Growth Performance of Triploid Red Tilapia Reared Under Laboratory Conditions

Triploidy could reduce breeding activity in tilapia without the use of hormones. In this study, the effect of triploidy on survival, growth, and gender of a line of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus X Oreochromis niloticus) was assessed relative to the performance of diploid siblings. Triploidy was induced by preventing second polar body extrusion by applying either heat or cold shock. Growth was similar for both ploidies during the first 90 days of culture. However, at the age of 120 days, the average body weight of triploids produced by heat shock (215.5 ± 3.61 g) was significantly higher than that of cold shock (192.7 ± 2.6 g) and the diploid control (191.9 ± 1.74 g). Survival among triploids was inferior to diploids. Percentage of males in the triploid population was 82.9% in the heat-shocked treatment group, 54.8% in the cold-shock treatment, and 50% in the diploid control. Maximum attainable weight of red tilapia was calculated by applying the Ford-Walford growth plot: 650 g (heat-shocked triploids), 490 g (cold-shocked triploids), and 440 g in the diploid control.     

Growth, Survival, and Biochemical Composition of Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii Fed Natural Food Organisms Under Controlled Conditions

Under production conditions freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii are supplied nutrients by a combination of prepared diets and natural pond organisms. For maximum production efficiency and profitability it is important that the nutritional contributions of natural foods be identified and quantified. In this study the relative importance of forage organisms previously identified as important natural foods for prawns in ponds were evaluated under controlled conditions. Juvenile prawns (average weight 1.80 ± 0.06 g) were stocked into 18 37.5-L aquaria at a density of 10 prawns per tank. The six dietary treatments tested were: 1) unfed (negative control); 2) commercially prepared diet (positive control); 3) oligo-chaetes; 4) chironomids; 5) zooplankton; and 6) a combination of the latter three. Each treatment was evaluated in triplicate aquaria for 7 wk. The growth rate of prawns in the unfed treatment was statistically lower than in fed treatments ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) between growth rates and survivals among prawns in the five fed treatments. Selective retention of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), eicosapentanoic acid (22: 5n-3), and docosahexanenoic acid (22:6n-3) in unfed prawns likely indicates the relative nutritional importance of these fatty acids. Comparisons of whole-body fatty acid and amino acid concentrations of prawns and food organisms indicate that zooplankton and oligochaetes may have the most appropriate biochemical compositions as prawn food sources.     

真蛸早期发育形态特征及生长规律研究

为了探究真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)早期幼体生长发育特征,在室内水泥池育苗条件下,研究了孵化后1~100日龄真蛸的形态变化特征,并对1~49日龄真蛸的全长、腕长、胴长、胴宽、体重及最长腕的吸盘个数进行了测量。结果显示,在盐度为30~32,水温为18.6℃~26.0℃条件下,初孵仔蛸平均全长为(3.05±0.11) mm,大部分初孵仔蛸外卵黄囊在出膜前已吸收完毕,1日龄仔蛸已开口摄食,17日龄稚蛸开始摄食糠虾,35日龄稚蛸开始营底栖生活,60日龄体色由透明发育为乳白色,80日龄体色已与成体相同,100日龄除性腺外,各器官发育成熟,形态特征与成体基本一致。研究表明,真蛸早期(1~49日龄)发育过程中,体重与全长呈立方函数关系,为y=5×10–5x3– 0.0009x2+0.0072x–0.0132;全长与腕长呈立方函数关系,为y=–0.0012x3+0.0492x2+0.0243x+0.2179;全长、体重、腕长、胴长、胴宽分别与日龄呈立方函数关系,为y=–0.0001x3+0.0105x2–0.0122x+3.0562、y=–2×10–7x3+4×10–5x2–0.0004x+0.0034、y=–0.0004x3+0.0247x2–0.1037x+0.8214、y=–0.0004x3+0.0124x2 +0.0749x+1.4757、y=–3×10–5x3+0.0025x2+0.0354x+1.4026。依据营养类型、形态和生物学特征等参数,将真蛸早期发育分为仔蛸期、稚蛸浮游期、稚蛸底栖期和幼蛸期4个时期。     

3种饵料对暂养长蛸生长的影响

用缢蛏、凡纳滨对虾、弧边招潮蟹投喂暂养长蛸,通过测量长蛸的摄食率、质量增加率、特定生长率、饵料转化率,分析3种饵料对长蛸生长的影响.试验结果表明,投喂弧边招潮蟹的长蛸摄食稳定,生长快,特定生长率及饵料转化率高,活动力强;投喂凡纳滨对虾的长蛸开始摄食量较大,生长较快,饵料转化率较高,一段时间后生长减慢,最后几乎停止生长;...     

Growth and feed efficiency of Octopus vulgaris fed on dry pelleted

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two dry extruded diets on growth and nutritional composition of digestive gland (DG) and muscle of Octopus vulgaris. Both artificial diets (FMK and 3FMK) were composed of gelatin, maltodextrin, yolk, fish and krill meal. The 3FMK diet contained more fishmeal (3×) than the FMK diet. These diets were compared with a control frozen diet consisting of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and crab (Liocarcinus depurator). The 3FMK diet promoted higher intakes and feed efficiency than FMK diet, resulting in larger growths (296 respect to 158 g in 42 days; 0.81% vs. 0.78% body weight/day). There was significantly lower moisture, protein and ash content in digestive glands of animals fed pellets (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed on nutritional composition of muscle among the three groups. Even though the results were still below those of the control group (increase of 1258 g), the good performance in terms of acceptance and growth showed that this extruded diet can be the starting point to develop a commercial feed for this species.     

不同饵料对短蛸生长的影响

在盐度28~30、水温23.6~25.8℃下,将54只初始体质量(34.82±3.79)g的健康短蛸放入500mL矿泉水瓶中,瓶体周身均匀钻直径5mm小孔约80个,每瓶1只,悬挂在4.1m×6.6m×1.4m养殖池中,投喂菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏和肉球近方蟹3种饵料,每种饵料3个平行组,比较分析3种饵料对短蛸生长的影响。28d的饲养表明,3个饵料组的成活率均为100%,但投喂肉球近方蟹的短蛸特定生长率(1.67%/d)和饵料转化效率(33.46%)显著高于投喂缢蛏(1.33%/d,14.01%)和菲律宾蛤仔(1.31%/d,19.57%)的短蛸(P0.05)。试验结果表明,蟹类是短蛸养成阶段较理想的饵料。     

Variations in Weight and Proximate Composition of Newly Hatched Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) Paralarvae

Abstract

Survival and growth of juvenile octopi vary considerably. The objective of this research was to determine variations in weight, total lipids (TL), and total protein (TP) of newly hatched Octopus vulgaris paralarvae (0 days old) over the course of the spawning period. Newly hatched paralarvae dry weight from three females decreased throughout the spawning period. Similarly, newly hatched paralarvae TL percent decreased consistently (p < 0.05) in two of them and remained similar (p > 0.05) for the third female. Contrary, TP% did not vary regardless of the female or the time of hatching throughout paralarvae spawning. In conclusion, we believe that paralarvae used in O. vulgaris culture should be collected during the first 10 days of spawning, as they are larger and have higher lipid content; this increases the chances of a successful paralarvae culture, which is the major bottleneck in the culture of this species.     

不同无机盐预混料含量对鲈鱼生长和钙磷代谢的影响

以初始体质量(5.50±1.63)g的鲈鱼为研究对象,探讨饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼生长、鱼体成分及鱼体和脊椎骨钙和磷含量的影响。基础饲料中分别加入0%、1%、2%和4%的无机盐预混料制成4种等氮等能(蛋白质42%,总能20 kJ/g)的试验饲料,进行10周的摄食生长试验。试验结果表明,饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼的成活率无显著影响。随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均呈上升趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于添加量为0%、1%和2%组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼鱼体的水分含量无显著影响,但饲料中添加2%和4%的无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼鱼体的蛋白质和灰分含量均显著高于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05),而脂肪含量显著低于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05)。鱼体中钙和磷的变化趋势与鱼体灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的上升趋势,当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时鱼体钙和磷的含量显著高于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。鱼体脊椎骨钙和磷的变化趋势与脊椎骨灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的下降趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时脊椎骨钙和磷的含量显著低于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,鲈鱼配合饲料中无机盐预混料的推荐添加量为4%。     

Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Southern Flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma,Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System

The effects of six formulated diets containing different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder were evaluated. Test diets were prepared with a combination of three crude protein (CP) levels (45, 50 and 55%) and two crude lipid (CL) levels (10 and 15%). Diets (CP/CL) were as follows: 45/10, 45/15, 50/10, 50/15, 55/10, 55/15 and a commercial diet (50/15). Southern flounder (1.10 g) were fed the respective diets for 42 d in triplicate recirculating tanks (20 fish/tank). Percent body weight gain (BWG) for fish fed diet 45/10 (413%) and the commercial diet (426%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than fish fed other diets (823–837%). Increasing protein level from 45 to 50% produced a significant increase in BWG for the 10% lipid diet (823%) but further increasing protein did not produce a significant effect on BWG irrespective of dietary lipid levels. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total lipid content in the whole body were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid levels. Results indicated that a combination of 50% protein and 10% lipid was optimal for the growth performance of southern flounder juveniles.     

The Completed Life Cycle of the Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under Culture Conditions: Paralarval Rearing using Artemia and Zoeae, and First Data on Juvenile Growth up to 8 Months of Age

This paper shows innovating results on Octopus vulgaris Cuvier 1797 growth under culture conditions during the whole life cycle. Experiments were conducted at the Spanish Institute of Oceanography of Vigo (Spain). Using mean water temperature of 22.5°C, salinity of 35‰ and adult Artemia (1–4 mm of total length) along with a diet complement of Maja squinado zoeae as living prey, it was possible to obtain a 31.5% paralarval survival at day 40 after hatching. At this age, paralarvae had reached a dry weight of 9.5 mg, 23 suckers per arm, and they began the settlement process. First results on juvenile growth showed that they reached 0.5–0.6 kg at the age of 6 months after hatching, and 2 months later, they attained weights ranging between 1.4 and 1.8 kg. Mean temperature of the ongrowing process was 18°C.     

Performance of Advanced Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,Reared Under Different Thermal Regimes: Evidence for Compensatory Growth and a Method for Cold Banking

ABSTRACT

Two trials were undertaken to examine the growth response of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, at varying temperatures. The initial trial was conducted to determine the effect of various temperatures (18, 23, and 29°C) on weight gain and feed efficiency. The second trial investigated the effect of elevating water temperature in which fish maintained at 18°C and 23°C to a temperature close to their optimum (29°C). The latter study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of thermal shifts upon subsequent growth response of the species. Such information will assist commercial producers in developing various culture guidelines. As anticipated, differences (P < 0.01) in weight gain were recorded among all treatments, although remarkably, feed efficiency did not differ for cobia held at 23°C and 29°C. Following thermal shift, cobia subjected to the largest temperature change (18–29°C) illustrated an immediate growth response, but specific growth rates (SGR) did not exceed that of cobia held at 29°C for the duration of the trial. Nevertheless, when SGR were examined using fish of similar size (i.e., derived from different time points during the study) evidence for growth compensation was obtained. This study illustrates that cobia can be held at reduced temperatures, without detrimental impact on future performance, as a means of maintaining animals at smaller size for production and experimental purposes: “Cold banking.”     

真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化试验

2005~2007年春、夏期间,在浙江南麂岛开展了真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化的试验研究。结果表明:亲蛸培育成活率为77.5%~95.5%,平均产卵率为68.0%~83.3%。不搭配雄体产卵率为65.0%,搭配一定比例的雄体后产卵率达92.5%,最高达100%。不同附卵器附卵效果以方形鲍鱼箱为最好,圆形鲍鱼皮桶次之,扇贝笼最差。在南麂海域暂养在网箱中的真蛸当水温上升到13.5℃以上时就开始有少量产卵,多数开始产卵在16.0℃左右,主要产卵期在4~6月。不同个体真蛸的产卵量变化很大,少者只有22 632粒,多者达170 684粒,平均102 665粒,平均每颗卵粒重量在1.670~2.207 mg之间,大小为长2.8~3.1 mm、宽0.915~0.950 mm。在水温13.5~28.0℃范围内,真蛸卵可以正常孵化,孵化率达60.0%~80.0%,超过28℃时孵化率明显下降。真蛸卵的孵化时间较长,至少需要20 d以上。孵化时间长短与水温关系密切,水温越高,孵化时间越短。孵化期间平均水温16.5℃,整个孵化时间长达47 d。当孵化期间平均水温为21.6℃时,从产卵到稚蛸出膜大致需要25 d左右。此外,还发现亲蛸护卵可以减少疾病,提高孵化率,本文也论述了有关其对疾病防治方面的探索。     

Survival and Growth of White Bass Morone chrysops Reared at Different Salinities

Abstract.— Juvenile white bass Morone chrysops (age 158 d, 110.4 mm total length) were reared at salinity levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 parts per thousand (ppt). Fish (10/tank) were stocked in 64-L tanks with four replicates/treatment ( N = 40heatment) and fed a pelleted feed daily. Fish were sampled semimonthly for 70 d. Fish reared at salinities of 12 ppt and below were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) larger (mean = 151.5 mm total length; range 146.8–155.7 mm) than fish reared at salinities of 16 and 20 ppt (mean 133.7 mm total length; range 131.5–135.8 mm) after 70 d. Survival was also higher ( P ≤ 0.05) among fish reared at salinities of 12 ppt or lower (mean 85.6%; range 77.5%–92.5%) compared to those reared at the two highest salinities (42.5% survival at 16 ppt; 5.0% survival at 20 ppt). Thus, although typically found in freshwater habitats, white bass can survive and grow in brackish water.     

Growth Response and Biochemical Composition of Rohu,Labeo rohita,Fed Salt-Incorporated Diets

Abstract

Rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings (av. wt. 1.6 g) were fed pelleted diets supplemented with 0,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0% sodium chloride (NaCl) for 120 days in 25-m³ cement tanks. The final weight gain of fish fed 0.5 and 1.0% NaCl-incorporated diets was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control (0% NaCl). Net protein retention and carcass protein and fat contents were higher under different treatments as compared to the control. Growth indices and carcass composition indicate inclusion of 1.0% NaCl in the diet to be beneficial for growth promotion in rohu.     

不同糖源饲料对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)生长、体组成、血糖水平和肝脏糖酵解酶活力的影响

分别以葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和糊化玉米淀粉为糖源配制成5种等氮等脂饲料,对初始体重为(31.24±0.58) g 的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)进行为期56 d 的饲养实验,比较不同糖源饲料对卵形鲳鲹生长、体组成、血液指标和糖酵解酶活力的影响,筛选出最有利于生长的糖种类。结果显示,不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹增重率(WG)和特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响(P<0.05),且随糖分子量增大有增大的趋势,其中,糊化玉米淀粉的 WG 和 SGR 最高分别为335.35%和2.62%/d;不同糖源组的脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)、肝糖原和肌糖原含量以及血糖、血浆总胆固醇和甘油三酯也有显著性差异(P<0.05),且均为葡萄糖组最高;除己糖激酶(HK)活力外,各糖源组的其他糖酵解酶活力均有显著性差异(P<0.05),亦是葡萄糖组最高。在本实验条件下,卵形鲳鲹对淀粉类大分子糖的利用效果优于葡萄糖等小分子糖类,糊化玉米淀粉组的生长效果最好;不同糖源饲料对卵形鲳鲹糖代谢过程中糖原合成、糖脂转化、糖酵解等途径的相关指标有一定影响。     

Growth,protein retention and biochemical composition in Octopus vulgaris fed on different diets based on crustaceans and aquaculture by-products

The octopus, Octopus vulgaris, is one of the main targets for aquaculture diversification in Mediterranean countries. However, the development of octopus farming is limited by the lack of information regarding nutritional requirements of this species during its life cycle. In this study, five diets were tested on the biological performance (growth, protein retention and biochemical composition) of individually reared octopuses (n = 8 per diet), including three single diets constituted by: an endemic crab (the white crab, Plagusia depressa), a commercial crab imported frozen (the blue crab, Portunus pelagicus), and bogue (Boops boops) discarded from fish farms (aquaculture by-product), as well as two mixed diets, containing a 60–40% of blue crab-bogue and white crab-bogue, respectively. The rearing period lasted 8 weeks. Octopuses that fed on a mixed diet constituted by blue crab-bogue showed a higher growth than those feeding on bogue as a single food item. No significant differences in growth were observed among individuals feeding on single food items. Highest protein retention was observed in octopuses fed on diets containing discarded bogue, associated with a high lipid and monoenes content in this food item, underlying the use of lipid as energy source in O. vulgaris. However, discarded bogue was deficient in ARA in comparison with octopus tissues, which did not seem to affect growth during the experimental period. These findings underline the potential of aquaculture by-products, particularly bogue, as an adequate diet for culturing O. vulgaris.     

Growth and mortality of common octopus Octopus vulgaris reared at different stocking densities in Mediterranean offshore cages

Four ongrowing cycles of common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ), each with two stocking densities, were carried out in an offshore area in order to evaluate the effect of the following variables on growth ( G , % body weight day⁻¹) and mortality ( M , % day⁻¹): weight ( W , 0.5–3.0 kg), temperature ( T , 14–26 °C), stocking density (SD, 6–46 kg m⁻³), size dispersion, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV, 13–42%) and significant wave height (SWH: 0.4–1.2 m). The assays were performed in an 8 m³ stainless-steel floating cage divided into two compartments of 4 m³ each. For the range of temperatures considered (14–26 °C), G depended significantly on T and SWH, with maximum G values being obtained at 18.5 °C and with an important negative effect of SWH. M depended significantly on T, W and CV, mortality being minimal at 18 °C. The two other variables had an antagonistic effect, mortality increasing with greater size dispersion – suggesting that animals should be graded throughout the process – although the effect diminished as the sizes increased. The results point towards two alternatives for the commercial ongrowing of octopus under the particular conditions of the present study: (A) two ongrowing cycles of 3.5 months to reach a final weight of 2.5 kg or (B) one 5-month cycle to reach a final weight of 3.5 kg.     

Paralarval rearing of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier) in Tuscany,Italy

This paper describes the research work carried out on Octopus vulgaris reproduction at Maricoltura di Rosignano Solvay, Italy, during the period 2002–2007. Already in the first few years, it was possible to establish healthy broodstock groups, starting from subadults captured in the wild. Obtaining numerous viable eggs was not difficult and paralarval rearing up to around 40 days was successful. In 2007, the first juveniles were produced and the oldest juvenile reached the age of 160 days. During the initial stages, careful attention was paid to work as closely as possible with standard aquaculture procedures for live food production (mainly the use of Artemia and rotifers as live prey) and paralarval rearing techniques, in order to facilitate the step towards industrialization later on.     

Growth and food intake models in Octopus vulgaris Cuvier (1797): influence of body weight, temperature, sex and diet

Multiple regression analysis was used to develop mathematical models applicable to the growth and food intake of Octopus vulgaris. The variables considered were: body weight (Bw: 175–3,500 g), temperature (T: 13–28 °C), sex (S: male = 0, female = 1) and diet (D: bogue fish = 0, crabs = 1). Growth and food intake may be succesfully expressed by means of the following equations: Ln (AGR + 14) = –2.0135 + 0.0895 Ln Bw + 0.5087 T – 0.0142 T² + 0.2997 D (R² = 71.79; ANOVA p < 0.0001) and Ln (AFR) = – 5.6577 + 0.5137 Ln Bw + 0.5266 T – 0.0132 T² + 1.1135 D (R² = 78.71; ANOVA p < 0.0001), where AGR: absolute growth rate, AFR: absolute feeding rate, Bw: body weight, T: temperature and D: diet. In our experimental conditions, sex did not affect growth or food intake. The optimum temperature for growth (17.5 °C) and food intake (20 °C) was independent of body weight. Growth and food intake were higher with the crab diet. Nevertheless, food efficiency was better for animals fed on fish (bogue). Maximum food efficiency was reached at 16.5 °C for both diets. When the temperature was above 23 °C, weight losses and mortality were recorded; the temperature at which this occurred depending on body weight and diet, so that smaller and bogue-fed individuals were more sensitive to increasing temperatures. O. vulgaris growth may provide optimum economic performance from 16 to 21 °C. This range is too narrow, considering the wide natural range (12–29 °C) in some Mediterranean areas. Therefore, O. vulgaris growth will be limited by seasonality of temperature or must be carried out with other systems (e.g. recirculation in closed systems with temperature control) for it to be economically viable.