides in the four soils apparently influenced the pattern of Zn solubility after flooding.     

长期三熟制下谷物产量和土壤氮磷钾及有机质性状的演化

自1973年10月起在麦稻稻三熟制下连续进行了26年定位试验。结果表明,长期配施N肥和猪厩肥可以实现谷物的持续增产,保持土壤有机质的持续增长,并培肥土壤,有机质达到60g/kg的高水平。稻田土壤的有机质数量演化可以幂指数方程表示。土壤N素平衡有余,全N大幅度增加,而有效N的增长差距巨大。全K和速效K显著下降,缓效K变化不大。全P在平衡或盈余时有效P大幅提高。     

Molecular composition and structure of organic matter in density fractions of soils amended with corn straw for five years

Corn straw is an important source of carbon (C),and when applied to soil,it alters the accumulation and distribution of organic C.However,the mechanistic pathways by which newly added C is stored and stabilized in soil remain a subject of interest and debate among scholars.In this study,we investigated the chemistry of organic matter in different density fractions of Haplic Cambisol (sandy clay loam) in a field experiment with corn straw at8 900 kg ha^-1year^-1under no tillag...     

Effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter on the water repellency of model sandy soils

Soil water repellency affects the hydrological functions of soil systems. Water repellency is associated with the content and the composition of soil organic matter. In the present study, we examined the effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter contents, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content on water repellency using model sandy soils. Stearic acid and guar gum were used as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds, respectively. Water repellency was estimated using the sessile drop method. Hydrophobic organic matter content was found to be the dominant factor affecting soil water repellency. Hydrophilic organic matter was found to increase the contact angle to some extent without the presence of hydrophobic organic matter. With the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic matter, the effects of the hydrophilic organic matter content on contact angle were found to be dependent on the hydrophobic organic matter content of the soil. This relationship was explained by the differences in the surface free energies of different organic matter and mineral surfaces. The contact angle increased with increasing hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio when the hydrophilic organic matter content was constant. When the hydrophobic organic matter content was constant, contact angles were roughly comparable, irrespective of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio. The contact angles were not comparable at each total organic matter content. Accordingly, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic matter ratio and the total organic matter content in soil may not provide satisfactory information about soil water repellency.     

磷细菌在复垦土壤上生长规律及对磷解析特性的影响

为了解磷细菌在山西采煤塌陷复垦土壤上的应用效果,以采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养方法,设空白对照,探索了施有机肥(M)、磷细菌(B)、磷细菌+葡萄糖(BG)、磷细菌+尿素(BU)、磷细菌+葡萄糖+尿素(BGU)、磷细菌+葡萄糖+尿素+有机肥(BGUM)对磷细菌生长和土壤养分、磷吸附解吸的影响,其中磷细菌菌液浓度为1.2×108 CFU·m L?1,接种量为5 m L·盆?1。结果表明:在培养周期内各处理磷细菌数量呈先增加后减少的趋势,BGUM处理磷细菌数量远高于其他处理;培养的60 d内BGUM处理土壤磷细菌数量由最初的1.0×106 CFU·g?1降到3.3×104 CFU·g?1,60 d后,BGUM处理磷细菌数量分别是BGU、BG、BU、B处理的300倍、367倍、1 650倍、3 300倍。M、B和BGUM处理复垦土壤有效磷含量分别比CK处理增加172.27 mg·kg?1、3.00 mg·kg?1和188.9 mg·kg?1,施用有机肥或者接种磷细菌可以显著增加土壤有效磷含量,葡萄糖、尿素、有机肥与磷细菌配合施用对复垦土壤有效磷增加的效果更显著。随着外加磷源浓度的增加,各处理复垦土壤吸磷量和解吸磷量都呈现增加的趋势,Langmuir等温吸附方程是描述各处理等温吸附特征的最佳方法;与CK相比,BGUM处理土壤最大吸磷量降低幅度最大,减少119.05 mg·kg?1,吸附常数也显著降低,BGUM处理复垦土壤磷的平均解吸率为33.20%,显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。因此,在各处理中,BGUM处理土壤磷细菌数量最多,对复垦土壤有效磷的增加效果最显著,对土壤最大缓冲容量和平均解吸率影响最大。BGUM处理是磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用的最佳选择,即在复垦土壤上施用磷细菌时,应该与合适的碳源、氮源及有机肥共同配合施用。     

Phosphorus sorption capacities and saturation of soils in two regions with different livestock densities in northwest Germany

Abstract. Soils in areas with high livestock density contribute to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems through loss of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P). In order to identify the potential for P loss from such soils we determined phosphorus extracted by water (H₂O-P), by double lactate (DL-P), and P sorption capacity (PSC) and degree of P saturation (DPS) in soil samples from two counties, one with low (Harle-catchment) and the other with very high livestock density (Vechta). Both catchments are hydrologically connected with the tidal areas of the North Sea.
The mean concentrations of H₂O-P (0.4mmol/kg) and DL-P (3.9 mmol/kg) were lower in the Harle-catchment than in the Vechta area (1.2 mmol/kg, 6.8mmol/kg). Although oxalate-extractable Al (Al_ox) and Fe (Fe_ox) and the derived PSCs varied according to soil type and to land use, the livestock density and the resulting high concentrations of oxalate-extractable P (P_ox) were shown to be the main reason for the very high DPS of up to 179% in the county of Vechta. These values exceeded DPS reported from other intensive pig feeding areas in western Europe and indicate the potential for significant P loss. Less than 40% of the variation in P_ox could be explained by the routinely determined H₂O-Por DL-P. Geostatistical analyses indicated that the spatial variability of P_ox depended on manurial history of fields and Al_ox, showed still smaller-scale variability. These were the major constraints for regional assessments of P losses and eutrophication risk from agricultural soils using available soil P-test values, digital maps and geostatistical methods.     

长期施肥对酸性土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为明确长期施肥对集约化果园土壤磷形态、分布特征及其有效性的影响，本研究对琯溪蜜柚主产区29个果园的土壤进行调查研究，采用张守敬和Jackson的酸性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究蜜柚果园土壤磷素累积对土壤磷形态及有效性的影响。结果表明：在集约化蜜柚果园中，土壤磷素累积丰富，随树龄增加土壤速效磷含量上升显著，且土壤磷形态在不同土层存在显著性差异；当全磷含量≤0.5 g/kg时，土壤磷形态主要以有机磷、铁磷为主，随着全磷含量的上升，铝磷含量、占比均显著上升；多元线性回归和逐步回归分析结果表明本试验中铝磷与速效磷相关性最好。果园土壤已经形成一个巨大的磷库，且有效性较高，可适当减少磷肥投入，降低土壤磷含量，减少经济成本，提高生态效益。     

中国稻田土壤有效磷时空演变特征及其对磷平衡的响应

以农业农村部始于1988年的全国稻田土壤监测数据库为基础,将稻作区划分为东北、长江三角洲(简称"长三角")、长江中游、华南和西南五个区域,分析近30 a各稻作区土壤有效磷含量、磷肥回收率及农学效率和磷素的表观平衡,揭示各区域间稻田土壤磷素时间演变和空间差异特征,为稻田土壤磷素科学管理提供理论依据.结果表明,全国主要稻作...     

Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: a review

Soil salinity (high levels of water-soluble salt) and sodicity (high levels of exchangeable sodium), called collectively salt-affected soils, affect approximately 932 million ha of land globally. Saline and sodic landscapes are subjected to modified hydrologic processes which can impact upon soil chemistry, carbon and nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, with the level of SOC an important measure of a soil's health. Because the SOC pool is dependent on inputs from vegetation, the effects of salinity and sodicity on plant health adversely impacts upon SOC stocks in salt-affected areas, generally leading to less SOC. Saline and sodic soils are subjected to a number of opposing processes which affect the soil microbial biomass and microbial activity, changing CO₂ fluxes and the nature and delivery of nutrients to vegetation. Sodic soils compound SOC loss by increasing dispersion of aggregates, which increases SOC mineralisation, and increasing bulk density which restricts access to substrate for mineralisation. Saline conditions can increase the decomposability of soil organic matter but also restrict access to substrates due to flocculation of aggregates as a result of high concentrations of soluble salts. Saline and sodic soils usually contain carbonates, which complicates the carbon (C) dynamics. This paper reviews soil processes that commonly occur in saline and sodic soils, and their effect on C stocks and fluxes to identify the key issues involved in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil aggregation processes which need to be addressed to fully understand C dynamics in salt-affected soils.