中国北方红色土壤分类问题的探讨

现今出露于中国北方地表的红色土壤是在红色古土壤和红色古风化壳上发育的,而且大多经历了不连续的成土过程。中国北方红色土壤分布广泛、成因复杂,在分类中还存在着许多问题。从20世纪70年代末至今,我国土壤分类经历了由土壤发生学分类向土壤系统分类的重大转变,对北方红色土壤的分类也进行了多次修订。虽然每次修订都有所改进,但直到目前关于北方红色土壤的分类位置问题仍没有得到彻底解决。因此,今后需要对中国北方红色土壤的形成过程及土壤的性态特征和理化性状进行深入研究,建立适合北方红色土壤系统分类的诊断层和诊断特性,以明确中国北方红色土壤在系统分类中的位置,进一步完善中国土壤系统分类。     

Classification of Ferrallitc Soils in Chinese Soil Taxonomy

The development of the classification of ferrallitic soils in China is reviewed and the classification of Ferralisols and Ferrisols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy is introduced in order to discuss the correlation between the ferrallitic soil classification in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy and those of the other soil classification systems.In the former soil classification systems of China,the ferrallitic soils were classified into the soil groups of Latosols,Latosoilc red soils,Red soils,Yellow soils and Dry red soils,according to the combination of soilforming conditions,soil-forming processes,Soil features and soil properties.In the Chinese Soil Taxonomy,most of ferrallitic soils are classified into the soil orders of Ferralisols and Ferrisols based on the diagnostic horizons and /or diagnostic characteristics with quantitatively defined properties.Ferralisols are the soils that have ferralic horizon,and they are merely subdivided into one suborder and two soil groups.Ferrisols are the soils that have LAC-ferric horizon but do not have ferralic horizon.and they are subdivided into three suborders and eleven soil groups.Ferralisols may correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils.Ferrisols may either correspond to part of Red soils,Yellow soils and Dry red soils,or correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils.     

中国土壤分类法中铁铝土的分类

The development of the classification of ferrallitic soils in China is reviewed and the classification of Ferralisols and Ferrisols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy is introduced in order to discuss the correlation between the ferrallitic soil classification in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy and those of the other soil classification systems. In the former soil classification systems of China, the ferrallitic soils were classified into the soil groups of Latosols, Latosolic red soils, Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, according to the combination of soil-forming conditions, soil-forming processes, soil features and soil properties. In the Chinese Soil Taxonomy, most of ferrallitic soils are classified into the soil orders of Ferralisols and Ferrisols based on the diagnostic horizons and/or diagnostic characteristics with quantitatively defined properties. Ferralisols are the soils that have ferralic horizon, and they are merely subdivided into one suborder and two soil groups. Ferrisols are the soils that have LAC-ferric horizon but do not have ferralic horizon, and they are subdivided into three suborders and eleven soil groups. Ferralisols may correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils. Ferrisols may either correspond to part of Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, or correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils.     

皖南山地土壤系统分类研究

选取皖南四座山地土壤垂直带中 1 9个土壤剖面 ,研究了土壤成土环境和形成特点。根据《中国土壤系统分类 (修订方案 )》和《中国土壤系统分类———理论·方法·实践》 ,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性 ,确定供试剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。自山下到山上依次为湿润淋溶土 (伴有湿润雏形土 )———常湿淋溶土 (伴有常湿雏形土 )———正常新成土亚纲。与不同分类系统中土壤类别归属作了参比 ,同时也与福建、江西山地土壤作了比较。     

Estimating effective soil depth at regional scales: Legacy maps versus environmental covariates

Soil depth reflects the quantity and ecosystem service functions of soil resources. However, there is no universal standard to measure soil depth at present, and digital soil mapping approaches for predicting soil depth at the regional scale remain immature. Using observation of soil profile morphology, we compared the soil depth nomenclatures from the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, Chinese Soil Taxonomy, and Soil Taxonomy. For this study, shallow soils were defined as those with an effective soil depth < 100 cm. Based on legacy data and field soil survey, the spatial distribution of shallow soils in Xinjiang, China, and the main controlling environmental factors were explored. Results showed that shallow soils in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in high altitude regions such as the Tian Mountains. At the regional scale, significant correlations were observed between soil depth and climate factors, as well as between soil depth and vegetation fractional coverage. Contrary to previous conclusions at small spatial scales, terrain attributes could not explain soil depth variation at the regional scale. This study addressed knowledge gaps on soil depth prediction at regional scales while elucidating climate‐vegetation‐soil coevolution.     

湘北地区典型水稻土的发生特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

选取湘北地区7个发育于2种母质的水稻土剖面样点,通过对其成土环境、剖面形态特征以及土壤理化性质进行野外观测和室内分析,按中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出诊断层和诊断特性,确定其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,并评述土系的生产性能。结果表明:供试水稻土归属于水耕人为土亚纲下的简育和铁聚水耕人为土2个土类,底潜简育水耕人为土、普通简育水耕人为土、普通铁聚水耕人为土、漂白铁聚水耕人为土4个亚类;进一步按照土族和土系划分标准,划分出7个土族和7个土系。在相同成土环境下,同种母质发育的水耕人为土,土壤系统分类比土壤发生分类具有更强的划分能力。其划分的基层土壤单元(土族和土系),对农业生产、土地资源利用更具有指导意义。     

Assisting nonsoil specialists to identify soil types for land management: an approach using a soil identification key and toposequence models

Conventional soil survey information is often unclear except to specialists. An approach using soil toposequences and a soil identification key was used to aid the translation of soil survey information into a form suitable for a nonspecialist audience with a case study from Brunei. Soil Taxonomy was used to characterize the major soil types; however, to assist end users, a complementary special‐purpose soil classification system was developed in the form of a soil identification key using plain language terms in English that were also translated into Malay. Easily recognized soil features such as depth, colour and texture were used to categorize soils to match Soil Taxonomy classes. To complement the soil identification key, conceptual soil toposequence models presented the soil distribution patterns in a visual format that local land users understood. Legacy soil survey information along with a widespread distribution of 172 soil sites from 35 traverses in 16 study areas provided a dataset to develop and test soil toposequence models and the soil identification key which both proved reliable and robust. The approach demonstrated in Brunei could be applied to other countries and landscapes.     

中国土壤系统分类中盐成土及其相关土壤诊断标准的修订建议

对土壤进行科学分类是土壤资源开发和利用的基础,也是土壤调查制图的基础,在农业生产、土地利用的决策和管理中发挥着重要作用,标志着土壤科学的发展水平.目前国际上土壤分类主要有《美国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《ST》)[1]和《世界土壤资源参比基础》(以下简称《WRB》)[2],我国从1984年开始的中国土壤系统分类研究,也已形成了具有中国特色的《中国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《CST》)[3]成果.这三个分类体系都是以定量化的诊断层和诊断特性为基础的多阶层土壤分类体系.     

冀北地区盐碱化土壤系统分类的归属研究

采用《中国土壤系统分类（第三版）》和《中国土壤系统分类——土族与土系建立原则与标准（试用稿）》对冀北地区7个盐碱化土样进行了分类,共划分了4个土纲,6个亚纲,6个土类,7个亚类,建立了平地脑包系等7个土系。研究结果表明,系统分类亚类与发生分类亚类参比并无对应关系;部分盐碱化土壤并未在系统分类高级单元中体现盐碱特征,而在基层分类中对盐分含量和积累位置进行补充,表明系统分类的划分指标要求更严格,分类更标准。最后讨论了盐碱化土壤诊断层、诊断特性和土壤分析方法的确定等问题。     

Properties and classification of volcanic ash soils around Lake Kuwanuma on the eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture,northeastern Japan

One of the developments in recognition of soil properties and different soils is from morphological to analytical. With an incorporation of analytical data, transitional soils can be systematically named using a key-out order as well as typical soils. Our major objective was to evaluate soils with multiple forming processes such as andosolization, podzolization, etc., using soil analytical data, selecting a small area having different soil names based on soil morphological properties. According to a local soil map, Ando soils, Brown forest soils (Dark) and Wet and Dry podzols soils are adjacently distributed around Lake Kuwanuma on the eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture, northeastern Japan. We studied the morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties of these soils and classified them according to the recent Comprehensive Soil Classification System of Japan (CSCSJ), United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The elevation of Lake Kuwanuma is 780 m above sea level and a plateau is located next to a steep slope on the western side of the lake. Three pedons were sampled from the northern side of Lake Kuwanuma, and 3 additional pedons were sampled from the plateau. The average difference in elevation between these two groups of pedons was 229 m. All 6 pedons were classified as Andosols in CSCSJ, Udands in ST and Andosols in WRB. Thus, andosolization was the dominant soil-forming process throughout the study area. The major modification of Andisols in the study area was caused by forest vegetation. Of the 6 pedons sampled, three were classified as Fulvudands in ST and had the Fulvic prefix qualifier in WRB. Furthermore, weak podzolization was suggested on the basis of soil profile observations. One pedon on the plateau had a Bs horizon, which satisfied the spodic horizon requirements of ST. Thus, weak podzolization, especially on the plateau, was another accessory characteristic in the present study area. The nearby distribution of Podzols soils and Ando soils in the local soil map may be explained by differences in temperature, leaching intensity and other factors. A podzolic subgroup of Andosols/Udands was desired to express the properties of pedons on the plateau in the lower categories of the recent soil classification systems.     

土系划分方法研究——以江苏省新沂样区为例

作为土壤系统分类的基层分类单元,土系的划分必须经过实地调查,重视控制层段和特征土层的设立,并选择合适的分异特性作为分类指标。本文选择样区内不同景观单元中的10个土壤剖面,根据中国土壤系统分类的要求,探讨了样区内土壤诊断层、诊断特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属;并在有关土系认识的基础上,探讨了土系划分的原则、依据和具体划分方法,确立了研究区土壤所具有的特征土层,依据①特征土层的种类、排列、厚度,②土壤质地和③土壤有机质含量这三类指标,把样区土壤划分为10个土系。     

Acid sulphate soil characterization in Negara Brunei Darussalam: a case study to inform management decisions

A diverse range of acid sulphate soils occur in Negara Brunei Darussalam on the inland flat areas that are important agricultural lands. Prior to this study, there was no information on their occurrence. Information about these soils is critical because they present significant management challenges for both agriculture and protection of the environment. Field surveys and laboratory analysis conducted in eight areas of the Brunei‐Muara district and four areas of the Belait district identified, characterized and classified using Soil Taxonomy, a wide range of 10 acid sulphate soil types in four soil orders: Histosols, Vertisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. A user‐friendly soil identification key using easily observed soil characteristics was developed to assist users with the recognition of the range of acid sulphate soils. Conceptual soil hydro‐toposequence models in the form of cross‐sections were constructed to explain the spatial heterogeneity of (i) acid sulphate soil properties comprising a range of features (e.g. organic‐rich materials/peats, clays, sands, cracks and jarosite‐rich mottles), sulphidic material and sulphuric horizons, (ii) pyrite shale outcrops and (iii) soil types using both the soil identification key and Soil Taxonomy. The soil hydro‐toposequence models together with the soil identification key helped to easily visualize and illustrate the complexities and importance of understanding specific sites to assess the detailed behaviour and implications of various soil, regolith and topographic features.     

河南石灰性土壤特征及其在中国土壤系统分类中的修订研究

Calcareous soils are those soils containing layers of carbonate accumulation formed by either secondary accumulation or inheritance of CaCO3 from calcareous parent materials.These soils are widely distributed in arid,semi-arid and even some humid climate environments.However,in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST,3rd version),the soils that contain large amounts of CaCO3 but do not meet requirements of Aridosols are classified as Hapli-Ustic Cambosols.This group also includes many non-calcareous soils and those soils strongly affected by secondary carbonate accumulation together with quite dissimilar soils in terms of their morphology and properties.This study was conducted to determine calcification patterns and calcic processes occurring in representative pedons of calcareous soils in northwestern Henan Province,China and to classify these soils in CST.A Calcic subgroup was proposed to add within the Hapli-Ustic Cambosols.A diagnostic key was also provided to separate this subgroup from the Typic subgroup.In this way the different calcification degrees of soils were better reflected in the classification,which should lead to more uniform interpretive groups for better soil management.     

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils in the U.S. soil classification system

ABSTRACT

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils are widespread across the globe and are concentrated near where people live and work. Although some of the HAHT soils are significant because they can be hazardous to human, animal, and plant health, most are not mapped or classified to the same extent as agricultural soils. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence, types, and importance of HAHT soils and to document the historical and proposed classification of HAHT soils in Soil Taxonomy. There are two main forms of materials that define HAHT soils: human-altered soils formed in human-altered materials (HAM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more and human-transported soils formed in human-transported materials (HTM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more. The HAHT soils mainly occur in urban areas, transportation corridors, mined lands, landfills, filled shallow water, and agricultural areas on anthropogenic landforms. Hazards include danger from radioactivity, pollution, content of hazardous artifacts, or presence on unstable landforms that may fail during heavy rains or earthquakes. The HAHT soils are extensive, and their extent is growing. In the past, few HAHT soils were described or classified adequately because the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system was established for agricultural and other naturally occurring soils. However, HAHT soils are now being recognized and classified in many soil classification systems at very high levels. A new soil order is proposed for U.S. Soil Taxonomy that would include the most obvious profoundly and intentionally altered HAHT soils. A discussion and justification is given for an unofficial proposal. Input will be collected from international groups of scientists, and modifications of the unofficial proposal are expected. The long-term result of establishing a new soil order will be to enable proper classification, allocation, and mapping of HAHT soils worldwide.     

皖南紫红色砂石岩上发育土壤的系统分类研究

对皖南不同时期紫红色砂石岩上发育的8个土壤剖面,按中国土壤系统分类体系,进行鉴别、检索、分类定名。阐述发生分类紫色土的2个亚类级土壤类型在中国土壤系统分类中归为3个土纲,即均腐土、雏形土和新成土;3个亚纲,即湿润均腐土、湿润雏形土和正常新成土;4个土类和6个亚类。提出按中国土壤系统分类的紫色土分类系统;并与美国土壤系统分类、国际土壤分类参比基础进行了参比。讨论了皖南紫红色砂石岩上发育为均腐土的成土环境条件,同时对发生分类紫色土在中国土壤系统分类类别检索提出修订建议。     

天山中部北麓丘陵地带土壤发生特性与系统分类

通过样地调查与土壤理化性质分析相结合对天山中部北麓丘陵地带的土壤特性进行研究,确定各剖面的诊断层和诊断特性及其在系统分类中的位置。结果表明天山中部北麓丘陵地带在系统分类中可划归为3个土纲4个土类;系统分类中土壤的分类位置与发生分类位置并不具有简单的一一对应的关系。     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅳ.分类问题

本文简要论述了早期南极土壤分类研究工作。对在南极海洋性气候区应用《美国土壤系统分类》和《国际土壤分类参比基础》进行土壤分类工作的最新实践进行了阐述和比较;同时,依照《中国土壤系统分类》对本区进行了初步的分类尝试。研究结果显示,南极海洋性气候区的主要土壤分别属于《美国土壤系统分类》冻土纲下的各级单元。比较而言,其他两个分类系统在本区的应用相对困难。     

Influence of land use changes on the soil temperature regime of Andosols on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

Soil temperature influences both soil formation processes and land use possibilities, and is a classification criterion in some systems. Vegetation cover is one of the factors that affects temperature. In this paper, we estimate the classes of soil temperature regimes, using Soil Taxonomy, for Andosols located in parts of the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, which are influenced by the trade winds. The study focuses on soils under three types of natural vegetation – cloud forest, tree‐heath woodland and pine forest – and adjacent plots where the vegetation has been replaced with, respectively, pine forest, herbaceous plants and cropping, and herbaceous plants. Temperature was measured monthly at 50‐cm depth for a period of 2–4 years at three sites, both in the natural vegetation plots and in the plots where the vegetation was modified. Under natural vegetation the soil temperature regimes are all ‘iso’ (difference < 6°C between summer and winter temperatures) and reflect tropical conditions. The switch to shorter vegetation, and particularly to use of the land for cropping, causes the soil temperature regime to change from iso to non‐iso.     

广西岩溶地区水稻土发生特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

为明确广西岩溶地区水稻土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属，以该区域不同母质发育的水稻土为研究对象，挖掘20个典型剖面，通过野外观测、分层取样与分析，依据《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》进行分类检索。结果表明，大多剖面出现明显的复钙现象。供试剖面的系统分类高级单元归属为人为土土纲，水耕人为土亚纲，潜育、铁聚和简育水耕人为土3个土类，复钙、铁聚和普通潜育水耕人为土、复钙和普通铁聚水耕人为土、复钙和普通简育.水耕人为土7个亚类，在系统分类基层单元归属上，可划归出17个土族和续分为20个土系。考虑广西地区水耕人为土耕作层Ap1碳酸钙相当物含量往往低于犁底层Ap2的现象，而现行水耕人为土复钙亚类的检索中“表层土壤”的“表层”不尽明确而可能导致的亚类误判，建议将其修改为“水耕表层（耕作层或犁底层）土壤”；另外，由于实际调查发现广西地区的一些铁聚水耕人为土也具有复钙特征，建议在检索中增设复钙铁聚水耕人为土亚类。